劉仔龍 張國志
暨南大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院深圳市人民醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科,深圳 518020
腮腺內(nèi)面神經(jīng)鞘瘤(intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma,IFNS)是臨床少見的頜面部腫瘤。面神經(jīng)鞘瘤(facial nerve schwannoma,F(xiàn)NS)可發(fā)生在小腦腦橋角至面神經(jīng)分支的任何部位,主要累及面神經(jīng)的顱內(nèi)段,較少累及其顱外段。IFNS僅占FNS的6.8%~9%[1-2],占腮腺區(qū)腫瘤的0.2%~1.5%[1,3]。Chong等[4]報道,在400例腮腺手術(shù)中僅5例為IFNS。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[5]報道,截至2009年僅報道了100例IFNS。筆者以“intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma;extratemporal facial nerve schwannoma”為關(guān)鍵詞檢索1958—2014年P(guān)ubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫收錄的文獻(xiàn),僅有61篇IFNS病例報告;由國內(nèi)學(xué)者林群久等[6]報道的19例IFNS臨床分析是目前文獻(xiàn)中最大宗的病例報告。IFNS在臨床很少見,術(shù)前誤診率高達(dá)75%[7-8]。林群久等[6]報道的19例IFNS,術(shù)前得以正確診斷者僅3例。Chiang等[9]復(fù)習(xí)了52例IFNS資料,僅4例的術(shù)前診斷正確。多數(shù)IFNS病例是在術(shù)中得以診斷,此時中斷或是繼續(xù)手術(shù),保留或放棄面神經(jīng)等諸多問題使得確定治療方案甚為棘手。本文對IFNS的診斷與治療作詳細(xì)綜述,旨在為臨床醫(yī)生提供幫助。
IFNS好發(fā)于成年人,偶見于兒童[10-11],平均發(fā)病年齡40~46歲[6-7,12]?;颊吣信壤龍蟮啦灰?,Marchioni等[3]報道為1.2∶1,林群久等[6]報道為1∶2.8。IFNS的體征主要為腮腺區(qū)存在生長緩慢、無痛性腫塊,酷似多形性腺瘤或腺淋巴瘤[13-15]。腫塊平均大小為3.7 cm(1.4~8 cm),多為孤立性腫塊,罕見多發(fā)腫塊(多發(fā)者僅占10.5%)[3,16-18]。Chiang等[9]報道了1例患者單側(cè)腮腺內(nèi)存在8枚小的IFNS,將該現(xiàn)象歸因于腫瘤發(fā)生的多中心學(xué)說。IFNS患者的平均病程為4年[17,19-20],長者可達(dá)10年[17]甚至40年[21]。盡管IFNS是良性腫瘤,但就診時19%~34%的患者存在不同程度的面神經(jīng)功能障礙[12,22]。單純IFNS引起的面神經(jīng)損害癥狀出現(xiàn)時間較晚,伴隨累及面神經(jīng)管的IFNS受腫瘤壓迫引起的神經(jīng)損害癥狀出現(xiàn)較早[23]。需注意的是,惡性腫瘤引起的面癱是由于腫瘤對面神經(jīng)的浸潤作用,而IFNS引起的面癱是由于腫瘤的壓迫作用,因為神經(jīng)鞘瘤與神經(jīng)呈離心性生長,且瘤內(nèi)不含神經(jīng)纖維[24];因此IFNS患者出現(xiàn)面癱的特點是伴隨腫瘤的漸進(jìn)性增大而漸進(jìn)性加重,該病史有助于診斷[4,8]。當(dāng)然,IFNS患者可以偶發(fā)突發(fā)性面癱[25]。Conley等[26]分析了腫瘤性面癱的原因,80%為腮腺惡性腫瘤所致,15%歸因于IFNS。
IFNS患者的早期癥狀主要有患側(cè)面部不適、面部抽搐、面肌無力、面部麻木等,偶見反復(fù)發(fā)作的貝爾面癱(Bell’s paralysis)。病程長者局部可發(fā)生疼痛,系腫塊增大受到腮腺嚼肌筋膜限制產(chǎn)生張力,或腺體導(dǎo)管阻塞所致[4,8]。如IFNS同時累及面神經(jīng)管,患者可出現(xiàn)耳部癥狀,如耳鳴、頭暈,聽力下降等[23]。
Marchioni等[3]復(fù)習(xí)了79例IFNS資料,其中3例為惡性;但惡性IFNS并無特殊的臨床表現(xiàn)[27]。
細(xì)針吸細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查最常用于涎腺腫瘤的術(shù)前診斷,診斷符合率達(dá)89.7%[28];但該方法診斷IFNS的符合率甚低,文獻(xiàn)記載的分別為15.8%[6]、17.6%[3]、33%[16]。神經(jīng)鞘瘤的細(xì)胞學(xué)特征為細(xì)胞呈梭形,細(xì)胞核纖細(xì)呈波浪狀,具有纖維性細(xì)胞質(zhì)和維羅凱體(Verocay bodies)等[12,29]。由于穿刺物中的細(xì)胞成分較少,難以作出正確診斷,或誤診為涎腺腫瘤或惡性腫瘤[8,15,30-31]。Ciau等[29]指出,如果穿刺物中的上皮樣細(xì)胞較多,可考慮多形性腺瘤或肌上皮瘤的診斷;如富含上皮樣細(xì)胞與維羅凱體,且缺乏明顯的腺管結(jié)構(gòu)時應(yīng)考慮上皮樣神經(jīng)鞘瘤(epithelioid schwannoma)的診斷。當(dāng)穿刺神經(jīng)源性腫瘤時,其神經(jīng)支配的區(qū)域可發(fā)生銳性放射痛[29],穿刺時注意觀察患者的表情有助于神經(jīng)源性腫瘤的診斷。
B超檢查時,IFNS多表現(xiàn)為界限清楚的低回聲病損,少數(shù)表現(xiàn)為高回聲或多囊樣病損[13,16,29]。
IFNS在CT片上的表現(xiàn)與多形性腺瘤相近,兩者難以鑒別。如發(fā)現(xiàn)鄰近腫塊的面神經(jīng)管存在擴張時可考慮IFNS,因為多形性腺瘤不會向面神經(jīng)管內(nèi)生長,而IFNS多發(fā)生在面神經(jīng)主干,可經(jīng)莖乳孔累及面神經(jīng)管[3,19,32-35]。
IFNS在磁共振圖像上的表現(xiàn)為T1加權(quán)時信號強度與肌肉相同,T2加權(quán)時信號強度高于肌肉。IFNS可存在典型的靶環(huán)征(target sign),即在T2加權(quán)圖像上表現(xiàn)為周邊高信號而中間低信號,該特征提示IFNS[16,19,30,36]。神經(jīng)與腫塊的毗鄰關(guān)系有助于鑒別IFNS與多形性腺瘤或沃辛瘤;而腺樣囊性癌易沿神經(jīng)生長擴散,其邊緣界限不清,可與IFNS相鑒別[16]。
多數(shù)IFNS是在施行腮腺手術(shù)中得以診斷。術(shù)中診斷IFNS主要有下述特點:腫塊為黃色或棕黃色,包膜完整,表面光滑,界限清楚,腫塊呈拇指狀(broad finger-like)或啞鈴型(dumbbell-shaped)與面神經(jīng)伴行;術(shù)中難以發(fā)現(xiàn)或無法分離腫瘤與面神經(jīng);電刺激腫瘤可誘發(fā)面肌運動[1,4-5,16,21-22,37]。術(shù)中需注意與罕見的腮腺內(nèi)面神經(jīng)纖維瘤(intraparotid facial nerve neuro fi broma,IFNN)相鑒別,IFNN包膜多不完整,腫塊包裹神經(jīng)是其特點[38]。
肉眼觀:IFNS有完整的包膜,剖面質(zhì)地軟,呈灰褐色,常見囊腔,內(nèi)含膠凍狀物,偶爾可見出血灶[6,12]。鏡下觀:腫瘤細(xì)胞呈梭形,細(xì)胞核呈柵欄狀排列,間隔以無核的均質(zhì)性伊紅染色陽性細(xì)胞質(zhì),成簇聚集的腫瘤細(xì)胞形成漩渦,稱為維羅凱體。含有維羅凱體者稱為束狀型,即Antoni A型;不含有維羅凱體者,細(xì)胞不聚集成柵欄狀,排列疏松、紊亂,細(xì)胞因有水腫而形成小囊腔,稱為網(wǎng)狀型,即Antoni B型[6,13,38]。
神經(jīng)纖維瘤的特點是纖細(xì)的梭形細(xì)胞呈散在性任意排列,其松散的膠原基質(zhì)中含有神經(jīng)纖維,可與IFNS相鑒別[38-39]。神經(jīng)鞘瘤樣多形性腺瘤(schwannoma-like pleomorphic adenoma)與IFNS、上皮樣神經(jīng)鞘瘤與多形性腺瘤在組織學(xué)上難以鑒別,可利用免疫組織化學(xué)檢測細(xì)胞角蛋白、S-100蛋白來鑒別。S-100蛋白在神經(jīng)源性腫瘤呈彌漫強陽性表達(dá),而涎腺腫瘤僅上皮細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞為弱陽性表達(dá)或陰性;細(xì)胞角蛋白在涎腺腫瘤中呈陽性表達(dá),而在神經(jīng)源性腫瘤中呈陰性[13,29,40-41]。
已有文獻(xiàn)[4,15,42]報道,冰凍活檢常發(fā)生誤診;此外,取活檢亦可能損傷面神經(jīng);因此應(yīng)在直視下行穿刺活檢,取活檢應(yīng)注意避開神經(jīng)[8,37]。
1995年前,無論是否存在面癱,對IFNS的治療主要施行手術(shù)切除,即切除腫瘤與受累的面神經(jīng),同期或分期行神經(jīng)移植修復(fù)術(shù)[1]。
關(guān)于手術(shù)方法的選擇, Alicandri-Ciufelli等[5]和Marchioni等[3]提出應(yīng)根據(jù)腫瘤累及面神經(jīng)的部位而決定手術(shù)方案,并將IFNS分為4種類型,建議對A型病例可單純切除腫瘤,其他類型需同時行神經(jīng)移植修復(fù)術(shù),如腫瘤累及面神經(jīng)管,需同期施行乳突切開術(shù)。Lee等[16]推薦使用脫套技術(shù)(sleeve operation)分離腫瘤,在手術(shù)顯微鏡下用鐮狀刀切開腫瘤包膜進(jìn)行分離。由于IFNS主要累及面神經(jīng)主干,術(shù)中宜采用逆向法(retrograde dissection)解剖面神經(jīng)[8,15]。
關(guān)于面神經(jīng)修復(fù),Ali等[30]認(rèn)為面神經(jīng)與舌下神經(jīng)交叉吻合的效果不如神經(jīng)移植,應(yīng)盡量選用缺損神經(jīng)的端端吻合術(shù),否則應(yīng)行神經(jīng)移植修復(fù)術(shù)[30,33]。若神經(jīng)缺損較長,宜選用腓腸神經(jīng)修復(fù);神經(jīng)缺損較短,宜選用耳大神經(jīng)修復(fù)。
IFNS的保守治療并非嚴(yán)格意義上的保守治療,因為絕大多數(shù)病例是在腮腺探查術(shù)或切取活檢術(shù)證實IFNS診斷后,為保留面神經(jīng)功能而采用的治療方法,包括神經(jīng)保存術(shù)(nerve-sparing surgery)[4]、腫瘤次全切除術(shù)[43]或減瘤術(shù)(debulking)[44]、面神經(jīng)管減壓術(shù),或單純臨床觀察(wait-and-see policy)等[24]。Marzo等[45]經(jīng)文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)發(fā)現(xiàn),4例FNS患者經(jīng)定期磁共振成像技術(shù)檢查,腫瘤每年增大約1.4 mm,8例面神經(jīng)功能為House-Brackmann(HB)3級以下的患者在5年內(nèi)無進(jìn)一步損害。這提示FNS生長緩慢,對面神經(jīng)功能的影響有限[19,44]。有文獻(xiàn)[46]報導(dǎo),IFNS的不全切除也少見復(fù)發(fā)。
據(jù)文獻(xiàn)介紹,使用SRS治療FNS可以控制腫瘤生長并防止面神經(jīng)功能受損;該方法雖可控制腫瘤生長,避免手術(shù)治療,但存在誘發(fā)腫瘤惡變的危險性[1-2]。有26例前庭神經(jīng)鞘瘤患者采用SRS治療后發(fā)生惡變,惡變的平均時間為5.8年[47]。Shirazi等[20]報道了1例FNS患者在接受腫瘤次全切除與SRS治療10年后,腫瘤發(fā)生惡變。Bacciu等[1]報道了有文獻(xiàn)記載的47例FNS接受SRS治療后的療效,超過85%的患者的腫瘤縮小或無改變。Kida等[48]復(fù)習(xí)了14例FNS患者接受SRS后的療效:治療前9例患者曾接受部分腫瘤切除術(shù)或切取活檢術(shù),11例患者存在不同程度的面神經(jīng)損害,9例患者存在聽力受損。14例患者治療時瘤野邊際的平均劑量為12.9 Gy,術(shù)后平均隨訪時間為31.4月,定期拍片觀察,結(jié)果顯示:10例腫瘤縮小,4例無改變;5例面神經(jīng)功能得到改善,8例無變化,1例面神經(jīng)功能損害加重。Yang等[49]復(fù)習(xí)了2 204例聽神經(jīng)鞘瘤患者經(jīng)伽瑪?shù)吨委熀蟮拿嫔窠?jīng)功能的資料,有96.4%患者的面神經(jīng)功能未受損害。Ingrosso等[50]報道了唯一1例采用SRS治療的IFNS的效果:由于IFNS累及面神經(jīng)管無法完整切除腫瘤,術(shù)后半年施行分次SRS治療,總劑量為54 Gy,每次劑量2 Gy,每周照射5次,隨訪30個月,腫瘤大小由1.79 mL縮小至0.96 mL。如果患者不愿接受手術(shù),或不能承受手術(shù),SRS可供其慎重選擇。
臨床醫(yī)生必須清楚,神經(jīng)移植后面神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)不可能優(yōu)于HB3級[6,19,30]。林群久等[6]報導(dǎo)了19例IFNS的手術(shù)療效,其中5例患者同期施行耳大神經(jīng)移植術(shù),術(shù)后平均隨訪48個月,18例患者的面神經(jīng)功能均在HB3級以上。Bacciu等[1]為12例同時累及面神經(jīng)顱內(nèi)和顱外段的FNS患者施行了腓腸神經(jīng)移植術(shù),術(shù)后平均隨訪29個月,8例患者的面神經(jīng)功能為HB3級,4例為HB4級。Chung等[33]為3例患者施行了面神經(jīng)端端吻合術(shù),為2例患者施行了面神經(jīng)與舌下神經(jīng)交叉吻合術(shù),術(shù)后前組患者的面神經(jīng)功能為HB3級,后組為HB4級。目前主張僅對術(shù)前存在面癱,HB3級以上的患者考慮施行手術(shù)治療;IFNS的保守治療是一個有效選擇,而手術(shù)是最后選擇[1,21]。
治療IFNS最理想的方法是完整切除腫瘤并保留神經(jīng)功能,然而目前無法達(dá)到該效果。IFNS治療時必須根據(jù)患者的面神經(jīng)功能,腫瘤的所在部位以及患者的主觀愿望綜合分析后選擇治療方案[1,3,5,19]。據(jù)報道[51],美國因腮腺良性腫瘤造成面神經(jīng)損害的賠償額平均為每例39.5萬美元,因非腫瘤疾病造成面神經(jīng)損害的賠償額平均為每例54萬美元,因此治療前要將各種治療的效果和利弊向患者說明,以避免糾紛。
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