徐 雋 智發(fā)朝
·綜述·
炎癥性腸病治療新進(jìn)展
——干細(xì)胞治療
徐雋智發(fā)朝
【提要】干細(xì)胞治療是一種新興的炎癥性腸病的治療手段,其通過免疫調(diào)節(jié)和免疫重建等機(jī)制緩解黏膜炎癥。目前用于治療炎癥性腸病的干細(xì)胞主要有造血干細(xì)胞和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,主要方法有干細(xì)胞移植(自體或異體)及局部注射。臨床研究證實(shí)干細(xì)胞移植對(duì)難治性炎癥性腸病有一定效果,并能夠使部分患者長(zhǎng)期維持緩解。但干細(xì)胞療法仍處于研究階段,其安全性和長(zhǎng)期有效性等仍有待進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。
炎癥性腸?。辉煅杉?xì)胞;間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞
炎癥性腸?。↖nflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一類免疫介導(dǎo)的以消化道炎癥為主要表現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)性疾病,主要包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克羅恩?。–rohn′s disease,CD),其治療主要以緩解臨床癥狀和控制炎癥發(fā)展為主,包括藥物治療和必要時(shí)的手術(shù)治療。治療IBD的藥物主要包括氨基水楊酸制劑、類固醇激素、免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑(硫唑嘌呤、6-巰嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤)以及生物制劑(單克隆抗體)等,但以上治療手段均無法達(dá)到根治,且有部分患者對(duì)上述療法均無反應(yīng)。
干細(xì)胞是一類具有不對(duì)稱分裂能力的細(xì)胞,主要分為胚胎干細(xì)胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs),多能成體干細(xì)胞及誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotnent stem cells,iPSCs)。近十幾年來,不斷有干細(xì)胞移植或局部注射治療難治性IBD(絕大多數(shù)為CD)及其并發(fā)癥的案例被報(bào)道,且有相當(dāng)一部分患者病情得到緩解,因此,干細(xì)胞成為IBD治療的又一重要方向。
干細(xì)胞治療IBD及其并發(fā)癥的主要手段有干細(xì)胞移植及干細(xì)胞局部注射。干細(xì)胞移植是研究最多的治療方式,包括自體干細(xì)胞移植和同種異體干細(xì)胞移植。目前用于治療IBD的干細(xì)胞為成體干細(xì)胞,主要有造血干細(xì)胞(hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs)和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)兩種類型,其主要機(jī)制是利用干細(xì)胞自我更新、免疫調(diào)節(jié)及營(yíng)養(yǎng)等特性,實(shí)現(xiàn)“腸道免疫的重建”[1],從根本上避免免疫介導(dǎo)的腸道炎癥的發(fā)生,改變患者的遺傳易感性。胚胎干細(xì)胞在再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域有重要地位,但其對(duì)IBD的治療仍處在基礎(chǔ)研究層面。
干細(xì)胞移植主要包括如下步驟。第一步是干細(xì)胞采集。自體造血干細(xì)胞移植時(shí),需對(duì)患者行外周血造血干細(xì)胞動(dòng)員后進(jìn)行采集;同種異體造血干細(xì)胞移植時(shí),則需進(jìn)行人白細(xì)胞抗原(HLA)匹配。第二步是干細(xì)胞篩選和體外擴(kuò)增,即通過一定方式對(duì)所采集的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行純化,去除其它類型細(xì)胞(主要是淋巴細(xì)胞),并采用體外培養(yǎng)擴(kuò)增干細(xì)胞。第三步是患者的預(yù)處理,即用化療等方式清除患者體內(nèi)的免疫細(xì)胞,為移植做準(zhǔn)備。最后一步是干細(xì)胞輸注,即將體外培養(yǎng)和篩選的干細(xì)胞輸入到患者體內(nèi)。圖1展示了干細(xì)胞移植的具體步驟。
圖1 干細(xì)胞移植治療IBD步驟
1.造血干細(xì)胞特點(diǎn)及作用機(jī)制
造血干細(xì)胞是一類具有自我更新和向成熟血細(xì)胞分化能力的細(xì)胞,主要用于血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的治療。在IBD治療中,HSCs可定植于腸黏膜受損處,并分化為腸上皮,修復(fù)損傷;也具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,分裂產(chǎn)生免疫原性低的細(xì)胞,減輕腸道的炎癥反應(yīng)[2]。
造血干細(xì)胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)治療免疫介導(dǎo)性疾病(Immune-mediated disease,IMID)的機(jī)制尚無明確結(jié)論,多認(rèn)為與HSC的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能有關(guān),即通過干細(xì)胞移植,使免疫原性低的細(xì)胞代替了患者體內(nèi)反應(yīng)性淋巴細(xì)胞,從而避免腸道異常免疫反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的黏膜損傷。Clerici M等[3]比較了難治性克羅恩病患者行造血干細(xì)胞移植前后血液中免疫細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞因子水平的變化,并與正常人進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)克羅恩病患者的調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞(Treg)、表達(dá)TLR4的細(xì)胞、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素10(IL-10)在移植前均高于正常人,且以上細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞因子在移植后均出現(xiàn)明顯下降,提示造血干細(xì)胞具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,能夠降低患者炎癥反應(yīng)。Alexander等[4]則認(rèn)為HSCs的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能與患者胸腺的改變有關(guān),即在HSCT后受者胸腺功能被再次激活,并產(chǎn)生原始的免疫耐受性高的T淋巴細(xì)胞,從而減輕免疫介導(dǎo)的機(jī)體損傷。
自體HSCT和同種異體HSCT的機(jī)制既有相似之處也有不同之處。自體HSCT是通過化療(淋巴消融)清除患者體內(nèi)的反應(yīng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞,取代以免疫耐受性更高的淋巴細(xì)胞,以重建免疫系統(tǒng),由于移植物為自體細(xì)胞,且多采取非清髓性處理,故無法在基因?qū)用娓淖兓颊叩倪z傳易感性,在一定誘因作用下,IBD仍可復(fù)發(fā)。同種異體HSCT是用供者的免疫細(xì)胞完全替代受者的免疫細(xì)胞,完成免疫系統(tǒng)的替換,從遺傳水平改變患者對(duì)IBD的易感性,但由于其致死率高,目前較少用于非惡性疾病的治療。
2.造血干細(xì)胞移植治療IBD
造血干細(xì)胞是干細(xì)胞治療IBD最先采用的細(xì)胞,該治療手段的出現(xiàn)源于對(duì)同時(shí)患有IBD及惡性血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤患者行HSCT后,IBD出現(xiàn)臨床緩解或內(nèi)鏡下緩解的個(gè)案報(bào)道[5-6],也有報(bào)道霍奇金淋巴瘤患者接受造血干細(xì)胞移植后出現(xiàn)“獲得性”克羅恩病的案例[7],以上研究均提示HSCT可能是治療IBD的新靶點(diǎn)。此外,HSCT在治療其它免疫介導(dǎo)的疾病已取得一定成果,這也增加了研究人員對(duì)HSCT治療IBD的信心,已有組織提出對(duì)某些嚴(yán)重且其它治療方法無效的免疫介導(dǎo)的疾病采取造血干細(xì)胞移植治療,其中就包括了難治性克羅恩?。?]。
此后,有學(xué)者對(duì)難治性IBD患者采取了造血干細(xì)胞移植(自體或同種異體),并對(duì)其有效性和安全性做出評(píng)估。表1為近年來有關(guān)造血干細(xì)胞治療IBD的臨床試驗(yàn)。綜合回顧以下臨床試驗(yàn),可以看出造血干細(xì)胞移植的確能夠使某些難治性IBD患者的病情得以緩解,生活質(zhì)量顯著提高,避免激素的大劑量使用,有一定應(yīng)用前景。但也能看出,HSCT治療IBD仍處在研究階段,存在一定缺陷:第一,各研究結(jié)論缺乏說服力,需進(jìn)行樣本量更大、隨訪時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)的臨床試驗(yàn)以得出更為可靠的結(jié)論;第二,從現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)能看出HSCT治療IBD仍存在一定的復(fù)發(fā)率;第三,HSCT尤其是同種異體HSCT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,已有死亡案例的報(bào)道;第四,HSCT治療UC的研究數(shù)據(jù)極少,僅Ditschkowski M[10]及Yu LZ[17]對(duì)此進(jìn)行了報(bào)道,雖然上述UC患者均通過行HSCT使病情獲得緩解,但由于例數(shù)過少(5例),難以證實(shí)HSCT對(duì)UC的有效性。
表1 造血干細(xì)胞移植治療IBD的臨床試驗(yàn)
需要說明的是,雖然同種異體HSCT治療IBD前景堪憂,但仍有一類人群適合采用此療法:即IL-10基因缺陷的低齡IBD患者。Kotlarz D等[18]對(duì)66名發(fā)病年齡<5歲的IBD進(jìn)行IL-10、IL-10R1及IL-10R2的基因檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)共16名患者存在上述基因缺陷,其中5名患者進(jìn)行了同種異體HSCT,并在此后2年的隨訪時(shí)間內(nèi)未出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)。因此,對(duì)于發(fā)病年齡較早的IBD患者,可進(jìn)行IL-10基因檢測(cè),若存在此類基因缺陷,則適合采用同種異體HSCT。
3.造血干細(xì)胞移植的安全性
安全性問題是關(guān)乎HSCT治療IBD發(fā)展前景的重要問題。干細(xì)胞的免疫原性、細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)安全性、異位組織形成的可能、細(xì)胞的體外擴(kuò)增時(shí)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化都是能夠影響移植成功率及安全性的重要環(huán)節(jié)。Snowden等[19]回顧了1997~2009年數(shù)據(jù)庫所納入的造血干細(xì)胞移植治療免疫介導(dǎo)的疾病的臨床試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)自體HSCT的一年和五年生存率分別為85%及78%,同種異體HSCT的一年和五年生存率分別為87%和65%,感染是造成患者死亡的最主要原因。通過以上數(shù)據(jù)可看出造血干細(xì)胞移植治療免疫介導(dǎo)疾病的安全性仍是一項(xiàng)亟待解決的問題,但對(duì)于HSCT治療IBD的安全性問題報(bào)道較少。
1.間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的特點(diǎn)及作用機(jī)制
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞又稱成人干細(xì)胞,是一種來源于外胚層及中胚層的多能成體干細(xì)胞,主要位于結(jié)締組織和器官間質(zhì)中。此類細(xì)胞大多表達(dá)CD105、CD73及CD90,并可在體外可分化為成骨細(xì)胞、軟骨母細(xì)胞和脂肪細(xì)胞[20]。
與造血干細(xì)胞類似,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞也具有增殖分化、免疫調(diào)節(jié)及營(yíng)養(yǎng)的作用,并在再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域占據(jù)重要地位。目前已有報(bào)道采用間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞治療急性激素抵抗的移植物抗宿主病、兒童成骨不全癥、強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、椎間盤突出癥及一些神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病等[21]。
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞主要通過釋放多種可溶性因子(細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子、生長(zhǎng)因子等),誘導(dǎo)淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期停滯及細(xì)胞凋亡,以實(shí)現(xiàn)免疫調(diào)節(jié)和炎癥控制,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)組織再生[22]。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMMSCs)及脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(ASCs)能夠增強(qiáng)免疫抑制分子的活性,如肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(HGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)、前列腺素E2(PGE-2)、吲哚胺2,3-雙加氧酶(IDO)、IL-6、IL-10、一氧化氮、血紅素加氧酶-1、HLA-G5等[23]。值得注意的是,MSC的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用在炎癥環(huán)境中更為突出,體現(xiàn)在某些促炎因子(TNF-α、IFN-γ等)的存在是干細(xì)胞發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用的前提[24]。
2.間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞治療IBD
作為多能干細(xì)胞的一員,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對(duì)IBD的療效也被許多學(xué)者所研究。多個(gè)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)已證實(shí)MSC能夠緩解藥物所致結(jié)腸炎,表現(xiàn)在臨床癥狀緩解、黏膜炎癥及炎癥因子水平降低[25-27]。
表2 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞治療IBD的臨床試驗(yàn)
MSC治療IBD的相關(guān)臨床試驗(yàn)也取得了一定進(jìn)展。目前用于治療IBD的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞主要有骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMMSCs)和脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(ASCs)兩種類型。骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞是研究最多的MSCs,但由于骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的含量較少,提取有一定難度,且隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞數(shù)目逐漸減少,其臨床應(yīng)用存在一定局限性。此后,隨著脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的出現(xiàn),克服了BMMSC的缺陷,具有良好的應(yīng)用前景。MSC治療IBD主要有兩種手段:干細(xì)胞移植治療腸腔IBD(luminal IBD)以及干細(xì)胞局部注射治療IBD(主要是CD)所致瘺管(fistula IBD)。表2為MSC治療IBD的主要臨床試驗(yàn)。
MSC治療腸腔IBD的報(bào)道較少,Liang J等[35]回顧分析了7例難治性IBD(UC 3例、CD 4例)患者經(jīng)同種異體BMMSCs移植后癥狀減輕,炎癥活動(dòng)度降低。對(duì)于IBD所致瘺管的治療,García-Olmo D團(tuán)隊(duì)提供了一系列的研究報(bào)道。García-Olmo D等在2003年報(bào)道了1例ASCs成功治療克羅恩病引起的直腸陰道瘺的案例[36],認(rèn)為干細(xì)胞治療有可能應(yīng)用與此類情況。此后,該團(tuán)隊(duì)于2009年報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn),通過比較局部注射ASCs聯(lián)合纖維膠與單獨(dú)使用纖維膠治療復(fù)雜性瘺管,發(fā)現(xiàn)ASCs聯(lián)合纖維膠組的瘺管閉合率明顯高于單獨(dú)使用纖維膠組[30],但經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)達(dá)3年隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)在聯(lián)合治療組中僅有少部分人(7/24)沒有復(fù)發(fā)[37],因此ASCs的長(zhǎng)期效果仍不確切?;谝陨涎芯?,該團(tuán)隊(duì)于2012年報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)ASCs治療肛周瘺管的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)[38],比較ASCs、ASCs聯(lián)合纖維膠以及纖維膠3種方法的療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過24~26周時(shí)3組的瘺管閉合率分別為39.1%,43.3%,37.3%(P =0.79),而1年后三組的瘺管閉合率為57.1%,52.4%,37.3%(P=0.13),3種治療手段均未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的副反應(yīng)。
3.MSC治療IBD的安全性問題
MSC治療IBD的安全性問題目前存在著兩種截然相反的研究結(jié)果,至今仍無確切結(jié)論?;贛SC的增殖及多向分化潛能,有學(xué)者提出此類療法能夠增加腫瘤發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。并有相關(guān)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)將ASCs與腫瘤細(xì)胞同時(shí)輸注到小鼠體內(nèi),發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)照組(輸入腫瘤細(xì)胞)相比,該組小鼠的腫瘤出現(xiàn)時(shí)間更早,體積更大[39]。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC能夠抑制腫瘤發(fā)生。Nasuno M等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡及控制細(xì)胞分裂等機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)抑瘤作用。Chen Z[41]等發(fā)現(xiàn)BMMSCs能夠降低結(jié)腸炎導(dǎo)致的腫瘤形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn),MSC能夠在大體水平減輕炎癥,降低促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6)的表達(dá),下調(diào)STAT3磷酸化表達(dá),減少腫瘤數(shù)目,降低瘤負(fù)荷。除致癌性外,MSC的其它不良反應(yīng)也得到系統(tǒng)性的評(píng)估。Lalu MM等[4 2]對(duì)2011年前系統(tǒng)性使用間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(動(dòng)脈、靜脈注射)的前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)回顧,發(fā)現(xiàn)除一過性發(fā)熱外,MSC的使用并未出現(xiàn)明顯副作用,是一種相對(duì)安全的治療手段。
總體來說,干細(xì)胞治療IBD有較好的應(yīng)用前景。目前已有一定數(shù)目的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)造血干細(xì)胞和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對(duì)難治性克羅恩病有較好療效,使部分患者達(dá)到治愈。然而,現(xiàn)有治療手段均有待改進(jìn):造血干細(xì)胞移植需對(duì)病人進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格篩選,且需在技術(shù)條件成熟、有能力處理原發(fā)病及移植并發(fā)癥的機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行;間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植的成功與否取則決于多種因素[43],如MSC類型、自身特點(diǎn)、移植策略(途徑、時(shí)間間隔、劑量、細(xì)胞因子及趨化因子的預(yù)處理)等,以上條件的選擇和優(yōu)化均有待進(jìn)一步研究。因此,IBD的干細(xì)胞療法仍處于起步階段,某些研究結(jié)果相互矛盾,缺乏定論,因而有許多需要進(jìn)行深入研究的問題,主要包括移植的安全性、長(zhǎng)期有效性及對(duì)潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的治療效果等。
胚胎干細(xì)胞(ESCs)同樣具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)和緩解炎癥等特性,且較成體干細(xì)胞而言生長(zhǎng)速度更快、分化能力更強(qiáng),有可能成為繼成體干細(xì)胞后又一種用于治療IBD的干細(xì)胞[44]。對(duì)于ESCs治療IBD仍缺乏相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,只有Srivastava AS等[45]報(bào)道了經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)后的分化前胚胎干細(xì)胞(pre-differentiated ESCs)能夠定植于小腸、結(jié)腸、肝臟,并通過修復(fù)受損上皮和重建免疫體統(tǒng)等機(jī)制緩解炎癥。目前ESCs應(yīng)用最大的挑戰(zhàn)是控制分化,即通特定的外部環(huán)境誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞沿著所需的路徑生長(zhǎng)分化,此外關(guān)于該細(xì)胞的安全性、分離純化技術(shù)以及免疫排斥等問題[46]仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
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2015-03-27)
(本文編輯:王新穎)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-2159.2015.04.055
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