趙岳,劉朝暉,張思,劉元林,周向東,王洋,童英,張毅
(1.河北北方學(xué)院研究生部,河北張家口075000;2.空軍總醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京100142;3.軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所細(xì)胞生物學(xué)研究室,北京100850;4.大興婦幼保健院,北京102600)
辛二酰苯胺異羥肟酸誘導(dǎo)人卵巢癌細(xì)胞OC3自噬作用
趙岳1,劉朝暉4,張思2,劉元林3,周向東2,王洋3,童英2,張毅3
(1.河北北方學(xué)院研究生部,河北張家口075000;2.空軍總醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京100142;3.軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所細(xì)胞生物學(xué)研究室,北京100850;4.大興婦幼保健院,北京102600)
目的探討辛二酰苯胺異羥肟酸(SAHA)是否誘導(dǎo)人卵巢癌細(xì)胞OC3發(fā)生自噬。方法SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25和31.25 μmol·L-1處理OC3細(xì)胞24 h后,倒置顯微鏡吉姆薩和-瑞氏染色觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化;四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(MTT)法檢測細(xì)胞存活;流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測自噬微管相關(guān)蛋白輕鏈3B(LC3B)的表達(dá);AO/EB雙染色觀察紅色酸性自噬囊泡的出現(xiàn);電鏡直接觀察自噬囊泡的結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)果不同濃度SAHA處理后,OC3細(xì)胞形態(tài)呈不規(guī)則梭形或多角形,細(xì)胞空泡化增多,折光性差。MTT結(jié)果表明,不同濃度SAHA處理對OC3細(xì)胞的存活具有明顯的抑制作用,并存在時(shí)間和濃度效應(yīng)關(guān)系,濃度相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為r12h= 0.898,r24h=0.976和r48h=0.952(P<0.05),SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25和31.25 μmol·L-1時(shí),時(shí)間相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.999,0.654,0.999,0.869和0.922(P<0.05)。SAHA與OC3細(xì)胞作用24 h后,AO/EB雙染色可見紅色酸性自噬囊泡出現(xiàn);進(jìn)一步電鏡觀察,可觀察到自噬囊泡結(jié)構(gòu);流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測結(jié)果表明,與正常對照組相比,SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25和31.25 μmol·L-1處理OC3細(xì)胞24 h后,LC3B陽性細(xì)胞比率顯著升高,分別為(19.4±2.4)%,(28.5±3.4)%,(34.6±3.9)%,(38.6±3.2)%和(61.8±1.0)%(P<0.05)。結(jié)論SAHA可能通過誘導(dǎo)人卵巢癌細(xì)胞OC3發(fā)生自噬而殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。
辛二酰苯胺異羥肟酸;卵巢腫瘤;自噬
DOl:10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2015.04.009
辛二酰苯胺異羥肟酸(suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid,SAHA)是現(xiàn)今最具代表性的組蛋白去乙?;敢种苿℉DAC inhibitor,HDACI)之一,并已成為第一個(gè)獲準(zhǔn)的HDACI類藥物應(yīng)用于臨床腫瘤治療[1]。研究表明,HDACI具有抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞分化,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡等作用[2-3]。自噬作用是殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞的一個(gè)重要方式,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的自噬作用是目前腫瘤治療的研究熱點(diǎn)[4]。
我們前期的研究表明,SAHA對卵巢癌耐藥細(xì)胞具有抑制增殖、引發(fā)自噬和誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用[5-6],但SAHA是否對卵巢癌敏感細(xì)胞具有同樣的作用,目前研究甚少,為此,本研究擬通過探討SAHA對人卵巢癌細(xì)胞系OC3誘導(dǎo)自噬作用,為卵巢癌治療提供新的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 細(xì)胞、藥物、試劑和主要儀器
人卵巢上皮癌細(xì)胞株OC3,由北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科李紅霞惠贈。SAHA購自美國Selleck公司;胎牛血清購自奧地利PAA Labo-ratories GmbH公司;RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基購自美國Gibco公司;青霉素與鏈霉素,購自華北制藥股份有限公司;胰蛋白酶和四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(MTT)購自美國Sigma公司;瑞士-吉姆薩復(fù)合染色液購自上海遠(yuǎn)慕生物有限技術(shù)公司;吖啶橙/溴化乙錠(AO/EB)雙熒光染色試劑盒購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司;自噬微管相關(guān)蛋白輕鏈3B抗體(light chain 3B,LC3B)購自美國Abcam公司;羊抗鼠二抗購自美國SANTACRUZ公司。SC-3610型低速離心機(jī),科大創(chuàng)新股份有限公司中佳分公司;IX71-A12FL/PH型倒置熒光顯微鏡,日本Olympus公司;H-7650型透射電鏡為日本日立公司;FC500Mcl型流式細(xì)胞儀,美國BeckmanCoulter公司;Immunoskan 340型酶標(biāo)儀,英國BDSL公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
人卵巢癌OC3細(xì)胞采用常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基(含1%青霉素和鏈霉素),置于37℃,5%CO2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3 細(xì)胞分組、顯微鏡觀察及瑞氏-吉姆薩染色形態(tài)觀察
取對數(shù)生長期OC3細(xì)胞,分成6組。正常對照組(1640培養(yǎng)基),SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25和31.25 μmol·L-1。SAHA與OC3細(xì)胞孵育24 h后,倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化并拍照,棄上清,PBS洗2遍,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min后,PBS再洗2次,瑞氏-吉姆薩染色,觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化。
1.4 MTT法檢測OC3細(xì)胞的存活
取對數(shù)生長期OC3細(xì)胞,以每孔1.0×104個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于96孔培養(yǎng)板,按照1.3所述實(shí)驗(yàn)分組,SAHA與OC3細(xì)胞分別作用12,24,48和72 h后,棄原培養(yǎng)基,每孔加入100 μL MTT(0.5 g·L-1)工作液,置37℃,5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中孵育4~6 h,棄MTT工作液,每孔加100 μL DMSO,振蕩器震蕩10 min,結(jié)晶充分溶解,在492 nm波長處讀取吸光度(A492nm)值。細(xì)胞抑制率(%)=(1-實(shí)驗(yàn)組A492nm/正常對照組A492nm)×100%。每樣本3復(fù)孔,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3遍。
1.5 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測OC3細(xì)胞自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3B的表達(dá)
取對數(shù)生長期OC3細(xì)胞,按照1.3所述實(shí)驗(yàn)分組,SAHA與OC3細(xì)胞作用24 h后,收集細(xì)胞,1000×g離心5 min;PBS洗2次,每次1000×g離心10 min;細(xì)胞破膜處理,4℃搖床30 min,破膜緩沖液洗2次,每次1000×g離心10 min;按1∶1000稀釋度加入LC3B一抗,室溫避光孵育15 min,破膜緩沖液洗2次,每次1000×g離心10 min;按1∶1000稀釋度加入FITC標(biāo)記羊抗鼠二抗,室溫孵育15 min,破膜緩沖液洗2次,每次1000×g離心10 min;500 μL PBS重懸細(xì)胞,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測LC3B蛋白表達(dá)水平。
1.6 AO/EB雙染色觀察OC3細(xì)胞自噬囊泡
取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,以每孔2.0×104個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于24孔培養(yǎng)板,按照1.3所述實(shí)驗(yàn)分組,SAHA分別與OC3細(xì)胞作用24 h后,棄掉原培養(yǎng)基,PBS洗2次,加入AO/EB工作液(終濃度1 mg·L-1)室溫下孵育5~10 min,PBS洗2次,熒光顯微鏡下觀察自噬囊泡的產(chǎn)生。
1.7 透射電鏡觀察OC3細(xì)胞自噬囊泡的結(jié)構(gòu)
取對數(shù)生長期OC3細(xì)胞,按照1.3所述實(shí)驗(yàn)分組,SAHA分別與OC3細(xì)胞作用24 h后,收細(xì)胞,PBS洗2次,1000×g離心5 min,加3%戊二醛固定,包埋、切片、染色,透射電鏡觀察自噬囊泡的結(jié)構(gòu)并拍照。
1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1 SAHA對OC3細(xì)胞形態(tài)的影響
倒置顯微鏡觀察顯示,與正常對照組(圖1A)相比,SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25和31.25 μmol·L-1處理OC3細(xì)胞24 h后,SAHA組OC3細(xì)胞形態(tài)出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則梭形或多角形、細(xì)胞空泡化增多、折光性差和密度降低等現(xiàn)象(圖1B,C,D,E和F)。
Fig.1 Effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid(SAHA)on morphological changes in ovarian cancer OC3 cells observed under an inverted microscope.A:normal control group;B,C,D,E and F:SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25 and 31.25 μmol·L-1for 24 h,respectively.
吉姆薩-瑞氏染色結(jié)果表明,與正常對照組(圖2A)相比,隨著SAHA濃度升高,OC3細(xì)胞空泡化增多、核碎裂現(xiàn)象逐漸嚴(yán)重(圖2B,C,D,E和F)。提示SAHA對卵巢癌OC3細(xì)胞具有一定殺傷作用。
Fig.2 Effect of SAHA on nucleus morphological changes in OC3 cells(Giemsa-Wright staining).A: normal control group;B,C,D,E and F:SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25, 6.25 and 31.25 μmol·L-1for 24 h,respectively.Arrows show nuclear fragmentation.
2.2 SAHA抑制OC3細(xì)胞的存活
SAHA在0.05~31.25 μmol·L-1濃度范圍內(nèi)對OC3細(xì)胞的存活具有明顯的抑制作用,且呈濃度依賴關(guān)系(圖3)。隨著SAHA作用時(shí)間的延長,對OC3細(xì)胞存活的抑制作用也逐漸增強(qiáng)。濃度效應(yīng)相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為r12h=0.898,r24h=0.976和r48h= 0.952(P<0.05);SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25和31.25 μmol·L-1的時(shí)間相關(guān)系數(shù)r值分別為0.999,0.654,0.999,0.869和0.922(P<0.05),提示SAHA可顯著抑制OC3細(xì)胞的存活。
Fig.3 Effect of SAHA on survival of OC3 cells tested by MTT assay.Inhibitory rate(%)=of SAHA group/of normal control group)×100%.
2.3 SAHA對OC3細(xì)胞LC3B表達(dá)的影響
流式細(xì)胞儀檢測結(jié)果顯示,正常對照組LC3B陽性細(xì)胞百分率為(13.0±3.5)%(圖4A),SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25和31.25 μmol·L-1處理細(xì)胞后,LC3B陽性細(xì)胞百分率分別為(19.4±2.4)%,(28.5±3.4)%,(34.6±3.9)%,(38.6±3.2)%和(61.8±1.0)%(圖4B,C,D,E,F(xiàn)),與正常對照組相比差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示SAHA可能誘導(dǎo)OC3細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬。
Fig.4 Effect of SAHA on light chain 3B(LC3B)expression by flow cytometry.A:normal control group;B,C,D,E and F:SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25 and 31.25 μmol·L-1for 24 h,respectively.
2.4 SAHA對OC3細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生自噬囊泡的影響
2..4.1 AO/EB雙染色
倒置熒光顯微鏡觀察結(jié)果顯示,正常對照組(圖5A)細(xì)胞著色均勻一致,核染色質(zhì)著綠色并呈正常結(jié)構(gòu),SAHA處理24 h后,OC3活細(xì)胞密度減小,出現(xiàn)紅色酸性自噬囊泡(圖5B,C,D,E和F),提示SAHA可能引發(fā)OC3細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬。
2.4.2 電鏡觀察
電鏡觀察結(jié)果顯示,正常對照組(圖6A)細(xì)胞沒有自噬囊泡的產(chǎn)生,SAHA各組細(xì)胞內(nèi)出現(xiàn)包含未消化細(xì)胞器的雙層膜結(jié)構(gòu),即自噬囊泡(圖6B, C,D,E和F),說明SAHA可引發(fā)OC3細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬。
Fig.5 Effect of SAHA on autophagy of OC3 cells detected with fluorescence microscopy(AO/EB staining). A:normal control group;B,C,D,E and F:SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25 and 31.25 μmol·L-1for 24 h,respectively.Arrows show autophagic cells.
Fig.6 Effect of SAHA on autophagy of OC3 cells observed by transmission electron microscopy.A:normal control group;B,C,D,E and F:SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25 and 31.25 μmol·L-1for 24 h,respectively.Arrows show autophagic vacuoles.
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SAHA可使OC3細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生明顯改變,細(xì)胞空泡化增多,折光性差,活細(xì)胞數(shù)目明顯減少,電鏡下可見自噬囊泡比例隨SAHA濃度增加而增多,提示SAHA可能對OC3細(xì)胞具有一定殺傷效應(yīng)。隨著SAHA濃度的增加和作用時(shí)間的延長,其對OC3細(xì)胞的存活具有顯著的抑制作用。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測到自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3B隨SAHA濃度增加,在OC3細(xì)胞中的陽性表達(dá)率也相應(yīng)增加。上述結(jié)果提示,SAHA對卵巢癌敏感細(xì)胞株OC3細(xì)胞的存活具有抑制作用。
HDACI具有誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞自噬、凋亡、阻滯細(xì)胞周期和抑制血管新生等諸多作用,是國內(nèi)外腫瘤治療的關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)。同時(shí)HDACI還可與許多化療藥物聯(lián)用,起到增敏、協(xié)同抑制腫瘤生長等作用[7-10],因此有望成為腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SAHA作為HDACI類藥物之一,可調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞的周期蛋白A2及周期蛋白D1起到顯著抑制細(xì)胞增殖作用[11];同時(shí)SAHA還具有增強(qiáng)乳腺癌分化特征標(biāo)志物表達(dá),從而誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞向正常細(xì)胞分化作用[12];另外,SAHA通過上調(diào)p21和Bax基因介導(dǎo)卵巢癌SKOV3細(xì)胞凋亡,還可下調(diào)成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤干細(xì)胞中AKT-MTOR信號來觸發(fā)自噬[13-15]。有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SAHA對卵巢癌部分敏感細(xì)胞具有抑制增殖和誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用[16]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SAHA對OC3細(xì)胞具有抑制作用,表明SAHA可能通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞自噬發(fā)揮殺傷腫瘤作用。但SAHA如何誘導(dǎo)OC3細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬及其作用機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,有待深入研究。
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Effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid on autophagy of human ovarian cancer OC3 cells
ZHAO Yue1,LIU Zhao-hui4,ZHANG Si2,LIU Yuan-lin3,ZHOU Xiang-dong2,WANG Yang3, TONG Ying2,ZHANG Yi3
(1.Graduate School,Hebei North College,Zhangjiakou 07500,China;2.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Air Force General Hospital,Beijing 100142,China;3.Department of Cell Biology,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing 100850,China;4.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Daxing Maternal-Child Health Hospital,Beijing 102600,China)
OBJECTlVETo evaluate the effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid(SAHA)on autophagy of human ovarian cancer OC3 cells.METHODSOC3 cells were treated with SAHA 0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25 and 31.215 μmol·L-1for 24 h,and then stained by Giemsa-Wright′s.The morphological changes of OC3 cells were observed under an inverted microscope and cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay.The autophagy related proteins were analyzed by flow cytometry.The cell ultrastructure changes were identified by transmission electron microscopy and autophagic vacuoles of OC3 cells were observed by AO/EB double staining.RESULTSAfter treatment with SAHA 0.05-31.25 μmol·L-1, the morphology of OC3 cells became irregularly spindle-shaped with more vacuolization and less refraction.The activity and proliferation of OC3 cells were significantly decreased in a time-dependent and SAHA concentration dependent manner by MTT assay.Concentration-dependent correlation coefficients werer12h=0.898,r24h=0.976 andr48h=0.952(P<0.05),respectively.SAHA time correlation coefficients were 0.999,0.654,0.999,0.869 and 0.922(P<0.05),respectively.Using AO/EB double staining, the amount of acidic autophagic vacuoles was augmented.With transmission electron microscopy,the structure of autophagic vacuoles could be seen clearly.Flow cytometry results showed that the positive rate of LC3B cells was significantly increased in SAHA 0.05-31.25 μmol·L-1,which was(19.4±2.4)%,(28.5±3.4)%,(34.6±3.9)%,(38.6±3.2)%,and(61.8±1.0)%,respectively.CONCLUSlONSAHA can inhibit and kill human ovarian cancer cells OC3 by inducing autophagy.
suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid;ovarian neoplasms;autophagy
The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070996);and National Natural Science Foundation of China(31171084)
s:TONG Ying,Tel:(010)66926371,E-mail:tongying7326@sina.com;ZHANG Yi,Tel:(010)66930315,E-mail:zhangyi612@hotmail.com
R979.3
A
1000-3002(2015)04-0585-06
2015-02-02接受日期:2015-07-31)
(本文編輯:賀云霞)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(31070996);國家自然科學(xué)基金(31171084)
趙岳(1983-),女,碩士研究生,主要從事卵巢癌化療研究,E-mail:rainheart2489@126.com;張毅(1966-),女,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事細(xì)胞生物學(xué)研究。
童英,E-mail:tongying7326@sina.com;Tel:(010)66926371;張毅,E-mail:zhangyi612@hotmail.com,Tel:(010)66930315