徐 楊,趙曼曼,東 梅
三種方法治療剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后子宮切口瘢痕妊娠42例臨床療效分析
徐 楊,趙曼曼,東 梅
目的 分析比較超聲監(jiān)視下清宮術(shù)、宮腔鏡電切術(shù)及經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)治療剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后子宮切口瘢痕妊娠(caesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的臨床療效。方法 回顧性分析2012年1月至2015年1月沈陽市第四人民醫(yī)院婦科收治的42例CSP患者的臨床資料,分為超聲監(jiān)視下清宮組10例、宮腔鏡電切組14例、經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組18例。比較術(shù)中、術(shù)后出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后血β-HCG轉(zhuǎn)陰時(shí)間、術(shù)后月經(jīng)來潮時(shí)間、術(shù)后1個(gè)月TVS子宮下段前壁肌層厚度。結(jié)果 術(shù)中術(shù)后出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,超聲監(jiān)視下清宮組、宮腔鏡電切組與經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01或P<0.05);術(shù)后血β-HCG轉(zhuǎn)陰時(shí)間、術(shù)后月經(jīng)來潮時(shí)間、術(shù)后1個(gè)月TVS子宮下段前壁肌層厚度超聲監(jiān)視下清宮組、宮腔鏡電切組與經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);術(shù)中出血量與CSP病灶大小呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),與肌層厚度呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 3種術(shù)式均能有效治愈CSP;超聲監(jiān)視下清宮術(shù)及宮腔鏡電切術(shù)治療CSP時(shí)間短、創(chuàng)傷小、效率低;經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)治療CSP時(shí)間長、創(chuàng)傷大、效率高;CSP術(shù)中出血量與病灶大小呈正相關(guān),與肌層厚度呈負(fù)相關(guān);但經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)可有效治療瘢痕處憩室。
瘢痕妊娠;超聲監(jiān)視下清宮術(shù);宮腔鏡電切術(shù)
剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后子宮切口瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)是指受精卵、妊娠囊或胚胎著床于子宮下段剖宮產(chǎn)切口瘢痕處,是一種特殊類型的異位妊娠,占剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后妊娠的0.045%[1]。近年隨著剖宮產(chǎn)率的不斷上升,CSP的發(fā)生呈升高趨勢,因其易誤診,可引發(fā)子宮破裂、大出血等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,日漸受到重視。
1.1 一般資料 選取2012年1月至2015年1月沈陽市第四人民醫(yī)院婦科收治的擇期行手術(shù)治療的42例CSP患者,按手術(shù)方法分為3組,其中超聲監(jiān)視下清宮組10例、宮腔鏡電切組14例、經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組18例。患者年齡18~42歲,平均(32.6±4.1)歲;孕次2~5次,平均(3.75±1.31)次;除3例患者外,其余均有人工流產(chǎn)史,其中30例有2次及以上人工流產(chǎn)史;24例有2次剖宮產(chǎn)史,18例有1次剖宮產(chǎn)史,剖宮產(chǎn)方式均為子宮下段橫切口;20例剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)前有胎膜早破診斷;29例距末次剖宮產(chǎn)時(shí)間小于5年。3組患者性別、年齡、孕次、人工流產(chǎn)次及剖宮產(chǎn)次等比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
1.2 臨床表現(xiàn) 42例患者均有停經(jīng)史,停經(jīng)天數(shù)41~77 d;均有不規(guī)則陰道流血,流血天數(shù)2~11 d;15例伴有下腹疼痛。
1.3 輔助檢查 所有患者術(shù)前均行血β-HCG、陰式彩超(TVS)及盆腔MRI檢查,提示為CSP。血β-HCG均有升高,在522~74 661 U/L;術(shù)前TVS測量瘢痕處肌層厚度為2~5 mm,平均(3.31±0.17)mm;術(shù)前盆腔MRI測量瘢痕處肌層厚度為0.5~2.5 mm,平均(1.21±0.38)mm;術(shù)前TVS測量病灶最大徑線為2.3~8.5 cm。
1.4 治療方法 所有患者術(shù)前均給予氨甲喋呤20 mg,1次/d,肌注,給藥3~5 d,均于給藥第7天行手術(shù)治療。手術(shù)方法:超聲監(jiān)視下清宮、宮腔鏡電切及經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)。
1.5 術(shù)后隨訪 術(shù)后每周檢測血β-HCG至正常,術(shù)后1~3個(gè)月行宮腔鏡檢查及TVS。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 11.5軟件處理。數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組內(nèi)兩兩比較用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),組間兩兩比較用單因素方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 3種手術(shù)方法治療結(jié)果比較 所有手術(shù)均順利完成,無一例中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,患者均保留生育能力,效果良好,患者滿意。
2.2 3種手術(shù)方法術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間比較 超聲監(jiān)視下清宮組手術(shù)時(shí)間最短,術(shù)中出血量最少;宮腔鏡電切組術(shù)后住院時(shí)間最短;經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組術(shù)中出血最多,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間最長,與經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01或P<0.05)。見表1。
表1 3組患者出血量、住院時(shí)間比較(x±s)
注:與經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組比較aP<0.01,bP<0.05
2.3 3種手術(shù)方法術(shù)后隨訪情況比較 經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組術(shù)后血β-HCG轉(zhuǎn)陰時(shí)間及月經(jīng)來潮時(shí)間最短,術(shù)后1個(gè)月TVS子宮下段前壁肌層厚度最厚,超聲監(jiān)視下清宮組、宮腔鏡電切組與經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見表2。
表2 3組患者術(shù)后隨訪情況分析(x±s)
注:與經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)組比較aP<0.01
2.4 出血危險(xiǎn)因素的相關(guān)性分析 將42例患者的血β-HCG水平,TVS病灶最大徑線、TVS肌層厚度與術(shù)中出血量進(jìn)行Spearman相關(guān)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)中出血量與CSP病灶大小呈正相關(guān),與肌層厚度呈負(fù)相關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或<0.01),與血β-HCG無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
CSP的病因目前尚未完全清楚。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在42例CSP中,剖宮產(chǎn)≥2次占研究病例的57.14%,距前次剖宮產(chǎn)時(shí)間≤5年占研究病例的69.04%,人工流產(chǎn)≥2次占研究病例的71.42%。故多次人工流產(chǎn)史、多次剖宮產(chǎn)史及距前次剖宮產(chǎn)時(shí)間較短可能是CSP發(fā)病的高危因素,這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[2]。
CSP的診斷主要根據(jù)患者的病史、血β-HCG測定及影像學(xué)檢查。血β-HCG高低對(duì)診斷CSP無明顯幫助,但是是判斷療效、隨訪監(jiān)測的重要指標(biāo)。TVS是CSP首選診斷方法,在判斷妊娠囊著床位置、是否存活有優(yōu)勢,且可動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測。盆腔MRI在判斷妊娠囊與瘢痕關(guān)系、宮腔及妊娠囊內(nèi)少量出血方面有優(yōu)勢[3]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在判斷瘢痕處子宮肌層厚度方面同一病例TVS較MRI顯示厚2 mm,結(jié)合術(shù)中情況,MRI更接近于實(shí)際情況。故在術(shù)前判斷瘢痕處肌層厚度方面MRI可能較TVS有優(yōu)勢。
CSP的治療主要包括藥物保守治療及保留生育功能的手術(shù)治療。手術(shù)治療除本研究中的3種方法外,還包括開腹手術(shù)和腹腔鏡手術(shù),但無論何種方法,減少出血降低手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是其共同的目標(biāo)。本研究中42例CSP術(shù)前均應(yīng)用MTX肌注預(yù)處理,給藥第七天手術(shù),術(shù)前復(fù)查血β-HCG,8例血β-HCG下降,28例增長小于10%,6例增長大于10%,除一例III型CSP外,術(shù)中出血量均小于200 ml,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道術(shù)前行子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)出血量相近[4-5]。故MTX肌注可以有效控制I、II型CSP的術(shù)中出血量,且治療費(fèi)用遠(yuǎn)低于子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)。研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)一例III型CSP,術(shù)前血β-HCG 522IU/L,TVS病灶最大徑線8.5 cm,TVS肌層厚度2 mm,術(shù)中出血量高達(dá)800 ml。故對(duì)于III型CSP,雖然血β-HCG較低,但基于較大的病灶及較深而廣泛的肌層浸潤,建議治療選擇子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞+經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù),以減少術(shù)中出血。對(duì)比本研究中的3種手術(shù)方法發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲監(jiān)視下清宮術(shù)及宮腔鏡電切術(shù)的平均手術(shù)時(shí)短、術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均短于經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù),創(chuàng)傷小恢復(fù)快。但經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)在術(shù)后血β-HCG轉(zhuǎn)陰、月經(jīng)來潮時(shí)間及子宮下段前壁肌層恢復(fù)方面優(yōu)于其他兩種方法,治療效率高;且術(shù)后宮腔鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)該術(shù)式對(duì)瘢痕處憩室治療效果優(yōu)于宮腔鏡電切術(shù)。但經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù)還存在術(shù)后妊娠間隔較長的缺點(diǎn)[4]。因此推薦I、II型、無明顯憩室的CSP選擇宮腔鏡電切或超聲監(jiān)視下清宮,III型、有明顯憩室、短期內(nèi)無妊娠要求的CSP選擇經(jīng)陰道病灶切除術(shù),但仍要考慮治療方案的個(gè)體化原則[5]。
目前CSP尚缺乏統(tǒng)一規(guī)范的治療方案及指南[6],如何處理瘢痕處憩室?電切是否能真正改善妊娠結(jié)局?治療方法的選擇對(duì)再次妊娠有何影響?如何對(duì)再次妊娠進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)?對(duì)于CSP,臨床工作中仍然存在很多困惑,仍需要更大樣本的研究和長期的隨訪來總結(jié)。
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(本文編輯:王映紅)
Analysis on the clinical effects of 3 different surgical methods in the treatment of 42 cases of cesarean scar pregnancy
XuYang,ZhaoManman,DongMei
(DepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,FourthShenyangPeople′sHospital,Shenyang110031,China)
Objective To compare and analyze the clinical effects of 3 different surgical methods (ultrasonic guided curettage, hysteroscopy and transvaginal surgery) on cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP).Methods A retrospective analysis was made on the 42 patients with CSP admitted into the Forth Shenyang People′s Hospital from January 2012 to January 2015. The patients were divided into the ultrasound guided curettage group (n=10), the hysteroscopic electric surgery group (n=14) and the transvaginal surgery group (n=18). Comparisons were made between the 3 groups in such data as hemorhage during surgery and after surgery, surgical time, duration of stay in the hospital after surgery, the time taken forβ-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) to change from positive to negative, the time taken for the montrual onset after surgery, and the muscle thickness of anterior wall of TVS lower uterine segment 1 month after surgery.Results Statistical significance could be seen in the amount of hemorhage during surgery and after surgery, surgical time, duration of stay in the hospital after surgery, when the data of the ultrasound guided curettage and the hysteroscopic electric surgery groups were compared with those of the transvaginal surgery group(P<0.01 orP<0.05). Significant differences could also be noted in the time taken forβ-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) to change from positive to negative, the time taken for the montrual onset after surgery and muscle thickness of anterior wall of TVS lower uterine segment 1 month after surgery, when the data of the ultrasound guided curettage and the hysteroscopic electric surgery groups were compared with those of the transvaginal surgery group(P<0.01). The amount of hemorhage during surgery was positively correlated with the foci of CPS(P<0.05), but was negatively associated with the muscle thickness of anterior wall of TVS lower uterine segment(P<0.05).Conclusion The 3 surgical methods could all effectively cure CSP. Ultrasonic guided curettage and hysteroscopic electric surgery had the features of shorter surgical time, minor trauma, but lower efficacy, while on the other hand, transvaginal surgery had the features of longer surgical time, severer trauma, but higher efficacy. The amount of hemorhage during surgery was positively correlated with the foci of CPS, but was negatively associated with the muscle thickness of anterior wall. However, transvaginal surgery could effectively treat previous cesarean scar diverticulum.
Cesarean scar pregnancy; Ultrasonic guided curettage surgery; Hysteroscopic electric surgery
110031 沈陽,沈陽市第四人民醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科
R719
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-0754.2015.05.018
2015-03-20)