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there be的“非謂”態(tài)

2015-05-25 17:39周童瑜
求學(xué)·理科版 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:介詞謂語賓語

周童瑜, 南京大學(xué)博士,南京大學(xué)風(fēng)云人物,托福滿分獲得者,英語之巔創(chuàng)始人。

there be結(jié)構(gòu),我們從小時(shí)候?qū)W英語就開始接觸了,老師會(huì)教我們說“There is a pencil on the desk”。即使到了大學(xué),there be結(jié)構(gòu)給我們的印象也不是特別難的語法點(diǎn)。但在近幾年的高考(含模擬考試)中,頻頻出現(xiàn)there be結(jié)構(gòu)融入一些特定句式中變身非謂語狀態(tài)的情況, 使there be結(jié)構(gòu)瞬間在語法中變成一個(gè)難點(diǎn),讓一眾考生飛奔相告。

there be結(jié)構(gòu)的“非謂”態(tài),主要有兩種:

第一種:there to be

there to be是there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式之一,它在句中主要是用作動(dòng)詞賓語、狀語或介詞for的賓語。

1.做動(dòng)詞賓語,其主要搭配let, like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, plan, expect, consider等動(dòng)詞。如:I don't want there to be an argument about this. I expect there to be no argument about this. 這種動(dòng)詞后面跟there to be的用法,在近幾年的考題中頻頻出現(xiàn),且對(duì)沒有復(fù)習(xí)到的考生而言,是一個(gè)極大的難點(diǎn)。

例1 If space goes on infinitely far, why would we expect to be copies of all of us out there?

A.it B. that C. which D. there

【解析】此題選D項(xiàng)。動(dòng)詞expect可以搭配there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式,變成expect there to be,意為“期望有什么”,與題意最吻合。

需要提醒考生的是,在上述常見的動(dòng)詞搭配中,let是個(gè)特例,let與there to be搭配時(shí),要省略to。除此之外,還存在let there be something這一習(xí)慣用法,此習(xí)慣用法的肯定式let there be something可用于表示希望或愿望,其否定式let there be no something則表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如:Let there be peace on earth. Let there be no lies between us.

例2 Let no doubt that this was an attack on the whole team.

A. there is B. there be C. there being D. there to be

【解析】此題選B項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)there is填入會(huì)出現(xiàn)let和is兩個(gè)謂語,不符合語法規(guī)則,C項(xiàng)let there being不符合let there be的用法,be需要省略to且須是原形,同理可排除D項(xiàng)。只有B項(xiàng)符合let there be something的習(xí)慣用法,全句意思為“毫無疑問,這是對(duì)整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的一次攻擊”,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

2.與介詞for搭配,擔(dān)任其賓語或狀語或主語。如:They asked for there to be another meeting. 在這個(gè)句子中,there to be結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)for的介詞賓語。而there to be做主語時(shí),則常常用于由it充當(dāng)形式主語的從句結(jié)構(gòu),且需要for來搭配。如:It was strange for there to be so few people in the church. 需要注意的是,there to be只能做介詞for的賓語,其他介詞我們需要用there be結(jié)構(gòu)的第二種非謂語形態(tài),下文詳述。先看兩道例題:

例3 The investment company planned on another discussion which will commence next day at eleven oclock and close at two precisely.

例4 The investment company planned for another discussion which will commence next day at eleven oclock and close at two precisely.

A. there to be B. there be

C. there being D. there having

【解析】例3選擇C項(xiàng)。受到介詞on的影響,我們不能再直接使用there be的原形,因?yàn)閎e動(dòng)詞受到on的影響必須加ing,故首先排除B項(xiàng),全句意思是“投資公司計(jì)劃明天11點(diǎn)再開展一次討論,且討論會(huì)在下午兩點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)結(jié)束”。表示何時(shí)何地存在某物,沒有there have這樣的用法,故排除D項(xiàng)。A、C兩項(xiàng),根據(jù)there be結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語形態(tài)的語法規(guī)則,A項(xiàng)只能做介詞for的賓語,故排除A項(xiàng),最終確定答案為C項(xiàng)。

例4選擇A項(xiàng)。受到介詞for的影響,理由同例3,我們同樣率先排除B項(xiàng),D項(xiàng)也緊接著排除。A、C兩項(xiàng),根據(jù)there be結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語形態(tài)的語法規(guī)則,看到介詞for,我們立即就可以根據(jù)for there to be的固定搭配,鎖定答案為A項(xiàng)。

第二種:there being

there being是there be結(jié)構(gòu)的第二種非謂語形式,它在句中主要被用作主語、狀語或者介詞賓語。

1.擔(dān)任主語或狀語。如:There being a bus stop so near the house is a great convenience.在這個(gè)句子中,there being充當(dāng)句子的主語。there being充當(dāng)句子的狀語時(shí),則稍微復(fù)雜一些,會(huì)涉及there being的兩種形式:一般式there being和完成式there having been。這兩種形式都可以充當(dāng)狀語,只不過there having been更強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后。

例5 no rain for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.

A. Being B. There was

C. To be no rain D. There having been

【解析】此題選擇D項(xiàng)。句子意思是“由于長時(shí)間沒有下雨,大部分莊稼因缺水而枯萎了”。如果選擇A項(xiàng),being動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語就變成了most of the crops,等于在說most of the crops are no rain,這會(huì)讓人不明所以;若選B項(xiàng),則不符合句子只有一個(gè)主干的根本特性;C項(xiàng)結(jié)構(gòu)本身就是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。

需要注意的是,there being在句中充當(dāng)狀語時(shí),有時(shí)可以與對(duì)等的狀語從句進(jìn)行相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如:There being nothing else to do, I went to bed. 該句中的there being充當(dāng)全句的原因狀語,此時(shí)該句可以與原因狀語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,變成As there is nothing else to do, I went to bed. 再看另外一句:There being another chance, Ill do it better. 該句中there being則充當(dāng)全句的條件狀語,此時(shí)該句可以與條件狀語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,變成If there is another chance, I will do it better.

2.擔(dān)任介詞(除for之外)賓語。如:We were annoyed at there being so much noise around.

例6 There is now some hope of a settlement of the dispute.

A. there be B. there being C. there to be D. being

【解析】 此題選B項(xiàng)。there be受到介詞of的影響,be動(dòng)詞需要加ing。D項(xiàng)不能表示“存在”這個(gè)概念,不符合句意;C項(xiàng)可用于介詞for之后,但不能用于其他介詞之后,也可以排除。

為了讓考生充分認(rèn)識(shí)到there be做介詞賓語和there being做介詞賓語的區(qū)別,我們再來看兩道例題:

例7 Considering the risks, they arranged for _________ another field trip.

A. there be B. there being C. there to be D. there was

例8 For there ______ successful communication, there must be concentration and involvement in the debate itself by all present.

A. is B. to be C. will be D. being

【解析】在例7中,看到介詞for,立即鎖定答案C項(xiàng)。為什么?因?yàn)轭}目很明顯是考查there be結(jié)構(gòu)的“非謂”態(tài),there to be與for天生絕配,其他三項(xiàng)不符合語法規(guī)范。例8看起來難度較大,其實(shí)也只是紙老虎,只要記住介詞for只“偏愛”there to be,就知道B項(xiàng)才是正確答案。

最后,再分享一下記憶there to be 和there being做動(dòng)詞賓語的方法。比如說,imagine后面跟there being還是there to be呢?答案很明顯,想象做某事,我們都是說imagine doing sth,那想象有什么自然就是imagine there being了。多發(fā)現(xiàn),多比較,語法的世界中,你也可以是“任我行”。

文科版推薦:

主謂一致一直都是高考語法題的殺手之一,就近原則雖然是老生常談,但考生經(jīng)常傻傻分不清楚,就遠(yuǎn)原則到底有什么內(nèi)容?以及聞所未聞的忽遠(yuǎn)忽近原則,盡在文科版《“主謂一致”的遠(yuǎn)近法則》。

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