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經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹微波消融術(shù)治療多發(fā)危險(xiǎn)部位肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤療效分析*

2015-04-02 00:36:21葛勇勝馬金良莢衛(wèi)東余繼海馬華星束青華
實(shí)用肝臟病雜志 2015年3期

葛勇勝,馬金良,莢衛(wèi)東,余繼海,馬華星,束青華

經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹微波消融術(shù)治療多發(fā)危險(xiǎn)部位肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤療效分析*

葛勇勝,馬金良,莢衛(wèi)東,余繼海,馬華星,束青華

作者單位:230001合肥市安徽省立醫(yī)院肝臟外科/肝膽胰安徽省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室

第一作者:葛勇勝,男,42歲,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,副主任醫(yī)師。研究方向:肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移與復(fù)發(fā)。E-mail: sygys@139.com

【摘要】目的評(píng)價(jià)經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹消融術(shù)治療多發(fā)危險(xiǎn)部位肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的有效性及安全性。方法在全麻下采用經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹微波消融術(shù)治療1例男性59歲結(jié)腸癌并發(fā)多個(gè)危險(xiǎn)部位肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者,其危險(xiǎn)部位病灶(0.9 cm×0.8 cm)位于肝右靜脈與肝中靜脈夾角處,毗鄰心臟和下腔靜脈,采取開腹微波消融治療;對(duì)另2處非危險(xiǎn)部位病灶(1.4 cm×0.9 cm和3.0 cm×2.8 cm)采取經(jīng)皮微波消融治療,觀察術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)情況。結(jié)果該患者手術(shù)順利,術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,消融病灶均完全壞死,隨訪三個(gè)月,消融部位未見腫瘤殘留,未發(fā)現(xiàn)新病灶。結(jié)論采取經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹消融術(shù)治療多發(fā)危險(xiǎn)部位肝臟腫瘤是安全有效的。

【關(guān)鍵詞】肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤;微波消融;危險(xiǎn)部位

近年來,局部微創(chuàng)治療肝臟腫瘤已被廣泛應(yīng)用,并取得一定療效。一些局部微創(chuàng)治療措施可以提高手術(shù)切除率和患者生存率[1,2]。消融術(shù)是一種局部微創(chuàng)治療,相比肝切除,其損傷較小、并發(fā)癥較少、住院時(shí)間較短,且可以重復(fù)實(shí)施操作[3,4]。由于熱消融術(shù)如射頻消融術(shù)(Radiofrequency ablation,RFA)和微波消融術(shù)(Microwave ablation,MWA)等因其微創(chuàng)和療效好而日益受到重視[5~10]。熱消融術(shù)包括經(jīng)皮熱消融術(shù)、腹腔鏡下熱消融術(shù)和開腹熱消融術(shù)。消融治療肝臟腫瘤成功與否受腫瘤病灶大小、數(shù)目、位置、疾病分期及患者肝功能狀態(tài)的影響[11]。然而,采用單一經(jīng)皮消融術(shù)治療多發(fā)腫瘤或生長(zhǎng)在特殊部位的肝臟腫瘤很難達(dá)到完全消融腫瘤的目的,且很容易出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥[12]。采用單一開腹消融術(shù)雖可達(dá)到完全消融腫瘤的目的,但往往造成巨大的創(chuàng)傷。我們應(yīng)用經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹微波消融術(shù)治療1例多發(fā)性肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者,總結(jié)了影響手術(shù)安全性的因素,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般情況2013年11月我科收治1例結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù)后肝臟多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者?;颊吣行?,59歲。2013 年5月被診斷為“結(jié)腸癌”,行結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù),術(shù)后經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)檢查診斷為中低分化結(jié)腸腺癌,術(shù)后行5次化療,于2013年9月復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)肝臟多發(fā)占位。CT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)肝內(nèi)2處病灶大小分別為1.4 cm×0.9 cm和3.0 cm×2.8 cm,均位于肝臟右后葉Ⅵ段與Ⅶ段交界處(圖1、圖2、圖3、圖4);另一病灶(0.9 cm×0.8 cm)位于肝右靜脈與肝中靜脈夾角處,毗鄰心臟和下腔靜脈。2013年10月在我院行一次經(jīng)肝動(dòng)脈插管化療栓塞術(shù)(Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE),術(shù)后經(jīng)增強(qiáng)CT、超聲造影和PET-CT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤未完全滅活(圖5、圖6)。

1.2超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮穿刺聯(lián)合開腹消融治療患者一般情況可,無明顯心、腦、肺和腎臟等主要器官損害表現(xiàn),肝功能Child-Pugh A級(jí)。使用南京億高微波系統(tǒng)工程有限公司生產(chǎn)的ECO-100C型水冷腫瘤治療機(jī)。工作頻率:2450 MHz±20 MHz;輸出功率:0~150 W;工作方式:連續(xù)輸出;具有消融時(shí)間及功率等數(shù)據(jù)顯示功能。在全麻成功后,患者取仰臥位,常規(guī)消毒,鋪巾。在B超引導(dǎo)下施行經(jīng)皮右肝后葉多發(fā)性腫瘤微波消融術(shù),將微波電極針(14 G水冷式,輻射長(zhǎng)度1 cm)先后置入肝臟右后葉兩處病灶,待消融范圍擴(kuò)大至病灶周圍約0.5~1.0 cm,以出現(xiàn)邊界不清的混合回聲為主的征象為止,消融針道,拔除微波電極針。然后,施行開腹肝臟腫瘤微波消融術(shù)。取右側(cè)肋緣下斜切口,長(zhǎng)約8 cm,逐層進(jìn)腹,游離肝臟上緣,下壓肝臟,暴露第二肝門,在術(shù)中超聲引導(dǎo)下將微波電極針置入貼近肝靜脈和腔靜脈的病灶內(nèi),實(shí)施消融治療,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控穿刺、布針和消融過程。術(shù)后6 h監(jiān)測(cè)血壓、心率和呼吸等生命體征。

1.3微波消融方法在超聲引導(dǎo)下將微波電極針置于瘤體內(nèi),確認(rèn)位置、深度和路徑無誤后開始治療,設(shè)定功率55 W。根據(jù)腫瘤大小和超聲監(jiān)控情況決定消融時(shí)間。患者3處病灶直徑均不大于3.0 cm,故采用單點(diǎn)消融法。消融范圍至病灶周圍0.5~1.0 cm,代之以片狀強(qiáng)回聲伴聲影,待強(qiáng)回聲逐漸褪去,變?yōu)檫吔绮磺宓幕旌匣芈暈橹?,拔針時(shí)消融針道。

2 結(jié)果

患者術(shù)后無出血、膽漏及周圍臟器損傷等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生?;颊咝g(shù)后一天內(nèi)出現(xiàn)低熱及局部疼痛等不適,予以對(duì)癥處理后,癥狀消失,恢復(fù)可。術(shù)后患者出現(xiàn)輕度的轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高,一周后復(fù)查,降至術(shù)前水平。術(shù)后一月、二月、三月隨訪,肝內(nèi)病灶完全消融,未見腫瘤再發(fā)(圖7、8)。

3 討論

大約15%~25%結(jié)直腸癌患者在初次確診時(shí)伴有肝轉(zhuǎn)移,而有40%~50%患者會(huì)在疾病發(fā)展過程中出現(xiàn)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移。轉(zhuǎn)移后未治療者中位生存期為6~12個(gè)月,手術(shù)切除是肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤根治的唯一方法,手術(shù)切除后5 a生存率可達(dá)25%~35%,能否手術(shù)取決于有無肝外轉(zhuǎn)移、轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目和能否達(dá)到腫瘤切緣陰性[13,14]。

肝癌的治療強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體化和多種模式相結(jié)合的綜合治療。手術(shù)切除一直被認(rèn)為是治療肝癌的首選方法[15,16]?!拔?chuàng)外科觀念”的提出對(duì)肝癌的治療產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。“微創(chuàng)外科”是未來治療實(shí)體瘤的一大趨勢(shì)[17]。

有報(bào)道消融術(shù)可用于治療無法手術(shù)切除的結(jié)腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移,可以控制局部腫瘤發(fā)展,延長(zhǎng)生存期[18]。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為消融術(shù)的適應(yīng)證為腫瘤直徑<4~5 cm,數(shù)目<9個(gè),但更大的腫瘤或多于15個(gè)病灶也可以行消融治療。Meriggi F[19]比較了單發(fā)結(jié)腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者行手術(shù)切除和RFA治療的效果。當(dāng)直徑小于3 cm時(shí),兩組患者5 a生存率和無復(fù)發(fā)生存率相似。

在肝切除過程中,RFA可以治療那些危險(xiǎn)位置和復(fù)雜的病灶、手術(shù)中意外發(fā)現(xiàn)的病灶或不能手術(shù)切除的病灶[20]。Park et al[20]報(bào)道121例肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者,平均隨訪13.7個(gè)月,經(jīng)皮射頻消融與術(shù)中射頻消融治療患者生存率分別為79%和85%,肝內(nèi)無復(fù)發(fā)率分別為42% 和62%。

熱消融治療肝癌方式包括經(jīng)皮消融、腹腔鏡下消融和開腹消融等。在臨床實(shí)踐中,一部分患者肝臟腫瘤屬于多發(fā)且生長(zhǎng)在危險(xiǎn)部位,如單一使用經(jīng)皮消融術(shù)式,已很難達(dá)到完全消融腫瘤的目的,很容易導(dǎo)致并發(fā)癥[12]。盡管也有在人工胸水、人工腹水、或者特殊的手法(如提拉法)下行熱消融治療的報(bào)道,但是受到腫瘤位置及體腔粘連等因素的影響,仍難以安全地消融腫瘤,療效也受到了極大的削弱[18,19]。對(duì)于這些危險(xiǎn)部位的肝臟腫瘤如鄰近膽囊、胃腸、膽管、膈肌、第一肝門區(qū)以及肝包膜下等,應(yīng)該盡可能采用腹腔鏡下或者開腹手術(shù)直視下進(jìn)行消融治療,以便對(duì)鄰近的臟器進(jìn)行隔離保護(hù)[21,22]。Hirooka M[23]認(rèn)為,與人工腹水輔助經(jīng)皮RFA相比,在直視下消融腫瘤,具有治療次數(shù)少、安全消融邊緣更大、局部復(fù)發(fā)率低、直接處理術(shù)中并發(fā)癥等優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于>2 cm病灶的療效優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。然而,使用單一的開腹消融術(shù)要顧及多個(gè)瘤體位置關(guān)系,需行大切口進(jìn)腹,亦不符合“微創(chuàng)外科理念”。

經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹消融腫瘤,可解決上述臨床治療的困境。先在影像學(xué)技術(shù)的引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮消融非危險(xiǎn)部位的病灶,再在腹部小切口直視下消融危險(xiǎn)部位的病灶,既完全消融腫瘤病灶,降低并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),又在一定程度上避免了大切口,減少了手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[24,25],經(jīng)開腹或腹腔鏡下消融治療肝癌,是安全有效的,其術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和生存率與經(jīng)皮射頻消融術(shù)相似。結(jié)合術(shù)中超聲及腹腔鏡超聲,更能減少對(duì)肝實(shí)質(zhì)深部腫瘤的遺漏,對(duì)于富血供腫瘤,必要時(shí)還可行肝門血流阻斷法(Pringle法),增強(qiáng)消融效果[26]。

我們從“微創(chuàng)理念”出發(fā),采用經(jīng)皮聯(lián)合開腹消融治療該例患者,即先在B超引導(dǎo)下施行經(jīng)皮肝臟腫瘤微波消融術(shù),待該處病灶消融效果滿意后,再聯(lián)合開腹B超引導(dǎo)下施行肝臟危險(xiǎn)部位腫瘤微波消融術(shù),即先在超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮消融右肝后葉病灶,然后在上腹部近劍突處行長(zhǎng)約8 cm小切口,下壓肝臟,暴露第二肝門,在術(shù)中超聲引導(dǎo)下,將消融針置入病灶,消融鄰近第二肝門處病灶。在術(shù)中,可直接將手伸進(jìn)腹腔內(nèi)并借助術(shù)中超聲定位腫瘤,微波消融單次最大有效直徑約為3~5 cm[27~29],消融的范圍超過瘤體邊緣0.5~1.0 cm左右,在開腹條件下,下壓肝臟,使消融危險(xiǎn)部位的病灶遠(yuǎn)離膈肌,對(duì)鄰近的臟器進(jìn)行了隔離保護(hù),最大限度地消融腫瘤病灶,達(dá)到完全消融瘤體,同時(shí)又確保鄰近重要臟器的安全。

目前,該術(shù)式主要針對(duì)多發(fā)危險(xiǎn)部位的肝臟腫瘤,因系個(gè)案報(bào)道,隨訪時(shí)間短,缺少與其他方法的對(duì)照,該術(shù)式的推廣應(yīng)用還需要積累更多的臨床資料。

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(收稿:2014-12-18)

(本文編輯:陳從新)

·肝癌·

Percutaneous and open- approach microwave ablation in the treatment of a patient with colon cancer

and multiple hepatic metastases


Ge Yongsheng,Ma Jinliang,Jia Weidong,et al. Department of Hepatic

Surgery,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery,Provincial Hospital,Affiliated to Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230001

【Abstract】Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect,safety and feasibility of percutaneous and open-approach microwave ablation to treat multiple liver metastases. Methods A 59-yr-old man with colon cancer and multiple hepatic metastases was admitted to our department of surgery in November 2013. There was one lesion(0.9 cm×0.8 cm)near heart,which was defined as dangerous for microwave ablation and subjected to open-approach microwave ablation,and there were two lesions(1.4 cm×0.9 cm and 3.0 cm×2.8 cm)ablated by percutaneous microwave ablation. Results There were no serious postoperative complications and the three lesions completely disappeared three months after the treatment. Conclusions Percutaneous combined with open-approach microwave ablation is effective,feasible and safe procedure in the treatment of multiple hepatic metastases.

【Key words】Liver metastases;Microwave ablation;Dangerous section

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2015.02.004

*基金項(xiàng)目:安徽省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):1302085MH147)

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