楊富章

真題點擊 （2015年高考新課標Ⅱ卷） 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady， gradual increases in the length of the runs. 36 ， buy the best-fitting running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet， so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right， walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 37 . As always， you should stretch（伸展） at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

During the first week， do not think about distance， but run five minutes longer each day. 38 ， it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week， set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run. 39 . After two weeks， start timing yourself. 40 . Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter， you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.

A. After six days

B. For a good marathon runner

C. Before you begin your training

D. With each day， increase the distance by a half mile

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time

閱讀理解七選五（也有閱讀填空等稱呼），即給出一篇缺少5個句子的文章，對應有七個選項，根據(jù)文章結構、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應的空白處。

題型特點

1. 注重考查學生的邏輯思維能力。閱讀本質(zhì)上是一種理解、吸收、鑒賞、評價文章的思維過程，“七選五”不但要求同學們從整體上把握文章的邏輯結構，理解句子和段落之間的聯(lián)系，對連貫性、一致性等語段特征把握熟練，還要具備用語法知識分析長難句的能力。它的選項一般分為三類：主旨概括句、過渡性句子和注釋性句子。

2. 選材特征。文體上以說明文為主，比如新課標Ⅰ卷，2015年講的是“重建信任”，2014年是“幫助孩子為未來作準備”，2013年是“商業(yè)和企業(yè)管理”，2012年是“青少年如何緩解壓力”……所選文章寫作線索清晰明了，邏輯嚴密。文章的長度通常在180～250詞之間。

解題策略

1.根據(jù)語境判斷

做題時最重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎上，利用線索詞等進一步確認答案。如上文中的36、37、39、40題：

36. C。上文提到跑馬拉松，下文說要買一雙合腳的鞋子。所以這里說的應該是訓煉前的準備工作。

37. E。上文提到鞋子到手之后要再次核實是否舒服，下文說的是跑之前要拉伸以防受傷，開始運動只能是在確保鞋子沒有問題之后，所以選E。

39. D。前句講第二周要設定一個目標，本段第一句又說第一周不要考慮距離，所以設空所在的句子自然應該是討論加長跑步的距離。如何增加？自然是每天比前一天多一點。

40. G。上文說的是兩周過去之后，下文說的是可以在比賽開始之前設定一個時間表了，所以兩周過去之后，應該設定新的目標了。

2.留意線索詞

對線索詞的敏感是一種重要的能力。最主要的線索詞是空白前后的名詞和動詞，尋找答案時要注意在選項中查找對應的同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語，其次是代詞、數(shù)詞、表示時間/年代的詞或是表示地點/名稱的專有名詞。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。如上文中的第38題：

38. A?？疾閷ι舷挛牡睦斫狻Ｉ衔奶岬骄毩暤牡谝恢軕撛趺醋?，下文說要休息一天，然后提到第二周如何如何，所以這里說的應該是練習六天后要休息一天，剛好是一周。week和a day of是線索詞。

3.根據(jù)關聯(lián)詞判斷

由于英語的句與段之間經(jīng)常會運用關聯(lián)詞或某些具有關聯(lián)作用的副詞表示銜接和過渡，因此文章中和選項中表示各種邏輯關系的路標性信號詞在選擇答案時都是很重要的線索。在做題時可將這三個層面的線索很好地結合起來。例如：表示并列或遞進關系的詞，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性；表示轉折或讓步關系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意對立，或褒貶對立或是否對立；表示例證關系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或觀點的句子，句中往往會有復述名詞出現(xiàn)。

4.根據(jù)試題所在的位置來確定

（1）挖空位置在段首

①這種情況下所缺的通常是段落主題句。一般段落的中心都會出現(xiàn)在一段的開頭部分。因此可以根據(jù)段落一致性原則，推斷出該段的主題句。

例1 According to some psychologists， if parents are always telling a child that he or she is a fool or an idiot，then the child is more likely to keep doing silly and foolish things. So it is probably better for parents to say very positive things to their children.

A. Parents should also be careful about what they say to young children.

B.The children are then more likely to grow up bright and intelligent.

解析 A。閱讀空后內(nèi)容可知“根據(jù)一些心理學家的觀點，如果父母總是說孩子傻，那么孩子就可能做傻事，因此父母應該多說一些積極的話”。根據(jù)“挖空位置在段首，所缺的通常是段落主題句”的原則，可以推斷出挖空內(nèi)容一定與父母對孩子所說的話相關，這樣很容易就可以判斷A項為本段的主題句。

②要關注與后文的關系。著重閱讀挖空后面的第一、二句，確定相關信息詞，然后在選項中查找與之相關的內(nèi)容。閱讀時要學會瞻前顧后，以確定答案。例如：

例2 They say its boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another， Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak！

A. Some people dont like Muzak.

B. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.

解析 A。挖空后的第一句話中出現(xiàn)的相關信息詞They與A項中的Some people為指代關系；根據(jù)boring可以反推dont like。

（2）挖空位置在段尾

這種情況下所缺的通常是結論或概括性語句。注意在選項中查找表示結果、結論、總結等的關鍵詞。

例3 There is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event. But data should be dealt with wisely. We often get wrong data which mislead us. Remember， data have no feeling but we humans have. Data dont mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they are true or false. .

A. We should try our best to be wise thinkers

B. Sometimes our hearts and minds are more sensitive than data

解析 A。此題挖空位置在段尾，空格前的論述內(nèi)容是“雖然數(shù)據(jù)很重要，但是如果我們沒有能力運用所學知識分析數(shù)據(jù)，沒有自信去判斷它們正確與否，那么數(shù)據(jù)對我們來說就毫無意義”。這段話得出的結論應該是“我們要盡最大努力成為一名睿智的思考者”，因此A項是正確答案。

（3）挖空位置在段中

挖空位置如果在段中，則其所填句子含義應與前句、后句保持一致。因此，同學們在做題時要關注體現(xiàn)前后句邏輯關系的關聯(lián)詞。例如：

例4 There are a number of things you can do to beat your fears. One important approach is to become an expert in your problem. There are countless books and websites providing up-to-date theories and explanations about fears. If you become an expert in your fear， you will be able to make good decisions about the best treatment to overcome it.

A. You can also go to lectures and workshops.

B. Making some simple changes to your diet can make you look good.

解析 A。上述例句挖空位于段中，根據(jù)“上下求索，瞻前顧后”的原則，答題時要關注體現(xiàn)前后句邏輯關系的關聯(lián)詞。閱讀空格前句子可知其內(nèi)容為克服恐懼的方法；閱讀選項后可以鎖定含有遞進含義also的A項，其內(nèi)容也是進一步提供克服恐懼的方法。

例5 Stone Age people hunted wild animals for their meat， which had much less fat than domestic ones. They ate a lot of fresh wild vegetables and fruits. They didnt have milk or any other dairy products， and they made very little use of grains. ， We eat six times more salt than our ancestors. We eat more sugar. We eat twice as much fat but only one third as much protein and much less Vitamin C.

A. Stone Age people lived a simple life.

B. But today，we enjoy eating a lot of these.

C. In that case，they would live much healthier.

解析 B。以上例句挖空位于段中，閱讀空前空后句子，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)空前內(nèi)容是石器時代人們的飲食習慣；空后所描述的是現(xiàn)代人的飲食習慣。因此空前內(nèi)容與挖空內(nèi)容為轉折關系，可鎖定含有關聯(lián)詞but的B項。

下面就讓我們來應用一下上文提到的方法：

（2015年高考北京卷）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出正確的填入空白處。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

This Way to Dreamland

Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant， especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of whats happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy. 71 ，hey annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.

But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 72 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions？

So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool？

First， understand that some opportunities （機會） for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 73 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while youre daydreaming， try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple， like taking a shower or walking， or even making meaningless drawings.

Its also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”， being focused， is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 74

Finally， you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75

Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.

A. Having interesting things to think about also helps.

B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves.

C. Without wandering minds， we wouldnt have relativety， Coke or Post-it notes.

D. At one time， daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.

E. It involves slow， steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.

F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct， quite unlike sleep dreams， which may be hard to understand.

G. Therefore， its a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when youre in the daydream zone.

答案 BCEAG