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一種新的富集并計(jì)數(shù)肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者腦脊液中惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的方法

2015-08-24 08:42馬春華姜镕李金鐸王斌孫立偉呂遠(yuǎn)
天津醫(yī)藥 2015年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:腦膜細(xì)胞學(xué)腦脊液

馬春華,姜镕,李金鐸,王斌,孫立偉,呂遠(yuǎn)

新技術(shù)交流

一種新的富集并計(jì)數(shù)肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者腦脊液中惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的方法

馬春華,姜镕△,李金鐸,王斌,孫立偉,呂遠(yuǎn)

目的 通過觀察腫瘤標(biāo)志物免疫熒光染色-染色體熒光原位雜交技術(shù)平臺(tái)(TM-iFISH)富集并計(jì)數(shù)肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者腦脊液中的惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞,探討一種新的檢測(cè)腦脊液中惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的方法。方法 選取6例經(jīng)腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)或頭增強(qiáng)MRI掃描確診的肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者,每例患者經(jīng)腰椎穿刺獲取腦脊液20 mL(共10份),其中7.5 mL應(yīng)用TM-iFISH技術(shù)富集并計(jì)數(shù)腦脊液中的惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞,10 mL行腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查,2.5 mL行腦脊液生物化學(xué)檢查。結(jié)果 10份腦脊液標(biāo)本均順利完成上述檢測(cè),其中7份標(biāo)本通過TM-iFISH技術(shù)計(jì)數(shù)示腫瘤細(xì)胞數(shù)為3~1 823個(gè)/7.5 mL腦脊液,3份腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞,9份腦脊液生物化學(xué)檢查結(jié)果蛋白量高于正常值。3例患者治療后應(yīng)用TM-iFISH技術(shù)再次計(jì)數(shù)腦脊液惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞,2例患者計(jì)數(shù)較治療前減少。結(jié)論 TM-iFISH技術(shù)可以富集并計(jì)數(shù)肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者腦脊液中惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞,可能成為肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷和療效評(píng)價(jià)方法。

腦膜;癌,非小細(xì)胞肺;腫瘤循環(huán)細(xì)胞;腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移;非小細(xì)胞肺癌;腦脊液;腫瘤標(biāo)志物免疫熒光染色-染色體熒光原位雜交

腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌(leptomeningeal metastasis,LM)是指原發(fā)病灶的癌細(xì)胞在腦膜和脊髓蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙彌漫性播散或呈局灶浸潤(rùn)的一種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移癌,常繼發(fā)于白血病、淋巴瘤、肺癌和乳腺癌[1]。未經(jīng)治療的腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者中位生存期僅4~6周,經(jīng)綜合治療后,其中位生存期僅能達(dá)到3~5個(gè)月[2]?,F(xiàn)階段早期診斷腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌仍為醫(yī)學(xué)難題,主要依據(jù)典型中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀、腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查和頭部MRI增強(qiáng)掃描進(jìn)行診斷。然而,超過90%的腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者沒有典型的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的癥狀和體征;首次腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的陰性率高達(dá)45%,第2次腦脊液檢查的陽(yáng)性率達(dá)80%;頭部強(qiáng)化MRI的特異性幾乎能夠達(dá)到100%,但存在 65%的假陰性率和 10%的假陽(yáng)性率[3]。因此,尋找一種更為靈敏的方法來檢測(cè)腦膜的潛在轉(zhuǎn)移是十分必要的。血液循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(cir?culating tumor cells,CTCs)即脫落入血的實(shí)體腫瘤細(xì)胞,與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、耐藥[4]、預(yù)后和復(fù)發(fā)[5-6]等有明顯關(guān)聯(lián)性。腫瘤標(biāo)志物免疫熒光染色-染色體熒光原位雜交技術(shù)平臺(tái)(tumor marker immunostaining-FISH,TM-iFISH)通過富集和分析技術(shù)可有效鑒別生物體液樣本中各種非血源性腫瘤上皮細(xì)胞并進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù),目前尚鮮見關(guān)于用TM-iFISH技術(shù)檢測(cè)腦脊液中CTCs的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。本研究中采用TM-iFISH技術(shù)檢測(cè)10份腦脊液中的CTCs,報(bào)告如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 2014年3—9月在我院治療的非小細(xì)胞肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者6例,均為女性,中位年齡57.5歲,原發(fā)腫瘤病理類型均為肺腺癌;4例EGFR基因突變、K-Ras基因未突變;1例EGFR和K-Ras基因均未突變;1例基因突變情況未知。主要臨床表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)性頭痛(5例)、認(rèn)知障礙(3例)、視覺障礙(2例)、耳聾(2例)、馬尾綜合征(2例)。5例合并腦實(shí)質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移。符合以下條件:(1)經(jīng)組織學(xué)或細(xì)胞學(xué)明確診斷的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者。(2)經(jīng)腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)或影像學(xué)明確診斷的肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者。(3)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果無腰椎穿刺術(shù)禁忌。(4)經(jīng)脫水藥物治療后顱內(nèi)高壓癥狀可獲得控制。(5)患者能耐受腰椎穿刺取腦脊液。(6)排除合并腦膜其他病變,如腦膜瘤、室管膜瘤等。(7)簽訂知情同意書。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 TM-iFISH檢測(cè) 腰椎穿刺采集患者腦脊液20 mL,其中7.5 mL儲(chǔ)存于TM-iFISH檢測(cè)專用試管內(nèi),常溫保存,3 d內(nèi)應(yīng)用TM-iFISH技術(shù)檢測(cè)CTCs。(1)免疫磁珠陰性篩選法富集細(xì)胞:使用包被抗CD45抗體的免疫磁珠去除CD45陽(yáng)性的白細(xì)胞,將7.5 mL腦脊液制備成100 μL細(xì)胞懸液。(2)細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù):固定100 μL細(xì)胞懸液滴片,分別采用4,6-聯(lián)脒-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色(陽(yáng)性表明捕獲到的細(xì)胞為有核細(xì)胞)、8號(hào)染色體著絲粒探針(CEP8)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞8號(hào)染色體數(shù)目、抗細(xì)胞角蛋白-18(CK18)抗體染色(陽(yáng)性表明捕獲到的細(xì)胞為上皮來源)和CD45抗體染色(陰性表明捕獲到的細(xì)胞為非白細(xì)胞)進(jìn)行免疫熒光分析。OLYMPUS-BX53熒光顯微鏡(日本OLYMPUS公司)下進(jìn)行細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),重復(fù)計(jì)數(shù)5次取平均值作為最終值。10 mL腦脊液行腫瘤細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查,另2.5 mL行生物化學(xué)檢測(cè)。

1.2.2 CTCs判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 熒光顯微鏡下藍(lán)色通道下觀察DA?PI染色,藍(lán)色熒光者表明為有核細(xì)胞;橙色通道下觀察CEP8 FISH信號(hào),橙色亮點(diǎn)數(shù)目即為8號(hào)染色體數(shù)目,大多數(shù)CTCs 8號(hào)染色體呈多倍體,即CEP8陽(yáng)性,血源性白細(xì)胞8號(hào)染色體呈二倍體,即CEP8陰性;綠色通道下觀察細(xì)胞是否表達(dá)CK-18,呈綠色熒光即為陽(yáng)性;紅色通道下觀察細(xì)胞是否表達(dá)CD45,呈紅色熒光即為陽(yáng)性。最后在多通道下再次確認(rèn)細(xì)胞為非血源性上皮細(xì)胞來源的腫瘤細(xì)胞,即呈DA?PI+、CD45-、CK18+或CK18-、CEP8+;而呈現(xiàn)DAPI+、CD45+、CK18-、CEP8-時(shí),則表明細(xì)胞為血源性白細(xì)胞。

2 結(jié)果

本組6例患者共10份腦脊液標(biāo)本順利通過TM-iFISH技術(shù)平臺(tái)檢測(cè),其中 7份腦脊液發(fā)現(xiàn)3~1823個(gè)/7.5 mL腫瘤細(xì)胞,見圖1;3例患者治療后應(yīng)用TM-iFISH技術(shù)再次富集并計(jì)數(shù)腦脊液中的腫瘤細(xì)胞,2例計(jì)數(shù)較治療前減少,1例治療前后均未能富集并計(jì)數(shù)到腫瘤細(xì)胞。3份腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查采用HE染色發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞,但該方法不能對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。9份腦脊液生物化學(xué)檢查結(jié)果蛋白量高于正常值。全組患者治療前、后行頭部增強(qiáng)MRI檢查均顯示腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移征象,但無明顯變化。

Fig.1 Image of enriched cells under fluorescence microscope(×400)圖1 熒光顯微鏡下富集的細(xì)胞圖像(×400)

3 討論

腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌是指原發(fā)病灶中的腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移并彌漫性浸潤(rùn)軟腦膜、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔引起腦組織、腦神經(jīng)和脊髓受損癥狀與體征。目前國(guó)內(nèi)診斷腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌主要采用以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)具有明確的腫瘤病史。(2)新發(fā)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀與體征。(3)典型的MRI表現(xiàn)。(4)腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞。凡具備前2項(xiàng)及第3或4項(xiàng)中的任一項(xiàng)即可確診。然而,腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌的臨床表現(xiàn)常因腫瘤細(xì)胞侵犯的部位不同而復(fù)雜多樣,缺乏特異性,與腦實(shí)質(zhì)、脊髓轉(zhuǎn)移引起的癥狀以及治療原發(fā)腫瘤出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)很難鑒別[7]。在本研究中,6例患者的主要臨床表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)性頭痛(5例)、認(rèn)知障礙(3例)、視覺障礙(2例)、耳聾(2例)、馬尾綜合征(2例),符合腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌的主要臨床表現(xiàn)。但5例患者合并有腦轉(zhuǎn)移,全組病例均進(jìn)行了鞘內(nèi)化療或靜脈化療。因此臨床上很難對(duì)上述癥狀進(jìn)行鑒別診斷。本研究中9份腦脊液的生物化學(xué)檢查提示蛋白含量升高,考慮與腫瘤細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)腦膜及其代謝產(chǎn)物的化學(xué)刺激,造成血腦屏障的破壞和血管通透性增加,導(dǎo)致蛋白滲出增加有關(guān)。腦脊液生物化學(xué)檢測(cè)結(jié)果提示腦脊液其檢測(cè)敏感度較高,但其缺乏特異性,僅能作為臨床參考的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。在本研究中,6例肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者既往均經(jīng)腦脊液細(xì)胞涂片或頭部強(qiáng)化MRI掃描檢查明確診斷為腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌,但在本研究中僅3份患者腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞,提示腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的隨機(jī)性較大,且不能計(jì)數(shù)腫瘤細(xì)胞。增強(qiáng)MRI掃描的典型表現(xiàn)為腦膜增厚或伴有結(jié)節(jié)、腦膜線形或條索樣強(qiáng)化、腦膜彌漫性強(qiáng)化,有時(shí)可見“尾征”等直接征象,并伴有腦實(shí)質(zhì)容量變小、腦水腫、腦室周圍水腫等繼發(fā)性改變[8]。本組6例患者治療后復(fù)查頭部增強(qiáng)MRI掃描均發(fā)現(xiàn)腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌的典型征象,但均未提示腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移范圍存在明顯變化,因此增強(qiáng)MRI掃描很難對(duì)腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌進(jìn)行療效評(píng)價(jià)。筆者認(rèn)為腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查及增強(qiáng)MRI掃描在診斷腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌、療效評(píng)價(jià)方面不能滿足臨床醫(yī)師的需要,因此,尋找更靈敏的檢測(cè)方式是十分必要的。

腫瘤標(biāo)志物免疫熒光染色-染色體熒光原位雜交技術(shù)平臺(tái)即TM-iFISH,通過富集技術(shù)和分析技術(shù)在生物體液標(biāo)本中有效鑒別各種非血源性腫瘤上皮細(xì)胞,對(duì)鑒別CTCs具有較高的靈敏性和特異性。研究顯示該類技術(shù)檢測(cè)腦脊液中CTCs,進(jìn)而診斷乳腺癌[3]、惡性黑色素瘤[9]、肺癌腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移[10]具有較高的敏感度。本研究中6例患者共10份腦脊液標(biāo)本均經(jīng)TM-iFISH檢測(cè)富集并計(jì)數(shù)腫瘤細(xì)胞,其中7份腦脊液標(biāo)本中的腫瘤細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)為3~1 823個(gè)/7.5 mL。3例患者治療后再次應(yīng)用TM-iFISH技術(shù)檢測(cè)腦脊液中的腫瘤細(xì)胞,2例患者腫瘤細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)較治療前減少,1例患者治療前后均未能富集并計(jì)數(shù)到腫瘤細(xì)胞。腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的3份標(biāo)本,TM-iFISH檢測(cè)的腫瘤細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)亦高于其余7份標(biāo)本,二者是否存在相關(guān)性尚需進(jìn)一步研究。本研究結(jié)果表明TM-iFISH檢測(cè)技術(shù)對(duì)腦脊液中腫瘤細(xì)胞具有較高的敏感度,且可計(jì)數(shù)腫瘤細(xì)胞數(shù),在腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌的診斷和療效評(píng)價(jià)方面較腦脊液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查、增強(qiáng)MRI掃描表現(xiàn)出一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。

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(2014-10-28收稿 2014-11-27修回)

(本文編輯 閆娟)

A novel methodology to concentrate and quantify malignant cells in CSF from lung cancer patients with leptomeningeal metastasis

MA Chunhua,JIANG Rong△,LI Jinduo,WANG Bin,SUN Liwei,LYU Yuan
Department of Intervention,Tianjin HuanHu Hospital,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Disease,Tianjin 300060,China
△Corresponding Author E-mail:jiangrong1989@sina.com

Objective To assess the value of tumor marker immunostaining-FISH(TM-iFISH)technology on concen?trating and enumeration of tumor cells in CSF of lung cancer patients with leptomeningeal metastasis(LM).Methods Six cases of non-small cell lung cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis,which were diagnosed by CSF cytology or enhanced MRI scan,were selected.A total of 20 mL of CSF was collected in each case.TM-iFISH technology was employed to concen?trate and quantify circulating tumor cells in 7.5 mL CSF samples in each case while CSF cytology used 10 mL CSF samples in each case;Finally,the rest 2.5 mL CSF in each case was used for biochemistry assay.Results Ten CSF samples from 6 patients with non-small lung cancer with LM were assayed and tumor cells numbers ranging between 3 and 1 823 every 7.5 mL were found in 7 samples.On the other hand,CSF cytology examination only revealed tumor cells in 3 cases.Using CSF biochemical assay,higher than normal of protein level was found in 9 cases.TM-iFISH technology was employed again in 3 cases of patients who received treatment.Tumor cell count in CSF reduced in 2 out of the 3 cases.Conclusion TM-iFISH technology is a new method for detection and enumeration of tumor cells in the CSF in non-small cell lung cancer patients with leptomeningeal metastasis.This technology present diagnosis and curative values in lung cancer patients with leptomen?ingeal metastasis.

meninges;carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;neoplasm circulating cells;leptomeningeal metastasis;nonsmall cell lung cancer;cerebrospinal fluid;tumor marker immunostaining-FISH

R742

B

10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.04.023

天津市衛(wèi)生局科技基金資助項(xiàng)目(2014KZ042)

天津市環(huán)湖醫(yī)院腫瘤介入科,天津市腦血管與神經(jīng)變性重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300060)

馬春華(1981),男,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事腫瘤介入化療研究

△E-mail:jiangrong1989@sina.com

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