田虓豐程林松薛永超毛文輝張苗怡侯 濤楊彥柳王翊民
(1.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(北京)石油工程教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 北京 102249; 2.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(北京)油氣資源與探測(cè)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 北京 102249;3.中國(guó)石油華北油田山西煤層氣勘探開發(fā)分公司地質(zhì)研究所 山西晉城 048000;4.中國(guó)石油長(zhǎng)慶油田分公司第二采油廠工藝研究所 甘肅慶陽(yáng) 745100; 5.中海石油(中國(guó))有限公司天津分公司 天津 300450)
致密油藏液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感特征及微觀作用機(jī)理*
田虓豐1程林松1薛永超1毛文輝1張苗怡2侯 濤3楊彥柳4王翊民5
(1.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(北京)石油工程教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 北京 102249; 2.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(北京)油氣資源與探測(cè)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 北京 102249;3.中國(guó)石油華北油田山西煤層氣勘探開發(fā)分公司地質(zhì)研究所 山西晉城 048000;4.中國(guó)石油長(zhǎng)慶油田分公司第二采油廠工藝研究所 甘肅慶陽(yáng) 745100; 5.中海石油(中國(guó))有限公司天津分公司 天津 300450)
以鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7致密油藏巖心(K<0.1 mD)為研究對(duì)象,采用煤油和氮?dú)庾鳛閷?shí)驗(yàn)流體,開展了應(yīng)力敏感實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)合鑄體薄片、掃描電鏡和恒速壓汞實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,分析了致密油藏應(yīng)力敏感特征的微觀作用機(jī)理。從實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),致密油藏孔喉越細(xì)微,鐵方解石膠結(jié)和石英加大作用越強(qiáng)烈,對(duì)孔喉的支撐作用越明顯,因此液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失程度隨著巖心滲透率的降低先增大后減小,但是恢復(fù)程度一直減小,最終出現(xiàn)完全不恢復(fù)的現(xiàn)象。同時(shí),由于邊界層的作用導(dǎo)致液體的臨界孔喉半徑遠(yuǎn)大于氣體,而臨界孔喉的影響導(dǎo)致液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的滲透率損失程度和恢復(fù)程度與氣測(cè)的差異隨著滲透率的降低而增大。本文實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可為致密油藏產(chǎn)能預(yù)測(cè)及開發(fā)策略制定提供依據(jù)。
致密油藏;應(yīng)力敏感;液測(cè);滲透率損失;滲透率恢復(fù);孔喉結(jié)構(gòu);作用機(jī)理
長(zhǎng)7沉積期是鄂爾多斯盆地延長(zhǎng)期湖盆發(fā)育的鼎盛時(shí)期[1],隴東地區(qū)位于半深湖—深湖環(huán)境,滑塌沉積形成的濁積砂體已成為該地區(qū)增儲(chǔ)上產(chǎn)最重要的儲(chǔ)集砂體類型之一[2],該類濁積砂體具有沉積厚度大、發(fā)育層位多、分布面積廣、識(shí)別標(biāo)志好、巖石結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)、成因復(fù)雜等特點(diǎn)[3-4]。隴東地區(qū)長(zhǎng)7段主要儲(chǔ)集體是濁積砂體,平均孔隙度為9.54%,平均滲透率為0.1 mD[3],是典型的致密油藏[5]。該致密油藏巖石成分中對(duì)應(yīng)力敏感程度影響較大的剛性石英含量為40%,較特低和超低滲透油藏顯著增加[3,6-7],導(dǎo)致巖石類型發(fā)生改變;另外,填隙物中塑性的水云母含量急劇增加[3],導(dǎo)致應(yīng)力敏感特性發(fā)生改變。
目前應(yīng)力敏感實(shí)驗(yàn)所用的流體以氣體為主,實(shí)驗(yàn)巖心滲透率均大于0.1 mD[8-11]。隨著滲透率的降低,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)了氣測(cè)滲透率與液測(cè)滲透率的差別增大(圖1),因此對(duì)于滲透率相對(duì)較大的特低滲透油藏,氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感特征仍可以代表油藏液體的應(yīng)力敏感程度;然而致密油藏滲透率極低,氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感特征不能真實(shí)反映致密油藏應(yīng)力敏感特征。另外,應(yīng)力敏感性實(shí)驗(yàn)初始有效應(yīng)力遠(yuǎn)小于油藏真實(shí)的有效應(yīng)力[8-11],導(dǎo)致實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的油藏應(yīng)力敏感程度被放大。
圖1 長(zhǎng)7致密油藏氣測(cè)滲透率與液測(cè)滲透率的差異Fig.1 Permeability difference between gas and liquid measurement method in Chang 7tight oil reservoir
因此,本文以滲透率極低的致密油藏巖心(K<0.1 mD)為研究對(duì)象,以油藏初始有效應(yīng)力為起點(diǎn),選用煤油作為實(shí)驗(yàn)介質(zhì),模擬油田生產(chǎn)的壓力變化過(guò)程,揭示了致密油藏液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感特征,進(jìn)一步對(duì)比了與氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的差異性,并通過(guò)恒速壓汞實(shí)驗(yàn)從微觀孔喉角度解釋了應(yīng)力敏感的作用機(jī)理,從而為致密油田產(chǎn)能評(píng)價(jià)及預(yù)測(cè)提供了理論基礎(chǔ),也為開發(fā)策略的制定提供了依據(jù)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)巖心取自鄂爾多斯盆地延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)7致密油藏,巖心基本參數(shù)如表1所示。1~4號(hào)巖心用于研究致密油藏應(yīng)力敏感特征,5~9號(hào)巖心用于研究氣測(cè)和液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的差異。油藏地層壓力為15 MPa,據(jù)油層平均深度1 800 m估算上覆巖石壓力為40 MPa,則初始有效應(yīng)力為25 MPa。
表1 長(zhǎng)7致密油藏巖心基本參數(shù)Table 1 Basic parameters of cores in Chang 7tight oil reservoir
采用長(zhǎng)慶油田超低滲透油藏和致密油藏超前注水策略,初始地層壓力會(huì)有一定程度的增加,因此將實(shí)驗(yàn)初始地層壓力提高到25 MPa。由于實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下,巖心中流體平均壓力是驅(qū)替壓力和回壓的平均值,因此模擬上覆巖石壓力40 MPa,驅(qū)替壓力30MPa,回壓20 MPa,可得初始地層壓力為25 MPa,初始有效應(yīng)力15 MPa。驅(qū)替壓力依次調(diào)整為25、20、15、10、15、20、25、30 MPa,回壓相應(yīng)調(diào)整為15、10、5、0、5、10、15、20 MPa。為了消除水敏對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的影響,實(shí)驗(yàn)流體采用粘度為1.3 mPa·s的煤油。由于巖心滲透率極低,煤油流量極小,因此穩(wěn)定時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)24 h,采用毛細(xì)計(jì)量管來(lái)精確計(jì)量煤油流量。
實(shí)驗(yàn)中采用了與致密油藏真實(shí)流體性質(zhì)相近的液體作為滲流介質(zhì),采用滲透率小于0.1 mD的致密油藏巖心,因此液體在微納米級(jí)孔喉中滲流的微尺度效應(yīng)得以體現(xiàn)。
2.1 液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感特征
圖2是長(zhǎng)7致密油藏4塊巖心(K<0.1 mD)液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。從圖2可以看出,隨著巖心滲透率的下降(1~2號(hào)巖心),應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失程度先增大;隨著巖心滲透率的進(jìn)一步降低(2~4號(hào)巖心),滲透率損失程度反而逐漸減小。但是,應(yīng)力敏感滲透率恢復(fù)程度隨著巖心滲透率的降低不斷減?。?~2號(hào)巖心),最終完全不恢復(fù)(2~4號(hào)巖心)。
圖2 長(zhǎng)7致密油藏液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果Fig.2 Results of permeability stress sensitivity experiments in Chang 7tight oil reservoir by using liquid measurement method
2.2 氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感特征對(duì)比
為了對(duì)比氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的差異,選取分別與1號(hào)和4號(hào)巖心氣測(cè)滲透率相近的2塊巖心(8號(hào)、9號(hào))進(jìn)行氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感實(shí)驗(yàn),巖心基本參數(shù)見表1。圖3是長(zhǎng)7致密油藏巖心氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果對(duì)比圖,可以看出,氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的滲透率損失程度和恢復(fù)程度均大于液測(cè)。隨著巖心滲透率的降低,氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的滲透率損失程度和恢復(fù)程度的差異均在增大。對(duì)比本文的液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感結(jié)果(1~7號(hào)巖心)與調(diào)研的氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感結(jié)果[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)(圖4),隨著滲透率的增大,氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感和液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失的差異逐漸減小。
圖3 長(zhǎng)7致密油藏氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果對(duì)比Fig.3 Comparison results of permeability stress sensitivity experiments in Chang 7tight oil reservoir by using gas and liquid measurement method
圖4 氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感差異與滲透率關(guān)系Fig.4 Relationship between the permeability stress sensitivity difference using gas and liquid measurement method and permeability
3.1 液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失作用機(jī)理
巖心的滲透率主要受喉道控制,因此滲透率的應(yīng)力敏感現(xiàn)象本質(zhì)上是喉道受到有效應(yīng)力而發(fā)生形變的過(guò)程。實(shí)驗(yàn)所用巖心的氣測(cè)滲透率極低,均小于0.1 mD,屬于真正意義上的致密油藏巖心。致密油藏喉道半徑越小,石英次生加大和鐵方解石二次膠結(jié)作用越強(qiáng)烈[13]。正是由于鐵方解石和石英等剛性物質(zhì)對(duì)微細(xì)喉道的支撐作用(圖5),在相同有效應(yīng)力作用下,較小喉道發(fā)生形變的絕對(duì)量小于較大喉道,但形變的程度卻比大喉道更嚴(yán)重。由于邊界層的存在,液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感還應(yīng)考慮臨界孔喉半徑的影響(當(dāng)r<rc,液體無(wú)法通過(guò)喉道)。
圖5 長(zhǎng)7致密油藏鑄體薄片實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果Fig.5 Results of casting thin sections in Chang 7 tight oil reservoir
液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失程度由兩部分組成:①完全損失,這部分喉道受壓后半徑小于rc,滲透率完全損失;②部分損失,這部分喉道受壓后喉道半徑仍大于rc,對(duì)滲透率仍有貢獻(xiàn)。隨著滲透率的降低,小喉道對(duì)滲透率的貢獻(xiàn)增大(圖6),當(dāng)完全損失的滲透率貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到最大時(shí),此時(shí)滲透率損失程度由完全損失控制。當(dāng)巖心滲透率進(jìn)一步降低時(shí),完全損失對(duì)滲透率貢獻(xiàn)率減小,完全損失的滲透率減小,因此液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失程度減弱。
圖6 長(zhǎng)7致密油藏不同滲透率下喉道對(duì)滲透率貢獻(xiàn)率分布圖Fig.6 Distribution of throats′contribution to cores permeability under different permeability in Chang 7tight oil reservoir
3.2 液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率恢復(fù)作用機(jī)理
對(duì)于同一塊巖心,巖石成分相同,不同半徑喉道的彈性極限也相同。由于較大喉道發(fā)生形變的絕對(duì)量較大,其形變首先達(dá)到彈性極限,產(chǎn)生塑性變形,導(dǎo)致有效應(yīng)力減小時(shí),半徑越大的喉道,彈性恢復(fù)的程度越小。當(dāng)有效應(yīng)力減小時(shí),較大喉道由于發(fā)生塑性變形而不能恢復(fù),彈性恢復(fù)主要在較小喉道中產(chǎn)生,但是隨著巖心滲透率的降低,喉道半徑減?。▓D7),巖心受壓后半徑小于rc的喉道增多,發(fā)生彈性恢復(fù)的喉道半徑小于rc,因此對(duì)液測(cè)滲透率沒有貢獻(xiàn),便出現(xiàn)了致密油藏液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率不恢復(fù)的現(xiàn)象。
圖7 長(zhǎng)7致密油藏不同滲透率下喉道分布圖Fig.7 Distribution of throats under different permeability in Chang 7tight oil reservoir
3.3 氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感差異作用機(jī)理
通過(guò)上面分析可知,由于rc的作用,使被壓縮程度最嚴(yán)重的喉道對(duì)滲透率的影響反映不到液測(cè)滲透率上,但是由于氮?dú)夥肿又睆街挥?.304 nm,基本能夠進(jìn)入所有的喉道,因此氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感可以反映所有喉道的形變,導(dǎo)致氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失程度強(qiáng)于液測(cè)。隨著巖心滲透率的降低,喉道半徑分布范圍縮小,rc以下的喉道對(duì)滲透率貢獻(xiàn)率增大,導(dǎo)致氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感損失程度的差異隨著滲透率的降低而增大。
同理,由于rc的存在,發(fā)生彈性恢復(fù)的喉道對(duì)滲透率的影響反映不到液測(cè)滲透率上,但是氣測(cè)滲透率卻能夠反映全部喉道的恢復(fù)情況,因此氣測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感的恢復(fù)程度大于液測(cè)。隨著氣測(cè)滲透率的降低,喉道半徑分布范圍縮小,rc以下的喉道對(duì)滲透率貢獻(xiàn)率增大,導(dǎo)致氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感恢復(fù)程度的差異隨著滲透率的降低而增大。
1)由于鐵方解石和石英對(duì)孔喉的支撐作用,隨著巖心滲透率的降低,致密油藏液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失程度先增大后減小,但是恢復(fù)程度一直減小,最終出現(xiàn)不恢復(fù)的情況。
2)由于臨界孔喉的作用,致密油藏氣測(cè)與液測(cè)應(yīng)力敏感滲透率損失程度和恢復(fù)程度的差異隨著巖心滲透率的降低逐漸增大。
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Characteristics and micro-mechanism of stress sensitivity by using liquid measurement method in tight oil reservoirs
Tian Xiaofeng1Cheng Linsong1Xue Yongchao1Mao Wenhui1Zhang Miaoyi2Hou Tao3Yang Yanliu4Wang Yimin5
(1.Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering,China University of Petroleum,Beijing102249,China;2.National Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration,China University of Petroleum,Beijing102249,China;3.Institute of CBM Geology,PetroChina Huabei Oilfield Company,Jincheng,Shanxi 048000,China;4.The Second Oil Production Company,PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company,Qingyang,Gansu745100,China;5.Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Ltd.,Tianjin300450,China)
Stress sensitivity experiments were conducted using cores with permeability less than 0.1 mD which were taken from Chang 7 tight oil reservoir in Ordos Basin.The fluids used in the experiments are kerosene and nitrogen.In addition,casting thin section,SEM and constant-speed mercury injection experiments were performed to analyze the mechanism of the stress sensitivity.It was found that the effects of secondary cementing of ferrocalcite and secondary enlargement of quartz become more severe with decrease in throat sizes of tight oil reservoirs.However,the supporting effects on throats are more significant.Therefore,in the beginning the fraction of permeability reduction increases and then decrease with the permea-bility of the cores decreasing.But the fraction of permeability recovery of liquid-measured stress sensitivity decreases all the time.At worst,the process of recovery disappears.In addition,due to the effect of boundary layers,the critical throat size of liquid is far larger than that of gas,resulting in the fact that the differences of fraction of permeability reduction and recovery become larger as permeability decreases.The experiment results can be the basis for predicting production and establishing strategies for tight oil reservoirs.
tight oil reservoir;stress sensitivity;liquid measurement method;permeability reduction;permeability recovery;micro-pore-throat structure;mechanism
TE312
A
2014-08-20改回日期:2014-12-02
(編輯:楊 濱)
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1673-1506(2015)02-0063-05
10.11935/j.issn.1673-1506.2015.02.011
*國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金“特低滲油藏天然縫與人工縫耦合作用的滲流機(jī)理與模型(編號(hào):51174215/E0403)”、高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)科研基金“致密油藏亞微米-超納米級(jí)孔喉滲流機(jī)理研究(編號(hào):20130007120014)”部分研究成果。
田虓豐,男,中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(北京)在讀博士研究生,主要從事油氣田開發(fā)方面研究。E-mail:txf5160@163.com。