宋 欣,孫 敏,高志強(qiáng),任愛(ài)霞,趙紅梅,李 光,郝興宇,楊珍平,宗毓錚
(山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,山西太谷030801)
旱地小麥休閑期覆蓋增磷對(duì)籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累的影響*
宋欣,孫敏,高志強(qiáng)*,任愛(ài)霞,趙紅梅,李光,郝興宇,楊珍平,宗毓錚
(山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,山西太谷030801)
為探索旱地小麥休閑期覆蓋保水配施磷肥高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)的技術(shù)途徑,在山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)聞喜試驗(yàn)基地采用大田試驗(yàn)研究了休閑期覆蓋或不覆蓋條件下低(75 kg/hm2)、中(112.5 kg/hm2)、高(150 kg/hm2)施磷水平對(duì)土壤水分、籽粒蛋白質(zhì)形成的影響及其生理機(jī)制。結(jié)果表明:休閑期覆蓋后,播種期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量顯著提高,達(dá)39-42 mm,而開(kāi)花期60-100 cm土層降低。覆蓋后,花后旗葉和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性提高,籽粒游離氨基酸和灌漿后期GMP含量提高,籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量、谷/醇均提高。增加施磷量,開(kāi)花期20-60 cm、80-100 cm土層蓄水量降低,而花后旗葉和籽粒GS活性提高,且覆蓋條件下花后0-15 d、20 d旗葉GOGAT活性,花后5 d、15 d、25-30 d籽粒GOGAT活性,籽粒游離氨基酸含量、籽粒GMP含量提高,籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量、谷/醇、蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量顯著提高,產(chǎn)量提高940-1452 kg/hm2。此外,休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥條件下,開(kāi)花期深層土壤水分與旗葉GS和GOGAT活性密切相關(guān),旗葉和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均與游離氨基酸含量、谷/醇、蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量關(guān)系密切??傊?,旱地小麥休閑期覆蓋有利于提高底墑,且配合施磷量150 kg/hm2可促進(jìn)根系吸收深層土壤水分,提高產(chǎn)量的同時(shí)也提高了籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量、GMP含量和谷/醇。
旱地小麥;休閑期覆蓋;磷肥;氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶;籽粒蛋白質(zhì)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2015.04.016
旱地小麥唯一水分來(lái)源是天然降水,而大約常年降水的60%集中分布在此區(qū)旱地小麥的休閑期,因此,通過(guò)科學(xué)的栽培方式最大限度地積蓄休閑期自然降水,就成為旱地小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵所在。為此,前人對(duì)休閑期覆蓋保水方面進(jìn)行了大量研究。羅俊杰等[1]研究表明,休閑期地膜覆蓋能有效蓄積休閑期降水,抑制土壤水分蒸發(fā),提高播前底墑;樊廷錄[2]研究表明,夏閑期覆膜能最大限度提高土壤水庫(kù)的有效集貯量,增加深層儲(chǔ)水,發(fā)揮土壤水庫(kù)對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)后期的水分調(diào)節(jié)作用。
磷素營(yíng)養(yǎng)與土壤水分之間有著十分密切的關(guān)系。干旱脅迫下,磷素營(yíng)養(yǎng)對(duì)小麥根系生長(zhǎng)具有明顯的調(diào)節(jié)作用,可顯著提高根水勢(shì)、根長(zhǎng)度和根干重,改善植株水分狀況,提高水分利用率,緩解干旱脅迫,明顯改善受迫小麥的生理代謝過(guò)程,提高小麥的抗旱性[3]。合理施用磷肥可顯著提高小麥產(chǎn)量,但對(duì)小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)的影響不盡一致。石惠恩等[4]研究表明,施用磷肥對(duì)小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量無(wú)顯著影響;蔣宗慶等[5]研究表明,施磷量與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量呈二次拋物線關(guān)系;裴雪霞等[6]研究表明,籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量隨施磷量的增加而提高。因此,本文在前茬小麥?zhǔn)斋@后覆蓋地膜,配施磷肥,研究其對(duì)花后籽粒蛋白質(zhì)形成影響,以明確休閑期覆蓋的蓄水效果及土壤水分與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)形成的關(guān)系,探索旱地小麥磷肥施用新技術(shù),為旱地小麥高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)基地情況
本試驗(yàn)于2011-2012年在山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)聞喜試驗(yàn)基地進(jìn)行,試驗(yàn)地為夏閑地,于6月15日測(cè)定土壤肥力:有機(jī)質(zhì)11.88 mg/kg,堿解氮38.62 mg/kg,速效磷14.61 mg/kg。2011-2012年降水量見(jiàn)表1。
表1 聞喜試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)的降水量(mm)Tab.1 Precipitation at the experimental site in Wenxi county(mm)
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
供試品種為運(yùn)旱20410(由聞喜縣農(nóng)委提供)。采用二因素裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì),前茬小麥?zhǔn)斋@時(shí)留高茬(茬高20-30 cm),收獲后15 d(7月1日)深翻(深度35-40 cm),以深翻后是否進(jìn)行覆蓋為主區(qū),設(shè)覆蓋(采用滲水地膜,山西省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院綜合考察研究所研制的一種新型農(nóng)膜,具有微通透結(jié)構(gòu),能滲水、通氣,用法同普通地膜,M)、不覆蓋(NM)兩個(gè)水平;以播種前基施磷肥的施用量為副區(qū),設(shè)低磷[75 kg(P2O5)/ hm2,LP]、中磷[112.5 kg(P2O5)/hm2,MP]、高磷[150 kg(P2O5)/hm2,HP]三個(gè)水平,共2×3=6個(gè)處理,小區(qū)面積50 m×3 m=150 m2,重復(fù)3次。8月25日淺旋,耙耱平整土地,播種前同時(shí)基施氮和鉀肥,150 kg(N)/hm2,150 kg(K2O)/hm2,9月29日播種,基本苗225萬(wàn)株/hm2,行距30 cm,膜際條播,常規(guī)管理。
1.3取樣及測(cè)定方法
1.3.1土壤蓄水量的測(cè)定
土壤蓄水量的測(cè)定分別于前茬小麥?zhǔn)斋@后播種前、越冬期、返青期、拔節(jié)期、孕穗期、開(kāi)花期、成熟期,用土鉆取0-100 cm(每20 cm為一土層)土樣,采用烘干法測(cè)定土壤蓄水量。
土壤蓄水量:SWSi=Wi·Di·Hi×10/100式中: SWSi為第i土層土壤蓄水量(mm);Wi為第i土層土壤質(zhì)量含水量(%);Di為第i土層土壤容重(g· cm-3);Hi為第i土層厚度(cm)。
1.3.2氮代謝酶活、游離氨基酸含量及籽粒GMP含量的測(cè)定
開(kāi)花期選擇同天開(kāi)花、大小均勻的穗掛牌標(biāo)記,于開(kāi)花后每隔5 d取樣一次直至成熟,每次取75穗和10片旗葉。其中30穗及旗葉于液氮中快速冷凍,-40℃冰箱保存用于酶活性測(cè)定。按Lin[7]和Lu[8]的方法測(cè)定谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性。
30穗80℃烘干至恒重,粉碎后測(cè)定籽粒游離氨基酸含量、GMP含量。采用茚三酮染色法測(cè)定籽粒游離氨基酸總量,采用雙縮脲法參照Weegels et al[9]的方法測(cè)定籽粒GMP含量。0.05 g粗粉中加入1 mL 1.5%的SDS提取液,常溫下離心15 min,棄上清液,殘余物加入稀釋1倍的雙縮脲試劑10 mL,振蕩2 h后離心,取上清液測(cè)540 nm處的吸光值,殘余物中氮含量作為GMP的近似值。15穗分離籽粒置于烘箱中105℃殺青30 min,然后70℃烘干稱(chēng)重,烘干后的籽粒經(jīng)微型高速萬(wàn)能粉碎機(jī)粉碎后,用于蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量的測(cè)定。每處理取50 g籽粒,磨碎后用H2SO4-H2O2-靛酚藍(lán)比色法測(cè)定含氮率,含氮率乘以5.7即為籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量;采用連續(xù)提取法測(cè)定籽粒中蛋白質(zhì)含量及清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量。
1.3.3產(chǎn)量的測(cè)定
成熟期調(diào)查單位面積穗數(shù)、平均穗粒數(shù)及千粒重,每小區(qū)取50株測(cè)定生物產(chǎn)量,收割4 m2計(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量。
1.4計(jì)算方法及統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
采用Microsoft Excel 2003軟件處理數(shù)據(jù)和作圖,用DPS和SAS 9.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,差異顯著性檢驗(yàn)用LSD法,顯著性水平設(shè)定為α=0.05。
2.1休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)土壤水分的影響
休閑期覆蓋較不覆蓋播種期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量顯著提高,提高39-42 mm(圖1 A);而開(kāi)花期60-100 cm土層蓄水量降低,且80-100 cm差異顯著(圖1 B)。覆蓋條件下,增加施磷量開(kāi)花期20-60 cm、80-100 cm土層蓄水量降低,且20-40 cm高磷與低、中磷處理間差異顯著;不覆蓋條件下,增加施磷量,開(kāi)花期20-100 cm土層蓄水量降低,且40-60 cm高磷與低、中磷處理間差異顯著。可見(jiàn),休閑期覆蓋有利于蓄積降水,提高底墑,但促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng),增加耗水,致使生育后期土壤水分降低,且增加施磷量促進(jìn)深層水分利用,0-100 cm土壤水分下降明顯。
2.2休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性的影響
2.2.1對(duì)旗葉、籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性的影響
休閑期覆蓋較不覆蓋花后旗葉和籽粒GS活性均顯著提高(圖2)。增加施磷量,花后旗葉GS活性提高,5-15 d各處理間差異顯著,且覆蓋條件下花后20-25 d、30 d高磷與低、中磷處理間差異顯著。增加施磷量,花后籽粒GS活性提高,15 d各處理間差異顯著,且覆蓋條件下花后10 d、20-30 d低磷與中、高磷處理間差異顯著??梢?jiàn),覆蓋條件下增加施磷量有利于提高灌漿后期旗葉和籽粒GS活性。
2.2.2對(duì)旗葉、籽粒谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性的影響
圖1 休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)播種期和開(kāi)花期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量的影響Fig.1 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on soil water storage at the depth of 0-100 cm at sowing and anthesis
圖2 休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)旗葉、籽粒GS活性的影響Fig.2 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on activity of GS in flag leaves and grains
休閑期覆蓋較不覆蓋花后旗葉GOGAT活性顯著提高(圖3 A);花后籽粒GOGAT活性提高,且花后0-20 d、30 d差異顯著(圖3 B)。增加施磷量,覆蓋條件下,花后0-15 d、25 d旗葉GOGAT活性提高,且10 d低磷與高磷處理間差異顯著,15 d各處理間差異顯著,25 d低磷與中、高磷處理間差異顯著;不覆蓋條件下,花后旗葉GOGAT活性提高,且花后5 d、15 d低磷與中、高磷處理間差異顯著,10 d、20 d、 25 d高磷與低、中磷處理間差異顯著。增加施磷量,覆蓋條件下花后5 d、15 d、25-30 d籽粒GOGAT活性提高,不覆蓋條件下花后0-25 d籽粒GOGAT活性提高??梢?jiàn),覆蓋條件下,增加施磷量更有利于提高灌漿前期旗葉GOGAT活性和灌漿后期籽粒GOGAT活性。
2.3休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累特性的影響
2.3.1 對(duì)籽粒游離氨基酸和GMP含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化的影響
休閑期覆蓋較不覆蓋籽粒游離氨基酸含量提高,且花后10 d、20-35 d差異顯著(圖4 A)。增加施磷量籽粒游離氨基酸含量提高,且覆蓋條件下,花后5 d、35 d低磷與中、高磷處理間差異顯著,花后10-20 d各處理間差異顯著;不覆蓋條件下花后0-10 d、20 d各處理間差異顯著,花后15 d、25-30 d低磷與中、高磷處理間差異顯著。可見(jiàn),覆蓋條件下增加施磷量有利于提高籽粒游離氨基酸含量水平。
覆蓋后,30-35 d籽粒GMP含量提高,且花后35 d差異顯著(圖4 B)。增加施磷量,花后籽粒GMP含量提高,且覆蓋條件下,花后10-15 d、20 d低磷與中、高磷處理間差異顯著,花后25-35 d各處理間差異顯著;不覆蓋條件下,花后5-20 d高磷與低、中磷處理間差異顯著,花后30-35 d低磷與中、高磷處理間差異顯著。可見(jiàn),覆蓋條件下增加施磷量有利于促進(jìn)灌漿后期籽粒GMP積累。
圖3 休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)旗葉、籽粒GOGAT活性的影響Fig.3 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on activity of GOGAT in flag leaves and grains
圖4 休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)籽粒游離氨基酸和GMP含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化的影響Fig.4 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on changes of grain free amino and GMP content
2.3.2 對(duì)產(chǎn)量和成熟期籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量的影響
休閑期覆蓋較不覆蓋顯著提高產(chǎn)量,增加施磷量顯著提高產(chǎn)量,休閑期覆蓋增施磷量150 kg/hm2可提高產(chǎn)量940-1452 kg/hm2。覆蓋后,籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量、谷醇比和蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量均提高(表2),且清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白質(zhì)含量及其產(chǎn)量均達(dá)顯著。增加施磷量,籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量、谷醇比和蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量提高,清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白質(zhì)含量及其產(chǎn)量各處理間差異均顯著,且覆蓋條件下醇溶蛋白、谷/醇各處理間差異也達(dá)顯著水平;不覆蓋條件下,醇溶蛋白高磷與低、中磷處理間差異顯著,谷/醇高磷與低磷處理間差異顯著??梢?jiàn),休閑期覆蓋與增加施磷量均可提高產(chǎn)量和籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量及其產(chǎn)量,且覆蓋條件下增加施磷量更有利于醇溶蛋白含量和谷/醇的提高。
表2 休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥對(duì)成熟期籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量的影響Tab.2 Effect of mulch in fallow period and phosphorus fertilizer on changes of grain protein and its component content
2.3.3籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累特性與氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性的相關(guān)性分析
休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥條件下,游離氨基酸含量、谷/醇、籽粒蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量與旗葉和籽粒GS、GOGAT活性呈顯著或極顯著關(guān)系,且游離氨基酸含量和蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量與旗葉GS和GOGAT活性關(guān)系較密切,谷/醇與旗葉和籽粒GS活性關(guān)系較密切;清蛋白與旗葉GS活性呈顯著關(guān)系;谷蛋白和總蛋白質(zhì)含量與旗葉和籽粒GS、旗葉GOGAT活性均呈顯著關(guān)系,且與旗葉GS、GOGAT活性的關(guān)系較密切,尤其與旗葉GS活性(表3)。
表3 氮代謝酶活性與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累的相關(guān)系數(shù)Tab.3 Correlation coefficients between activities of relevant enzymes for nitrogen metabolism and characteristics for grain protein accumulation
2.4 土壤水分與氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性、籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累的關(guān)系
2.4.1開(kāi)花期土壤水分與氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性的相關(guān)性分析
休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥條件下,0-20 cm土層蓄水量與旗葉和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均呈正相關(guān),而40-80 cm呈負(fù)相關(guān)(表4)。60-80 cm土層蓄水量與旗葉GOGAT活性呈顯著關(guān)系,80-100 cm土層與旗葉和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均呈極顯著相關(guān),尤其與旗葉GS和GOGAT關(guān)系最密切。可見(jiàn),氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性與深層土壤水分關(guān)系密切,尤其是旗葉GS和GOGAT活性。
2.4.2開(kāi)花期土壤水分與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累的相關(guān)性分析
休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥條件下,20-40 cm土層蓄水量與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累特性各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(表5)。游離氨基酸含量與60-100 cm土層蓄水量,清蛋白含量與40-60 cm土層蓄水量,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、GMP、蛋白質(zhì)含量與60-80 cm土層蓄水量,谷/醇與40-100 cm土層蓄水量,蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量與80-100 cm土層蓄水量呈顯著或極顯著相關(guān)??梢?jiàn),40 cm以下土壤水分與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累關(guān)系密切,尤其貯藏蛋白含量。
表4 開(kāi)花期不同土層土壤蓄水量與氮代謝相關(guān)酶活的相關(guān)系數(shù)Tab.4 Correlation coefficients between soil water storage at anthesis and activities of relevant enzymes for nitrogen metabolism
表5 開(kāi)花期不同土層土壤蓄水量與蛋白質(zhì)積累的相關(guān)系數(shù)Tab.5 Correlation coefficients between soil water storage at anthesis and protein accumulation
旱地小麥休閑期覆蓋能有效的蓄積降水,提高作物產(chǎn)量。Su等[10-12]研究表明,夏閑期覆蓋地膜可有效集聚降水,具有良好的蓄水保墑效果,保墑率最高可達(dá)69%。劉婷等[13]研究表明,地膜覆蓋對(duì)土壤水分含量的影響深度可達(dá)200 cm。黨廷輝等[14]等研究表明,旱地小麥采用地膜覆蓋產(chǎn)量可提高12%-18%。本研究表明,休閑期覆蓋明顯提高了播種期0-100 cm各土層土壤蓄水量,提高產(chǎn)量20%-31%。本團(tuán)隊(duì)從2009年起就扎根于山西聞喜進(jìn)行旱地小麥休閑期蓄水保墑等方面的研究,通過(guò)分析休閑期不同耕作、不同材料和時(shí)間覆蓋對(duì)不同降雨年型土壤底墑的影響,均表明覆蓋有明顯的保水效果,且其效果可延續(xù)至小麥生育后期,實(shí)現(xiàn)伏雨春夏用[15-16]。
磷肥有利于促進(jìn)作物對(duì)深層水分的利用,增強(qiáng)作物抗旱能力,增施磷肥可補(bǔ)償因底墑不足而導(dǎo)致的減產(chǎn),在底墑充足時(shí),通過(guò)以水調(diào)肥保持高產(chǎn)[4,17]。梁銀麗等[18]研究表明,施用磷肥能夠在一定程度上彌補(bǔ)因水分不足造成的影響,并顯著提高了小麥產(chǎn)量和水分利用率。本文研究表明,增加施磷量,小麥吸收深層土壤水分,促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng),增加耗水,導(dǎo)致開(kāi)花期1米內(nèi)土壤水分降低,且休閑期覆蓋蓄水,施磷量150 kg/hm2時(shí),20-40 cm土層水分下降顯著,不覆蓋條件下,40-60 cm土層下降顯著,可能是由于土壤水分不足,越容易發(fā)揮磷的作用,促進(jìn)根系活動(dòng)的范圍向較深土層聚集。且磷肥對(duì)1米以下土壤水分的影響有待進(jìn)一步研究,深入探索增施磷肥是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致生育后期土壤水分下降明顯,而影響下茬作物生長(zhǎng)。
前人關(guān)于施磷對(duì)小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累影響的研究結(jié)果不盡一致。倪英麗等[19]研究表明,施磷處理較不施磷處理有利于小麥籽粒GMP和谷蛋白含量的積累;胡承霖等[20]研究表明,施磷量與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量呈拋物線的關(guān)系;王旭東[21]研究表明施磷可同時(shí)提高籽粒產(chǎn)量和蛋白質(zhì)含量。而許衛(wèi)霞[22]研究表明,增施磷肥主要提高作物產(chǎn)量,而對(duì)籽粒品質(zhì)的作用并不明顯。本研究表明,隨施磷量增加,花后旗葉、籽粒GS活性均提高,籽粒游離氨基酸含量、籽粒GMP含量、籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量、谷/醇、蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量均提高,這主要由于磷肥引起土壤水分的變化而影響了氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性和籽粒蛋白質(zhì)及其組分含量。
水分是影響籽粒蛋白質(zhì)形成的重要因子。Jiang等[23]研究表明,干旱條件下,小麥籽粒GS含量降低,從而造成籽粒蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量下降和品質(zhì)變劣。范雪梅等[24-25]研究認(rèn)為,土壤水分一定程度的虧缺可提高小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量,谷/醇,從而改善籽粒蛋白質(zhì)品質(zhì),而漬水顯著降低谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值。本研究表明,休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥條件下,開(kāi)花期深層土壤水分與旗葉及籽粒GS、GOGAT活性關(guān)系密切,尤其是旗葉GS和GOGAT,開(kāi)花期40 cm以下土壤水分與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量關(guān)系密切,尤其是貯藏蛋白質(zhì)。說(shuō)明開(kāi)花期適度干旱有利于提高氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性,從而促進(jìn)了籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累。
GS和GOGAT是小麥氮代謝的關(guān)鍵酶,但有關(guān)其酶活性與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)積累的關(guān)系的描述不盡一致。趙鵬等[26]研究表明,小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量與旗葉GS活性均呈正相關(guān),與GOGAT活性均呈不顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。趙輝等[27]研究表明,小麥旗葉GS活性變化與籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量大小并不一致。本研究表明,休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥條件下,谷/醇與旗葉和籽粒GS活性關(guān)系密切;清蛋白與旗葉GS活性關(guān)系密切;谷蛋白和總蛋白質(zhì)含量與旗葉和籽粒GS、旗葉GOGAT活性均呈顯著關(guān)系,且與旗葉GS、GOGAT活性的關(guān)系較密切,尤其與旗葉GS活性。本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)旱地小麥休閑期不同耕作、不同時(shí)間覆蓋條件下籽粒蛋白質(zhì)形成研究也表明,籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量與旗葉GS活性密切相關(guān)[28-29]。可能是由于旱地小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)的積累主要是依靠GS/GOGAT途徑。
總之,旱地小麥采用休閑期覆蓋可明顯提高播種期土壤水分,改善旱地冬小麥的土壤供水,起到保水、抗旱的作用。增施磷肥可促進(jìn)小麥對(duì)深層水分的利用,雖然使0-100 cm土壤水分明顯下降,但由于開(kāi)花期深層土壤水分與旗葉GS和GOGAT活性密切相關(guān),旗葉和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均與游離氨基酸含量、谷/醇、蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量關(guān)系密切,因此,休閑期覆蓋配施磷肥150 kg/hm2可顯著提高小麥產(chǎn)量的同時(shí),有利于提高旱地小麥品質(zhì)。
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Effects of Mulching in Fallow Period and Phosphorus Application on Grain Protein Accumulation in Dryland Wheat
SONG Xin,SUN Min,GAO Zhiqiang*,REN Aixia,ZHAO Hongmei,LI Guang,HAO Xingyu,YANG Zhenping,ZONG Yuzheng
(College of Agriculture,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801,Shanxi,China)
In order to study the technical approach of mulching in fallow period and the application of phosphorus fertilizer to improve yield and quality of dryland wheat,field trial was carried out to study the effect of two mulching situations and three fertilizer treatments on soil water and grain protein accumulation and its physiological mechanism in Wenxi experiment site of Shanxi Agricultural University.The three treatments of phosphorus fertilizer were:low-level(75 kg/ hm2),middle-level(112.5 kg/hm2)and high-level(150 kg/hm2).Two mulching situations were set up for each fertilizer treatment:mulch and no mulch in fallow period.The results showed that soil moisture storage at the depth of 0-100 cm increased significantly by 38-41 mm at sowing stage and at the depth of 60-100 cm layer decreased at anthesis under the situation of mulching in fallow period.After mulching in fallow period,the activity of GS and GOGAT in post-anthesis flag leaves and grains were improved.The contents of free amino acid in grain and GMP at late filling stage were enhanced.The contents of grain protein and its components and the ratio of Glu/Gli were both increased.Increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer,soil water storage in the 20-60 cm and 80-100 cm layer were reduced,however the activity of GS in post-anthesis flag leaves and grains were improved.In additon,both the activity of GOGAT in flag leaves of post-anthesis 5-15 d,20 d,it in grain of post-anthesis 5 d,15 d,25-30 d and the contents of free amino acid and GMP in grain were enhanced.The contents of grain protein and its components,the ratio of Glu/Gli and protein yield were all improved significantly.The yield of wheat was increased by 940-1452 kg/hm2.Furthermore,under the condition of mulching and phosphorus fertilizer,there was a close relationship between deep soil moisture at anthesis and the activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves.All the activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves and grain were closely related to the contents of free amino acid,the ratio of Glu/Gli and protein yield.The above results suggested that mulching in fallow period in dryland wheat should be beneficial to improve soil moisture before sowing.And applying phosphorus fertilizer of 150 kg/hm2can help roots absorb the soil water in deep layer.This measure can promote the increase of yield and also further improve the contents of grain protein and GMP and the ratio of Glu/Gli.
dryland wheat;mulch in fallow period;phosphorus;key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism;grain protein
S512.1
A
1007-7146(2015)04-0390-10
2015-02-05;
2015-06-16
公益性行業(yè)科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)(201303104);現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)(CARS-03-01-24);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31101112);山西省科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(20140311008-3)
宋欣(1990-),女,漢,山西晉城人,在讀碩士研究生,主要從事旱作栽培及生理方面的研究。(E-mail)song-xin2010@hotmail.com
高志強(qiáng),教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。(Tel)0354-6287187;(E-mail)gaozhiqiang1964@126.com