劉 靖,劉 芳,劉 連,溫海珍,嚴(yán)愛芬,唐冬生*
(佛山科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)部,廣東佛山528031)
淋巴瘤是起源于淋巴結(jié)與淋巴組織的血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率增長十分迅速,其分類當(dāng)中約90%為非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)。NHL可分為B細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞兩大類型,其中B細(xì)胞型NHL發(fā)病率約達(dá)80%以上。B細(xì)胞型NHL中又以彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤 (diffuse large B-celllymphoma,DLBCL)最為常見,DLBCL屬于侵襲性淋巴瘤,治療及預(yù)后較差,迫切需要發(fā)病機(jī)制及臨床治療上的突破[1]。目前,信號通路(signal transduction)在腫瘤發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用越來越受重視,多種信號通路被發(fā)現(xiàn)參與了淋巴瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,其中Wnt/β-catenin信號通路與DLBCL發(fā)病聯(lián)系密切。
Wnt信號傳導(dǎo)通路分為經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路和其非經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路[2],參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、遷移和凋亡等。其中經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路即Wnt/β-catenin通路是近年比較受關(guān)注的一條通路,不僅影響細(xì)胞的正常功能,還與多種重大疾病的發(fā)生機(jī)制有關(guān)。Wnt通路的發(fā)現(xiàn)歷程可追溯到1982年,是NUSSE[3]在誘導(dǎo)小鼠產(chǎn)生乳腺癌時發(fā)現(xiàn)了Wnt基因,當(dāng)時稱為Int1[4]。后來在對果蠅研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),果蠅的Wingless(wg)基因與Int基因同源,才合稱為Wnt。Wnt通路的配體是Wnt蛋白,常見家族成員有Wnt 1、Wnt 2、Wnt 3A。Wnt蛋白是一類高度保守的分泌型糖蛋白,可與細(xì)胞膜上的卷曲蛋白受體(frizzled,F(xiàn)z)和輔助受體(co-receptor)低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白5/6(low density lipo-protein receptor related protein,LRP)結(jié)合,將Wnt信號傳入胞內(nèi),使胞質(zhì)內(nèi)的β-catenin不被降解逐漸累積,并發(fā)生核轉(zhuǎn)位進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,與 T 細(xì)胞因子(Tcell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor,TCF/LEF)相互作用,調(diào)節(jié)靶基因的表達(dá)[5]。
β-catenin是Wnt信號通路中的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,由位于染色體3p21-22的CTNNB1基因編碼,150個氨基酸的N末端(GSK3β作用部位)、550個氨基酸中間連接臂重復(fù)區(qū)和100個氨基酸的C末端構(gòu)成其一級結(jié)構(gòu),C末端參與 TCF/LEF的結(jié)合[6-7]。
經(jīng)典Wnt通路未激活時,胞質(zhì)中的β-catenin濃度由APC(adenomatosis polyposis coli)蛋白、軸抑制因子(axis inhibitor,Axin)、GSK3β 及酪氨酸激酶 1α(tyrosine kinase 1α,CK1α)組成的復(fù)合物[8]控制。Axin蛋白具有APC、GSK3β及CK1α的不同結(jié)合區(qū)域,幫助CK1α與GSK3β磷酸化 β-catenin,磷酸化后的β-catenin可被 βTrcp(β-transduction-repeat-containing protein)識別,受泛素化修飾后在蛋白酶體中被快速降解,從而維持細(xì)胞質(zhì)中β-catenin的低濃度。
眾多證據(jù)表明經(jīng)典Wnt通路參與了腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,在多種惡性血液病中均有異常激活。如麥玉潔等[9]研究了白血病/淋巴瘤細(xì)胞株中的β-catenin表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)β-catenin在白血病細(xì)胞U937等細(xì)胞中存在極高表達(dá),在Raji等淋巴瘤細(xì)胞株中呈中等水平升高。曲琦[10]等人發(fā)現(xiàn)人NHL細(xì)胞株SUDHL-4、Raji和Namalwa細(xì)胞中總蛋白及細(xì)胞核內(nèi)β-catenin蛋白的表達(dá)水平增高。胞漿內(nèi)βcatenin降解障礙導(dǎo)致濃度增高,激活胞核下游靶基因c-myc、Cyclin D1等[11-12]被認(rèn)為是致癌的關(guān)鍵。
根據(jù)最新分類,彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)屬于成熟(外周)B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,是成年人淋巴瘤中最常見的一種侵襲性淋巴瘤[13-14]。
DLBCL的發(fā)病機(jī)制還未闡明,近年來,信號通路在腫瘤研究中的作用開始得到重視,在DLBCL的研究中亦發(fā)現(xiàn)有多種信號通路表達(dá)異常[15-19],例如 PI3K/Akt、NF-κB 和 Wnt/β-catenin。
GE等[20]通過定量PCR和Western blot分別檢測DLBCL病人送檢組織細(xì)胞中的β-catenin mRNA及蛋白含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者表達(dá)水平均顯著增高,同時通過免疫組織化學(xué)染色技術(shù)觀察到DLBCL細(xì)胞核中出現(xiàn)了較多的β-catenin,而且β-catenin的蛋白表達(dá)含量和在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)積聚的含量與病人的臨床分期有明顯的相關(guān)性,提示W(wǎng)nt/β-catenin通路在DLBCL中被部分激活,并極有可能參與其發(fā)病機(jī)制。
曲琦等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)在彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤細(xì)胞株SUDHL-4中細(xì)胞總蛋白含量增高,β-catenin蛋白在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的表達(dá)量明顯升高,細(xì)胞p-GSK-3β(Ser9)蛋白的表達(dá)顯著增高,CTNNB1 mRNA表達(dá)水平上升,LRP5 mRNA表達(dá)水平上調(diào),C-Myc mRNA水平上調(diào)。
KOCH 等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴瘤側(cè)群細(xì)胞(side population,SP)[22]具有很強(qiáng)的促克隆形成能力。Wnt/βcatenin信號通路的激動劑Wnt3a[23-24]和GSK-3β抑制劑SB-216763均可明顯促進(jìn)彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤細(xì)胞株OCILy3中SP細(xì)胞引起的集落形成,而Wnt3a的中和抗體則對SP細(xì)胞引起的集落形成起抑制作用。DLBCL中SP和non-SPcells之間的細(xì)胞形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化受外泌體(exosome)[25]介導(dǎo)的Wnt信號調(diào)整。
WALKER 等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)在 DLBCL 中 FOXP1(forkhead box protein P1)可通過 CREB 結(jié)合蛋白(CREB binding protein,CBP)乙酰化β-catenin,促進(jìn)目標(biāo)基因啟動從而加強(qiáng)Wnt/β-catenin信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。
以上針對DLBCL的研究,分別從經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路激活的重要標(biāo)志物β-catenin到其他相關(guān)環(huán)節(jié)(轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、靶基因等)進(jìn)行了探索,不難看出,在DLBCL的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路的異常激活參與其中,并發(fā)揮了相當(dāng)重要的促進(jìn)作用。
鑒于經(jīng)典Wnt通路與DLBCL發(fā)病機(jī)制密切相關(guān),現(xiàn)今的臨床研究思路已集中到把該通路中的部分環(huán)節(jié)作為治療DLBCL的靶點(diǎn)。SCHMIDT等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)典Wnt通路在彌漫型大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤SUDHL-4細(xì)胞中的激活可被利尿酸(ethacrynic acid,EA)和及抗真菌藥環(huán)吡酮胺(ciclopirox olamine,cic)抑制,并且其細(xì)胞活性出現(xiàn)降低甚至發(fā)生凋亡。槲皮素(quercetin)已被證實有抗腫瘤作用,如SHAN等[28]對結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的研究顯示,β-catenin可以被槲皮素降解,抑制β-catenin與Tcf蛋白結(jié)合等,提示槲皮素的抗癌機(jī)制可能和抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路有關(guān)。在淋巴瘤的實驗研究方面,KAWAHARA等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)槲皮素可明顯抑制多種淋巴瘤細(xì)胞株生長,甚至導(dǎo)致凋亡現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)。NOVO等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)槲皮素可通過抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路減少B-1細(xì)胞在體外生存和增殖。
抗CD20的利妥昔單抗(Rituximab)在臨床上常用作DLBCL的一種化學(xué)療法的藥物。KOIVULA[31]等發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴瘤細(xì)胞株OCI-Ly10 and SUDHL-4對利妥昔單抗反應(yīng)良好,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用利妥昔單抗處理后,OCI-Ly10 and SUDHL-4細(xì)胞株出現(xiàn)多種基因表達(dá)的上調(diào),其中表達(dá)上調(diào)倍數(shù)最高的是DKK-1基因,它的產(chǎn)物Dkk-1蛋白可抑制多種細(xì)胞的Wnt通路,具有抑制移植瘤生長等作用。
綜上可以看出,Wnt/β-catenin信號通路與DLBCL的發(fā)病機(jī)制密切相關(guān),通路中的重要作用位點(diǎn)極有可能成為治療DLBCL的潛在靶點(diǎn)。
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