周童瑜,南京大學博士,主要研究方向是國際關系和中美文化。托??荚嚌M分獲得者,知名語法專家,對英語語法有獨到研究。
語語法分兩條主線:一條是動詞,另一條則是從句。從句就像“迷宮”,語法規(guī)則多而繁,考生稍不留神就容易迷失。而what和that這兩個長得差不多的單詞,則馬不停蹄地穿梭于這些從句里,到處都有其蹤影,讓人眼花繚亂。本期我們?yōu)榇蠹仪逦尸F(xiàn)what和that在多種從句中的細微差異。
主語從句
that與what都可以引導主語從句。that在主語從句中不充當句子成分,且不能省略;what 在主語從句中可充當主語、賓語、表語等句子成分,也不能省略。
1. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A.that B.when C.what D.how
【點撥】看到句首的it,考生應當迅速聯(lián)想到it充當形式主語的情況,并可以迅速判定該句是考查主語從句。橫線后的句子很明顯缺少主語,when和how都是副詞,不能充當主語,故排除。that和what引導主語從句時,that不能充當句子成分,也排除,所以鎖定答案C項,what在這里充當?shù)氖侵髡Z從句的主語。
賓語從句
that與what都可以引導賓語從句。that在賓語從句中不充當句子成分,且通常可以省略,但如果有兩個以上的并列賓語從句時,只能省略掉第一個that,后面的that不能省略;what 在賓語從句中可充當主語、賓語、表語等句子成分,且不能省略。
2. A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
【點撥】此題橫線處所填的詞,充當介詞in的賓語從句中的主語,而that在賓語從句中不能充當句子成分,故排除;而連接代詞what引導的這個賓語從句,表示的“是十年前一個什么樣的地方”,符合句意邏輯,故選A項。
3.We know little about the young lady except you told me.
4.I know nothing about her except she is from Canada.
A.what B.which C.that D.how
【點撥】第3題為what引導的賓語從句,做介詞except的賓語,而在從句中what做told的直接賓語,故選A項。第4題選擇C項that,其引導的賓語從句做介詞except的賓語, that不充當任何句子成分,僅起連接作用。
表語從句
that與what都可以引導表語從句。that在表語從句中不充當句子成分,且不能省略;what 在表語從句中可充當主語、賓語、表語等,同樣不能省略。
5. See the flags on top of the building? That was______ we did this morning.
6.The reason for his success is he worked hard.
A.that B.which C.where D.what
【點撥】第5題選D。what引導表語從句,且在從句中做did的賓語,what相當于all that。第6題選D。從句he worked hard,是S+Vi句式,結構完整,that不充當任何句子成分。
同位語從句
that與what都可以引導同位語從句。that在同位語從句中不充當句子成分,且不能省略;what 在同位語從句中可充當主語、賓語、表語等,同樣不可省略。
7. It's beyond doubt man will lag behind in the race.
A.what B. which C. when D. that
【點撥】此題選D。that引導的同位語從句在抽象名詞doubt后起補充、說明具體內(nèi)容的作用,that不能省略且不充當任何成分。注意:that man中的that起修飾man的作用,指“那個人”,而不是引導詞。
定語從句
that可以引導定語從句,且在從句中充當主語或賓語,既可指人也可以指物,充當定語從句賓語時,that可以省略;what此輪出局,它不可以引導定語從句。
8. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A.that B.which C.what D.as
【點撥】此題答案為A項。句中先行詞為all,that為關系代詞,意指all,在從句中充當賓語。all that相當于what。
狀語從句
that單獨使用可以引導結果狀語從句,另外可通過in that,now that,considering that, on condition that,so...that, such...that,so that等來引導多種狀語從句;what在狀語從句中,只有通過no matter what來引導讓步狀語從句。
9. The British Museum was unique ______ it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building.
A.while B.in which C.except that D.in that
【點撥】此題選D項。in that可以翻譯成“在于……的情況”,有些語法書將in that翻譯成“因為”,也符合意義,即等同于because。但需要注意的是,because表示的是強烈的因果關系,而in that則更多表示的是“特性或者特征性情況的補充說明”。
10. It is generally considered unwise to give a child__________ her or she wants.
A.whatever B.no matter what
C.whenever D.no matter when
【點撥】此題應選 A項。因橫線后的從句缺少賓語,C、D兩項相當于副詞,只能充當狀語,故排除。而容易誤選的B項和A項的區(qū)別為:no matter what 只能引導讓步狀語從句,不能引導名詞性從句,而 whatever 既能引導名詞性從句,此時whatever=anything that,也可引導讓步狀語從句,此時whatever才等于no matter what。
11. Chinese parents prove to be the most loving parents in the world, trying every effort to satisfy ______ desire their kids cherish.
12. The magnificent tower must be saved, ______the cost!
A.whichever B.no matter what
C.no matter which D.whatever
【點撥】第11題應選D項。whatever在這里相當于形容詞,意為“不管什么樣的”,修飾desire。whatever desire做cherish的賓語。第12題則可以選擇B和D兩項。whatever在此引導讓步狀語從句,no matter what亦可,該句是省略句,省略了cost后面的is。
混合從句(含強調(diào)句)
13.You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.
A.that; what B.what; /
C.which; that D./; that
【點撥】此題同時考查名詞性從句和定語從句。前面一個空格后的從句做介詞of的賓語,即賓語從句,用what,同時充當從句謂語動詞get的賓語;后面一個空格則為定語從句,先行詞為不定代詞something,橫線處需要關系代詞充當從句謂語動詞get的賓語,故關系代詞此處可以省略。對應選項即可鎖定B項為正確答案。
14. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.
15. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.
【點撥】這兩道題考查的是定語從句和結果狀語從句。第14題nobody can lift,lift后面缺少賓語,此時應填as,as充當關系代詞,代指stone。在第15題中,橫線后的句子不缺賓語,此時應用that,that僅起連接作用,不充當成分,引導的是結果狀語從句??忌⒁鈨深}的比較,不可混淆。
16.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.
A.that B.what C.which D.this
【點撥】此題答案為A項??疾閺娬{(diào)句結構“It is (was)+ 所強調(diào)的成分+ that (who)+ 其他成分”,注意不要受到被強調(diào)部分的干擾而誤判。
17. It was said __was all _boy had said.
A.that what,what that B.what that, that that
C.what that, that what D.that that, that that
【點撥】此題答案選擇D項。It was said that...是固定句型,意思是“據(jù)說……”,其中that是連詞,無詞義;第二個空格,that在這里是代詞,意思是“那”。
推薦閱讀:直接賓語和間接賓語是雙賓語中兩個常見的概念,雙賓語真的so easy嗎?本期同步推出的《求學》文科版“新生語法系列”之《雙賓語的“三重門”》,帶你了解雙賓語的“三重門”境界。