謝妮
【摘要】定語從句是高中英語重要句型,是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn),同時(shí)也是廣大考生復(fù)習(xí)備考中要突破的難點(diǎn)。為此,筆者從六個(gè)方面對(duì)定語從句的難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的剖析。
【關(guān)鍵詞】定語從句 難點(diǎn) 剖析
定語從句在近幾年高考中,考查方式靈活多樣,迷惑性較強(qiáng),屬于中高檔考題,給廣大考生帶來了不少困難,失分率較高。為了幫助考生復(fù)習(xí)備考,筆者把中學(xué)英語定語從句中??嫉膸讉€(gè)難點(diǎn)剖析如下,望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
一、shch/so…as引導(dǎo)的定語從句與such/so…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句的辨析
請(qǐng)先比較下面兩個(gè)例句:
1. It is such a heavy stone as no one can move.
2. It is such a heavy stone that no one can move it.
例句1是由such…as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。及物動(dòng)詞move后沒帶賓語,因此要用關(guān)系代詞,又先行詞stone前由such修飾,故用關(guān)系代詞as。譯為:這是一塊重的沒人搬得動(dòng)的石頭。例句2由 such…that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。及物動(dòng)詞move 后帶有代詞it 作賓語,因從句部分成份完整,只須用連詞that來導(dǎo)出與such相呼應(yīng)的結(jié)果狀語從句。譯為:這塊石頭如此之重以至沒人能搬動(dòng)它。
通過比較,例1和例2不同的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是動(dòng)詞move后是否帶有的賓語,若沒有就得用關(guān)系代詞as作賓語來與前面的such/so相對(duì)應(yīng),構(gòu)成such/so…as引導(dǎo)的定語從句;若有賓語(常常是代詞it 或 them)則得用連詞that 來導(dǎo)出結(jié)果狀語從句,構(gòu)成such/so…that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。
二、定語從句中what、whoever的理解和what、whatever、whoever及whomever在定語從句中兼有“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞”的功能,所以不需要有先行詞和關(guān)系詞
1.what 先行名詞+關(guān)系代詞(which/that)
例如:America was was first called “India”by Columbus.
A. what B. what C. which D. where
本題選項(xiàng)為A。句子可以轉(zhuǎn)換為:America was the place that/which was first called “India”by Columbus.
2. whoever anyone+who 在定語從句中作主語。
whomever anyone+whom 在定語從句中作賓語。
例:(1)You can leave the money to needs it badly.
(2) You can leave the money to you trust well.
就這兩道題,有不少學(xué)生容易都選上whomever 來作介詞 to 的賓語,其實(shí)錯(cuò)了。錯(cuò)誤原因是他們沒有真正弄明白whoever和whomever的內(nèi)涵。例(1)應(yīng)用whoever,相當(dāng)于anyone who,兼有先行詞anyone 和作主語的關(guān)系代詞who 的功能,其中先行詞anyone 作了介詞to的賓語,而關(guān)系代詞who卻在從句中作了動(dòng)詞needs的主語,原可轉(zhuǎn)換為:You can leave the money to anyone who needs it badly.
例(2)應(yīng)用whomever,相當(dāng)于anyone whom,兼有先行詞anyone 和作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom的功能,其中anyone 也作了介詞to的賓語,而關(guān)系代詞whom卻從句中作動(dòng)詞trusts 賓語。原文轉(zhuǎn)換為:You can leave the money to anyone whom you trust well.
三、定語從句中關(guān)系形容詞which 的使用法和理解
which 在定語從句中用作關(guān)系代詞,在從句中作主語和賓語;然而,不少同學(xué)卻不知道which在定語從句中作關(guān)系形容詞,在從句中作定語起修飾限制作用。其用法結(jié)構(gòu)為:“相應(yīng)的介詞+which(關(guān)系形容詞)+名詞”,此結(jié)構(gòu)可以理解為并列結(jié)構(gòu)“and+相應(yīng)的介詞+that(指示代詞)+名詞”。
例如:
It is he below freezing outside, at which temperature water will turn ice.
此句可以理解為:It is below freezing outside, and at that temperature water will turn ice.
四、where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句與定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換與理解
Where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句可以理解或轉(zhuǎn)換成由“相應(yīng)的介詞+the place+where (關(guān)系副詞)”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
例如:
The villagers put up a sign where road accidents happen too often 句中where引導(dǎo)的狀語從句可以理解并轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句,如下:
The villagers put up a sign at the place where road accidents happen too often.
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]陳慶軍.高中英語[M].電子工業(yè)出版社,2012.8.1.