葉茂飛(綜述) 張正望(審校)
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華東醫(yī)院泌尿外科 上海 200040)
青春期精索靜脈曲張手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇
葉茂飛(綜述) 張正望△(審校)
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華東醫(yī)院泌尿外科 上海 200040)
青春期精索靜脈曲張(adolescent varicocele,AVC)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),發(fā)病率逐漸增高。青春期后期的發(fā)生率為9%~26%,平均約為15%,與成年男性的發(fā)生率相近。AVC最大的隱患是可能影響睪丸的生精功能,繼發(fā)不育,且多數(shù)患者因無明顯臨床癥狀,容易造成診斷延遲。手術(shù)治療可以逆轉(zhuǎn)睪丸損傷,正確選擇手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)尤為重要,依據(jù)包括:(1)精液分析異常;(2)雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異≥20%或青春期后期≥15%,或患側(cè)睪丸體積小于正常值-2個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(standard deviation,SD),伴有或不伴有曲張精索靜脈血液返流流速峰值(peak retrograde flow,PRF)≥38 cm/s;(3)有明顯的臨床癥狀;(4)雙側(cè)精索靜脈曲張。
青春期; 精索靜脈曲張; 手術(shù); 睪丸體積差異; 血液返流流速峰值
精索靜脈曲張(varicocele,VC)是指精索內(nèi)靜脈蔓狀靜脈叢的異常伸長(zhǎng)、擴(kuò)張和迂曲,大致分為原發(fā)性、亞臨床型和繼發(fā)性等3種類型[1],可以出現(xiàn)在任何年齡段。最近研究報(bào)道,青春期前兒童的發(fā)生率為2%~11%,而青春期后期(17~19歲)的發(fā)生率為9%~26%,平均約為15%,與成年男性的發(fā)生率相近[2-6]。一般來說,左側(cè)VC好發(fā),這與其特殊的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。另外大約有3%的患者存在雙側(cè)VC[7]。若僅出現(xiàn)右側(cè)VC,必須要仔細(xì)查明是否存在腹膜后或腹腔內(nèi)腫物等原發(fā)病灶。臨床上多數(shù)患者無明顯不適癥狀,若出現(xiàn)睪丸墜脹感或疼痛等癥狀,可能預(yù)示著病情進(jìn)展或加重。VC最大的隱患是可能會(huì)影響睪丸的生精功能,繼發(fā)不育。調(diào)查顯示,成年男性中大約40%的原發(fā)性不育及80%的繼發(fā)性不育者患有VC[1,8]。然而對(duì)于青春期患者,尤其是青春期前患者而言,即使發(fā)現(xiàn)VC也無法立即生育以解決后顧之憂。因此,AVC患者手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇尤為重要,但目前尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文主要針對(duì)左側(cè)VC綜述如下。
手術(shù)的意義以往對(duì)于VC的認(rèn)識(shí)不足,故多不主張進(jìn)行手術(shù)干預(yù),直到臨床研究證實(shí)VC患側(cè)睪丸體積明顯下降。部分VC患者精液分析發(fā)現(xiàn)畸形精子數(shù)目增多,精子活力下降,精子密度降低,但尚無明確的青春期精液分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目前公認(rèn)VC會(huì)影響睪丸生精功能,但機(jī)制尚不完全明確。隨著病程延長(zhǎng),VC會(huì)進(jìn)行性加重,可導(dǎo)致睪丸體積與精液質(zhì)量的進(jìn)行性下降,可能造成繼發(fā)性不育。因此手術(shù)治療的意義在于通過手術(shù)處理曲張的精索靜脈,打破局部血液瘀滯、睪丸溫度升高和DNA結(jié)構(gòu)破壞等惡性循環(huán)[9],避免睪丸進(jìn)一步損傷,維持睪丸正常的生精功能。臨床結(jié)果表明,VC患者手術(shù)后其患側(cè)及健側(cè)的睪丸生長(zhǎng)情況都較非手術(shù)患者良好。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道術(shù)后80%的患者睪丸能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)追趕性生長(zhǎng)(catch-up growth),即雙側(cè)睪丸體積無明顯差異[10]。手術(shù)治療也可以使青春期及年輕男性的精液質(zhì)量獲得改善[11]。Pajovic等[12]隨訪了23例青春期精索靜脈曲張(adolescent varicocele,AVC)術(shù)后患者12~17年,15例已婚者中11例已生育、2例正在避孕、1例可能不育,另外有1例未婚先育。但是此類報(bào)道不多,有待進(jìn)一步隨訪調(diào)查。
手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇由于AVC與成年后不育的關(guān)系尚不確定,大約只有20%的患者會(huì)繼發(fā)不育[7,13]。加上雙側(cè)睪丸在青春期階段可能出現(xiàn)暫時(shí)性不同步生長(zhǎng)的現(xiàn)象,因此隨訪觀察也是一種可行的辦法[14]。Bogaert等[15]報(bào)道158例有生育要求的患者中86例接受了手術(shù)治療,72例選擇隨訪觀察,其中前者67例(78%)及后者61例(85%)已育,兩者之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。故目前普遍認(rèn)為不應(yīng)對(duì)所有患者都進(jìn)行預(yù)防性手術(shù)治療,以免造成過度醫(yī)療。那么AVC患者中哪些需要立即手術(shù),而哪些可以隨訪觀察呢?
精液分析異常是最重要的手術(shù)指標(biāo)。由于從青春期兒童獲取精液存在一定難度,因此需要有其他與精液分析密切相關(guān)的客觀指標(biāo)替代。起初認(rèn)為VC程度越嚴(yán)重,精液分析結(jié)果越差。臨床上最常用的嚴(yán)重程度分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:0級(jí),超聲檢查才發(fā)現(xiàn)的VC;Ⅰ級(jí),Valsalva動(dòng)作下可觸及曲張精索靜脈;Ⅱ級(jí),靜息狀態(tài)可觸及;Ⅲ級(jí),靜息時(shí)即可見。但是有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同嚴(yán)重程度的VC患者之間精液分析結(jié)果并不存在明顯差異[16],而睪丸體積的萎縮程度對(duì)精液分析結(jié)果的影響更為顯著[17]。還有研究顯示VC的分級(jí)與睪丸體積的萎縮程度之間也沒有必然聯(lián)系[18],且VC的嚴(yán)重程度不會(huì)影響患者術(shù)后睪丸的追趕性生長(zhǎng)[19]。Diamond等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)雙側(cè)睪丸體積相差>10%時(shí),精子濃度和有活力的精子數(shù)都較相差<10%者顯著減少,若相差≥20%,減少得更為明顯。雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異≥20%可能意味著追趕性生長(zhǎng)越難實(shí)現(xiàn)。Spinelli等[20]對(duì)27例雙側(cè)睪丸體積相差>20%的患者隨訪了1年,最終僅8例相差<20%。Poon等[21]對(duì)105例雙側(cè)睪丸體積相差<20%及66例相差≥20%的患者平均隨訪了12個(gè)月,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)前者仍有74%相差<20%而后者僅47%相差<20%。因此,雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異≥20%被認(rèn)為是一項(xiàng)重要的手術(shù)指征[22]。Diamond等[17]建議若雙側(cè)睪丸體積相差≥20%且隨訪1年后仍無好轉(zhuǎn),則視為手術(shù)指征。然而,Kolon等[14]認(rèn)為隨訪時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)有助于患者睪丸的追趕性生長(zhǎng)。剛發(fā)現(xiàn)的VC患者行多普勒超聲未檢測(cè)到雙側(cè)睪丸體積存在明顯差異,不建議立即手術(shù),但是差異可能會(huì)隨著病程進(jìn)展而加重。Kozakowski等[23]報(bào)道了27例雙側(cè)睪丸相差<10%的患者在平均隨訪13.2個(gè)月后,15例差異超過10%,其中有8例差異≥20%。所以建議選擇隨訪觀察的患者每年至少?gòu)?fù)查1次,最好能夠隨訪至22~24歲[14]。
近年來,有人提出曲張精索靜脈血液返流流速峰值(peak retrograde flow,PRF)結(jié)合雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異可能對(duì)于判斷AVC患者是否需要及時(shí)手術(shù)更具有指導(dǎo)意義。Kozakowski等[23]觀察到當(dāng)PRF≥38 cm/s時(shí),雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異將持續(xù)存在甚至進(jìn)一步加重,故其建議需要及時(shí)手術(shù)干預(yù);若PRF<30 cm/s時(shí)可暫不予手術(shù),每年或每2年隨訪1次;而PRF介于30~38 cm/s者則應(yīng)密切監(jiān)測(cè)。Van Batavia等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)AVC患者出現(xiàn)雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異≥20%合并PRF≥38 cm/s時(shí),僅有7%能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)追趕性生長(zhǎng),故認(rèn)為20/38可以作為及時(shí)手術(shù)的臨界值,并進(jìn)一步指出針對(duì)青春期后期患者,該臨界值可適當(dāng)放寬至15/38。Poon等[21]同樣報(bào)道了22例20/38的AVC患者中僅有1例最終的雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異<20%。
綜上所述,建議對(duì)AVC患者進(jìn)行多普勒超聲檢查時(shí)應(yīng)測(cè)量雙側(cè)睪丸體積及其差異、仰臥位曲張精索靜脈的最大直徑(maximum vein diameter,MVD)以及PRF值。有研究認(rèn)為MVD>3 mm有助于判斷患者是否存在睪丸萎縮高危傾向[25],但也有研究認(rèn)為MVD的意義不大[23,26]。AVC手術(shù)適應(yīng)證還包括有癥狀的或雙側(cè)VC以及GnRH刺激試驗(yàn)陽性者。但是Gn RH刺激試驗(yàn)費(fèi)用昂貴且陽性結(jié)果并不能明確反映睪丸體積的萎縮程度及不育的可能性,故臨床上應(yīng)用較少[27]。由于劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是加重VC病情的因素之一[28],故有學(xué)者建議針對(duì)Ⅱ級(jí)以上的運(yùn)動(dòng)型患者應(yīng)予手術(shù)治療[29]。
結(jié)語 雖然AVC與成年后不育的關(guān)系尚不確定,但是手術(shù)治療能夠保留和改善睪丸生精功能[12]。綜上所述,AVC患者選擇保守觀察還是立即手術(shù)要因人而異、因時(shí)而異。現(xiàn)就手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)總結(jié)如下:(1)精液分析異常;(2)雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異≥20%或<正常值-2 SD[27,30],青春期后期雙側(cè)睪丸體積差異≥15%[24],伴有或不伴有PRF≥38 cm/s;(3)有明顯的臨床癥狀;(4)雙側(cè)VC。
VC在青春期之前較少發(fā)生,而在青春期隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),發(fā)病率逐漸增高。多數(shù)患者無明顯臨床癥狀,容易造成診斷延遲,發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)睪丸功能可能已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重受損傷。那么應(yīng)在何時(shí)給予青春期兒童常規(guī)檢查以發(fā)現(xiàn)是否存在VC呢?有研究報(bào)道10歲兒童中VC的發(fā)生率約為6%[13],而在此之前的發(fā)生率非常低[7],那么10歲可以作為一個(gè)年齡節(jié)點(diǎn)嗎?另外,由于左側(cè)精索靜脈與右側(cè)精索靜脈之間存在廣泛聯(lián)系,具體機(jī)制尚不明確,因此曲張的左側(cè)精索靜脈也可以影響對(duì)側(cè)睪丸功能,若出現(xiàn)這一情況,那么與雙側(cè)VC比較,哪一種對(duì)睪丸功能影響更大?雙側(cè)VC是否也能像左側(cè)VC一樣選擇合適的手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)呢?這些問題仍有待進(jìn)一步的解決。
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When is the right time to choose surgery treatment for adolescent varicocele?
YE Mao-fei,ZHANG Zheng-wang△
(Department of Urology,Huadong Hospital,F(xiàn)udan University,Shanghai 20040,China)
The incidence of adolescent varicocele(AVC)increased gradually with age growth.It varied from 9%to 26%with an average of 15%in older adolescent,which was similar to the incidence in adult males.The worst trouble of AVC was that it might lead to infertility with the injury of testicular sperm production.Since most patients were asymptomatic,the delayed diagnose was easy to be made.Varicocelectomy could reverse the testicular injury.So it was the key point to do the opration in the right time according to:(1)abnormal semen analysis;(2)the volume difference between left and right testicle was 20%or greater,while 15%or greater in postpuberty or the testicular volume of the affected side was 2 standard deviation(SD)less than the normal growth curve with or without peak retrograde flow(PRF)of 38 cm/s or greater;(3)varicocele with symptoms;(4)bilateral varicoceles.
adolescent; varicocele; surgery; testicular volume difference; peak retrograde flow
R 697.24
B
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.05.021
2015-01-15;編輯:段佳)
△Corresponding author E-mail:914568928@qq.com