吳東東,卜 博,陳曉雷,許百男
解放軍總醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科,北京 100853
融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)在顱底顯微外科手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用
吳東東,卜 博,陳曉雷,許百男
解放軍總醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科,北京 100853
目的探討融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)在顱底顯微外科手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果。方法回顧性研究在本院神經(jīng)外科2013年1月- 2014年4月收治的14例顱底腫瘤患者的臨床資料,所有患者均在融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)指引下接受顯微外科手術(shù)。評價(jià)腫瘤切除程度及術(shù)前、術(shù)后神經(jīng)功能變化。結(jié)果14例中,近全切8例,次全切6例。術(shù)后3周,12例神經(jīng)功能改善或同術(shù)前,2例神經(jīng)功能下降,功能下降者行為狀態(tài)評分(karnofsky performance scale,KPS)>60,生活可自理。結(jié)論融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)可為顱底顯微外科手術(shù)提供全面的導(dǎo)航信息,提高了腫瘤切除程度及手術(shù)安全性。
神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù);顱底腫瘤;顯微外科手術(shù)
顱底腫瘤由于所在位置空間狹小、毗鄰重要的神經(jīng)血管結(jié)構(gòu)、手術(shù)入路復(fù)雜,其手術(shù)切除一直是神經(jīng)外科的難點(diǎn)之一[1]。本研究回顧性收集14例患有顱底腫瘤并且在融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)指引下接受顯微外科手術(shù)的患者,評價(jià)融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)在顱底顯微外科手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1一般資料 2013年1月- 2014年4月在本院神經(jīng)外科收治的14例患者,男5例,女9例;年齡41 ~ 70歲,中位年齡52.3歲;病變位于前顱底2例,中顱底4例,頸靜脈孔區(qū)2例,枕骨大孔區(qū)3例,小腦橋角區(qū)3例。
2影像學(xué)檢查 術(shù)前常規(guī)掃描包括CT橫軸位(層厚0.625 mm)及磁共振3D T1序列平掃、T2軸位平掃、DTI彌散張量成像、3D T1增強(qiáng)序列;顱底腫瘤往往貼近顱底骨質(zhì),甚至侵犯顱底骨質(zhì)及靜脈竇等結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)病變周圍的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),選擇性掃描MRA、MRV等序列。
3制定術(shù)前導(dǎo)航計(jì)劃 將術(shù)前掃描獲得的影像數(shù)據(jù)通過局域網(wǎng)或CD光盤傳輸?shù)綄?dǎo)航計(jì)劃工作站(Vector Vision Sky navigation system,Brainlab,F(xiàn)eldirchen,Germany),用iPlan2.6的“Image fusion”模塊將各掃描序列獲得的圖像進(jìn)行融合,應(yīng)用“Object creation”模塊根據(jù)病變的特點(diǎn)制定相應(yīng)手術(shù)計(jì)劃。根據(jù)腫瘤的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn),選擇相應(yīng)序列勾勒腫瘤輪廓;利用“Fiber tracking”模塊進(jìn)行纖維束的重建,具體方法參考Nimsky等[2]介紹的方法進(jìn)行重建。
4術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備 術(shù)前1 d,由術(shù)者本人根據(jù)腫瘤特點(diǎn)、導(dǎo)航計(jì)劃及個(gè)人手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)制訂手術(shù)方案。手術(shù)當(dāng)天將制訂好的導(dǎo)航計(jì)劃通過局域網(wǎng)傳輸?shù)綄?dǎo)航系統(tǒng)(Vector Vesion Sky,Brain Lab Feldkirchen,Germany),對于仰臥位或側(cè)臥位的病人根據(jù)面部特征進(jìn)行導(dǎo)航注冊;對于俯臥位的病人采用人工標(biāo)記物進(jìn)行導(dǎo)航注冊。
5手術(shù)過程 用導(dǎo)航棒在頭皮設(shè)計(jì)手術(shù)切口,根據(jù)導(dǎo)航計(jì)劃盡量避開重要的血管神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)。開顱時(shí),從導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)調(diào)出CT骨窗像,并用導(dǎo)航棒在導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)引導(dǎo)下設(shè)計(jì)骨瓣大小。腫瘤切除時(shí),原則上先處理腫瘤的基底供血區(qū)域,同時(shí)根據(jù)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)提示,注意避免損傷腫瘤周圍的重要神經(jīng)血管結(jié)構(gòu);對于侵犯了顱底骨質(zhì)的腫瘤,在切除腫瘤的同時(shí),除了根據(jù)MRI導(dǎo)航提示避開血管神經(jīng)等軟組織結(jié)構(gòu)外,還需從導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)調(diào)出CT骨窗像,根據(jù)導(dǎo)航提示,將有腫瘤侵犯的顱底骨質(zhì)進(jìn)行磨除;當(dāng)術(shù)者認(rèn)為腫瘤切除滿意時(shí),再次應(yīng)用導(dǎo)航棒在術(shù)腔各個(gè)方向探測,以判斷腫瘤切除程度;當(dāng)導(dǎo)航棒在術(shù)腔各個(gè)方向的位置均已達(dá)到腫瘤最大極時(shí),說明腫瘤已切除干凈;反之,則根據(jù)導(dǎo)航棒提示的信息,繼續(xù)進(jìn)行腫瘤切除,直至滿意為止。
6腫瘤切除程度及神經(jīng)功能評估 由不知曉患者病史的研究人員根據(jù)患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后復(fù)查的影像學(xué)資料計(jì)算腫瘤的切除程度(extent of resection,EOR)。腫瘤切除程度計(jì)算方法:(術(shù)前腫瘤體積-術(shù)后腫瘤體積)/術(shù)前腫瘤體積。由兩名不知曉患者病史的高年資主治醫(yī)師于術(shù)后3周通過查體、問診評估患者術(shù)后KPS評分。
1手術(shù)情況及病理 本組14例均順利完成圖像融合(圖1)和導(dǎo)航注冊,并在融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航指引下順利接受手術(shù)。手術(shù)過程順利,無導(dǎo)航相關(guān)不良事件發(fā)生。術(shù)后病理:腦膜瘤10例,脊索瘤1例,膽脂瘤1例,副節(jié)瘤1例,神經(jīng)鞘瘤1例。14例中,8例達(dá)到近全切除,6例達(dá)到次全切除。見表1。
表1 患者臨床資料Tab.1 Clinical data about 14 patients
2術(shù)后神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)情況 術(shù)后3周,5例認(rèn)知功能較術(shù)前提高、面癱好轉(zhuǎn)、耳鳴消失;7例臨床癥狀同術(shù)前;2例神經(jīng)功能障礙加重,表現(xiàn)為聲音嘶啞、飲水嗆咳和聽力下降,KPS評分均>60,生活可以自理。術(shù)后隨訪1 ~ 14個(gè)月,14例均未見腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。
3典型病例 45歲男性,臨床表現(xiàn)為聲音嘶啞、飲水嗆咳,術(shù)前頭顱MRI提示病變位于枕骨大孔區(qū),呈長T1長T2信號,增強(qiáng)之后明顯強(qiáng)化,與周圍組織關(guān)系密切;頭顱CT提示病變侵犯枕骨髁、頸1側(cè)塊關(guān)節(jié)。該患者在融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航指引下順利接受手術(shù),手術(shù)過程順利。術(shù)后影像證實(shí)腫瘤近全切除,術(shù)后臨床癥狀較術(shù)前稍加重,術(shù)后3周臨床癥狀恢復(fù)至術(shù)前狀態(tài),術(shù)后病理為脊索瘤。見圖2。
圖 1 基于MRI掃描序列重建的頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈巖骨水平段(紅色部分)與CT骨窗像的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)一致,說明MRI與CT圖像融合準(zhǔn)確率良好Fig. 1 Reconstructed internal carotid artery in the section of petrous bone (red part) based on MRI sequence fit well with the corresponding anatomical structure on CT bone window, which suggested that good fusion accuracy was achieved between MRI and CT
圖 2 患者術(shù)前MRI與CT圖像融合之后進(jìn)行多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航重建。左圖MRI T1,右圖CT骨窗像。藍(lán)色為重建的錐體束,紫色為感覺傳導(dǎo)束,綠色為腫瘤,紅色為動(dòng)脈Fig. 2 Multimodel neural navigation reconstruction was performed after fusion of preoperative MRI and CT data. The left one was based on MRI T1 weighted image. The right part was based on CT bone window image. Blue: pyramidal tract; Purple: sensory fiber tract; Green: tumor; Red: artery
顱底腫瘤毗鄰重要的神經(jīng)血管結(jié)構(gòu),切除時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極大,加之其位置深、手術(shù)空間狹小、部分腫瘤往往伴有鈣化和骨質(zhì)破外,要達(dá)到全切除難度大,術(shù)中操作損傷常造成各種神經(jīng)功能障礙[1]。隨著神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)應(yīng)用于顱底顯微神經(jīng)外科,術(shù)者可在術(shù)前根據(jù)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的指引,選擇最佳手術(shù)入路,設(shè)計(jì)皮膚切口,以相對較小的創(chuàng)傷代價(jià)到達(dá)腫瘤部位[3-4];術(shù)中根據(jù)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)指引,在切除腫瘤的同時(shí),避開重要的神經(jīng)血管結(jié)構(gòu),提高了手術(shù)的安全性。特別是在切除頸靜脈孔區(qū)或枕骨大孔區(qū)腫瘤的手術(shù)過程中,在開顱的同時(shí)還要保護(hù)好周圍的椎動(dòng)脈、乙狀竇等結(jié)構(gòu),在導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的指引下,磨鉆鉆孔前即可用導(dǎo)航棒探測上述結(jié)構(gòu)在顱骨表面的投影,從而避免鉆孔或銑骨瓣時(shí)損傷上述結(jié)構(gòu),減少了出血量,縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間。在腫瘤全切方面,導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)時(shí)判斷腫瘤是否有殘留以及腫瘤殘留的位置,從而有效地避免遺漏腫瘤死角,提高切除率。
本研究14例中,5例術(shù)后癥狀較術(shù)前有所好轉(zhuǎn),7例穩(wěn)定,2例癥狀較術(shù)前加重,其中1例術(shù)后3周神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)至術(shù)前,另外1例長期神經(jīng)功能致殘。2例神經(jīng)功能癥狀加重患者由于術(shù)中操作牽拉、壓迫等原因,損傷個(gè)別腦神經(jīng),出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)癥狀[5],并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率14.3%。Di Maio等[6]報(bào)道手術(shù)切除117例顱底腫瘤術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為17.9%,與本組結(jié)果基本一致。
本組1例出現(xiàn)長期神經(jīng)功能致殘,表現(xiàn)為吞咽困難、聲音嘶啞、飲水嗆咳,原因是腫瘤體積較大,雙側(cè)的后組腦神經(jīng)均已受累,患者在術(shù)前已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出部分后組腦神經(jīng)癥狀,術(shù)中切除腫瘤時(shí)造成相應(yīng)腦神經(jīng)的騷擾,使對側(cè)腦神經(jīng)代償能力喪失,造成長期神經(jīng)功能損傷。因此,對于功能區(qū)腫瘤,過分追求腫瘤切除率而忽略了功能的保留并不被大多數(shù)學(xué)者接受[7];在腫瘤切除與功能保留之間尋找平衡點(diǎn),術(shù)后輔以放化療等輔助治療,往往能取得較好的臨床效果[8-9]。
既往有單一基于MRI或CT圖像的導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用于顱底顯微神經(jīng)外科[10]。然而MRI和CT在顯示組織方面各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn):MRI在空間分辨率、顯示血管神經(jīng)及軟組織等方面有優(yōu)勢,CT則能較好反應(yīng)骨質(zhì)、鈣化和出血成分[11-12]。將MRI與CT圖像融合,同時(shí)應(yīng)用于顱底顯微神經(jīng)外科,在國內(nèi)尚未見類似報(bào)道。與顱內(nèi)其他部位腫瘤不同,顱底腫瘤毗鄰顱底骨質(zhì),除了與周圍神經(jīng)血管等軟組織關(guān)系密切外,腫瘤往往有鈣化及骨質(zhì)破外。融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)在顱底顯微外科手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,可以將MRI和CT在顯示組織上的優(yōu)勢充分結(jié)合,能夠全方位顯示腫瘤與周圍組織的關(guān)系,顱底顯微外科手術(shù)提供更加全面的信息。值得注意上的是,導(dǎo)航的圖像融合的效果直接影響著導(dǎo)航的準(zhǔn)確性,因此在將CT和MRI圖像進(jìn)行融合之前,要求CT掃描的層厚要小于1 mm[12],本組采用0.625 mm超薄層CT掃描,取得較好的融合效果。
腦脊液流失、腦漂移等因素往往造成導(dǎo)航準(zhǔn)確性下降[13-14]??朔@個(gè)問題,需要造價(jià)昂貴的術(shù)中磁共振系統(tǒng)對病人進(jìn)行術(shù)中掃描,采集最新的影像學(xué)資料,重新制作并更新導(dǎo)航計(jì)劃[15-16];然而本組14例中沒有發(fā)生類似情況,原因在于顱底結(jié)構(gòu)相對固定,不會(huì)因?yàn)槟X脊液流失造成腦組織明顯漂移,融合MRI及CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)應(yīng)用于顱底顯微外科手術(shù)中的優(yōu)勢也在于此[17]。
盡管如此,融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)的一些局限性也值得注意。首先,將MRI及CT圖像進(jìn)行融合并制訂相應(yīng)導(dǎo)航計(jì)劃過程煩瑣,要求外科醫(yī)生熟練掌握計(jì)劃制訂的相應(yīng)軟件;其次,導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)造價(jià)昂貴,部分神經(jīng)外科單位沒有配置;最后,在使用導(dǎo)航的過程中,往往需要將導(dǎo)航棒深入術(shù)腔探測,某種程度上增加了醫(yī)源性損傷的可能。
融合MRI與CT圖像的多模態(tài)神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)可為術(shù)者提供實(shí)時(shí)、全方位的導(dǎo)航信息,讓部分手術(shù)操作定量化,某種程度上降低了手術(shù)的難度系數(shù),增加了外科醫(yī)生的信心[3,17],同時(shí)保證了手術(shù)的安全性,提高了腫瘤的全切率,有效保護(hù)了患者的神經(jīng)功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)了“最大化地切除病變,最小的腦功能損傷,最佳的術(shù)后恢復(fù)”的目標(biāo)[18]。
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Application of multimodal neural navigation technology with integration of MRI and CT images in skull base microsurgery
WU Dongdong, BU Bo, CHEN Xiaolei, XU Bainan
Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
XU Bainan. Email:shjwkk@sina.com
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of application of multimodal neural navigation technology with integration of MRI and CT images in skull base microsurgery.MethodsClinical data about 14 patients with skull base tumors admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to April 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had undergone microsurgery with the guidance of multimodal neural navigation technology with integration of MRI and CT images. The extent of resection of tumors and pre- and post-operative neural functional changes were evaluated.ResultsOf the 14 patients, near-total resection was achieved in 8 patients while sub-total resection was achieved in 6 patients. Three weeks after surgery, neurological function was improved or kept no change in 12 cases; 2 cases experienced neurological function decline, however the Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of these 2 patients were higher than 60, which suggested that the patients had the ability of self-care.ConclusionMultimodal neural navigation technology with integration of MRI and CT images provides comprehensive navigation information, which is helpful to maximize the resection of tumors and benefit for the safety of skull base microsurgery.
neuronavigation; skull base neoplasms; microsurgery
R 816.1
A
2095-5227(2015)05-0411-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.05.002
時(shí)間:2015-02-12 10:37
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150212.1037.002.html
2014-12-02
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(3080049)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(3080049)
吳東東,男,在讀碩士。研究方向:神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)。Email: 769605008@qq.com
許百男,男,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email:shj wkk@sina.com
解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2015年5期