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Cav-1在胰腺癌中表達(dá)及與臨床預(yù)后關(guān)系的研究

2015-03-24 01:09單濤鄭波陳熹吳濤白育花季爾麗王繼欣
關(guān)鍵詞:胰腺癌染色蛋白

單濤,鄭波,陳熹,吳濤,白育花,季爾麗,王繼欣

(西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院 普通外科,陜西 西安 710004)

·論 著·

Cav-1在胰腺癌中表達(dá)及與臨床預(yù)后關(guān)系的研究

單濤,鄭波,陳熹,吳濤,白育花,季爾麗,王繼欣

(西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院 普通外科,陜西 西安 710004)

目的:腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展不僅與腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖有關(guān),還依賴于腫瘤細(xì)胞和間質(zhì)微環(huán)境之間的相互作用,對(duì)腫瘤微環(huán)境起關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)作用的間質(zhì)小窩蛋白-1(Cav-1)可能是一個(gè)潛在的治療靶點(diǎn),本研究旨在探討胰腺癌間質(zhì)Cav-1的表達(dá)能否作為客觀的預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。方法:選取45例胰腺癌標(biāo)本,應(yīng)用免疫組化法測(cè)定胰腺癌、癌旁及正常組織間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá),分析間質(zhì)Cav-1的表達(dá)與臨床病理特征和預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:6例(13.3%)標(biāo)本間質(zhì)Cav-1呈強(qiáng)染色,8例(17.8%)呈低-中度染色,31例(68.9%)無染色。間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失與TNM分期(P=0.018)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.014)、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.027)相關(guān),與年齡、性別、組織學(xué)分級(jí)和腫瘤大小無顯著性相關(guān)(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:胰腺癌間質(zhì)Cav-1是獨(dú)立預(yù)后指標(biāo),可作為胰腺癌有效治療的靶標(biāo)。

胰腺癌; 小窩蛋白-1; 預(yù)后; 免疫組織化學(xué)

胰腺癌是惡性程度較高的腫瘤之一[1]。研究表明,腫瘤微環(huán)境在腫瘤進(jìn)展中起重要作用,突出了間質(zhì)細(xì)胞在抗癌治療中的重要性[2-4]。為了更充分地了解微環(huán)境在驅(qū)動(dòng)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移以及決定臨床預(yù)后的效用,發(fā)現(xiàn)新的微環(huán)境靶點(diǎn)非常重要。

小窩蛋白(Cav)是覆蓋于50 nm至100 nm內(nèi)陷細(xì)胞膜的一類骨架蛋白層[5],Cav家族包含3個(gè)亞型:Cav-1、Cav-2、Cav-3。Cav-1基因位于7號(hào)染色體(7q31.1),包括3個(gè)外顯子(30、165、342 bp)和兩個(gè)內(nèi)含子(1.5、32 kb)。Cav-1蛋白參與多種細(xì)胞功能,如囊泡運(yùn)輸、膽固醇代謝和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[6]。盡管越來越多的證據(jù)表明Cav-1與腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān),但是作為抑癌基因還是癌基因仍不清楚[7-9]。最近提出腫瘤代謝的自噬間質(zhì)模型有助于對(duì)腫瘤微環(huán)境作用的理解[10-11],在這個(gè)模型中Cav-1是潛在的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)[12]。研究顯示間質(zhì)Cav-1的表達(dá)缺失是早期乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)和進(jìn)展的唯一獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[7]。Ayala等報(bào)道稱,間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失通過參與Akt的活化使TGF-β1和SNCG表達(dá)上調(diào)而導(dǎo)致前列腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[13]。有報(bào)道稱癌相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞中Cav-1的表達(dá)水平可預(yù)測(cè)胃癌預(yù)后;而在惡性黑色素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移灶中間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失預(yù)示著不良預(yù)后[14-15]。然而,胰腺癌中間質(zhì)Cav-1的表達(dá)水平和臨床意義尚不清楚。為了探討胰腺癌Cav-1表達(dá)的意義,我們檢測(cè)其在胰腺癌間質(zhì)中的表達(dá)水平,以便分析Cav-1的表達(dá)與胰腺癌臨床病理特征及預(yù)后的關(guān)系。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

選取2007年1月至2012年12月于西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科進(jìn)行胰十二指腸切除術(shù)(惠普爾術(shù))的45例胰腺癌標(biāo)本,10%福爾馬林固定,正常胰腺組織作為對(duì)照。45例患者中,男24例,女21例,手術(shù)時(shí)平均年齡為64.5歲(44~82歲)。根據(jù)國(guó)際抗癌聯(lián)盟的分類進(jìn)行腫瘤分期和組織學(xué)分級(jí)的記錄,其中Ⅰ期3例、Ⅱ期11例、Ⅲ期27例、Ⅳ期4例,組織學(xué)分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)7例、Ⅱ級(jí)20例、Ⅲ級(jí)18例。隨訪中位時(shí)間為22個(gè)月(4~52個(gè)月),標(biāo)本獲得均經(jīng)本人或近親同意并簽署書面知情同意書,本研究經(jīng)西安交通大學(xué)的機(jī)構(gòu)審查委員會(huì)和倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。

1.2 免疫組化檢測(cè)Cav-1蛋白

采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的SP法檢測(cè)Cav-1蛋白。組織切片經(jīng)處理后與一抗孵育過夜,繼而與生物素標(biāo)記的羊抗兔IgG孵育30 min,隨后與過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的鏈霉親和素室溫孵育20 min。在含0.02% 3,9-二氨基聯(lián)苯胺的Tris-HCl溶液(pH 7.6)中染色5~7 min,最后經(jīng)蘇木精復(fù)染、水沖洗、脫水、清除、封片,用顯微鏡觀察。染色半定量評(píng)分為:陰性(0分,不著色)、弱陽性(1分,彌漫弱陽性或強(qiáng)陽性間質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)<30%)以及強(qiáng)陽性(2分,染色強(qiáng)陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)≥30%)??笴av-1 和β-actin均購自Abcam(Cambridge, USA或Santa Cruz, USA)。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或雙面Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)分析方法。Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)用來衡量Cav-1關(guān)聯(lián)強(qiáng)度。采用Kaplan-meier計(jì)算生存率、log-rank檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行差異性檢驗(yàn)。選擇有顯著性的因素逐步建立Cox多元比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型,以確定其預(yù)后價(jià)值。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。所有的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用SPSS 13(SPSS,Chicago)軟件。

2 結(jié) 果

2.1 胰腺癌間質(zhì)中Cav-1的表達(dá)

Cav-1在細(xì)胞膜和胞質(zhì)中均有表達(dá)[16],為了評(píng)估胰腺癌間質(zhì)中Cav-1的表達(dá)狀態(tài),對(duì)胰腺癌、癌旁及正常組織均進(jìn)行免疫組化檢測(cè)。結(jié)果顯示:Cav-1強(qiáng)表達(dá)幾乎僅表達(dá)于癌旁及正常組織間質(zhì),在腫瘤組織間質(zhì)僅偶爾檢測(cè)到。45例腫瘤標(biāo)本中,6例(13.3%)間質(zhì)Cav-1呈強(qiáng)染色、8例(17.8%)呈低度染色、31例(68.9%)不著色(圖1)。

N.正常胰腺組織; P.癌旁組織; C.胰腺癌組織

圖1 免疫組化檢測(cè)胰腺癌、癌旁、正常組織間質(zhì)中Cav-1表達(dá)水平 ×400

N.Normal tissue strongly positive for Cav-1 expression; P.Paracancer tissue moderate for Cav-1 expression; C. Tumor tissue with negative Cav-1 expression

Fig 1 Representative immunohistochemistry results of stromal Cav-1 expression in pancreatic tissue(×400)

2.2 間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失與臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系

表1總結(jié)了胰腺癌間質(zhì)中Cav-1蛋白的表達(dá)與臨床病理參數(shù)的聯(lián)系。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的14例中6例(42.9%)間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失,顯著低于Ⅲ期(77.8%,21/27)和Ⅳ期(100%,4/4)(P=0.018)。間質(zhì)Cav-1的表達(dá)缺失與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.014)、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.027)相關(guān),與年齡、性別、組織學(xué)分級(jí)和腫瘤大小無顯著相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。

2.3 間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失與胰腺癌預(yù)后相關(guān)性

為明確胰腺癌間質(zhì)Cav-1缺失的預(yù)后價(jià)值,對(duì)Cav-1不同表達(dá)狀態(tài)的患者累積生存率進(jìn)行分析(圖2),間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失,即無染色,定為陰性,弱染色或強(qiáng)染色定為陽性。間質(zhì)Cav-1陰性患者(n=31)3年累積生存率為8.8%(中位時(shí)間16個(gè)月),相反地,Cav-1陽性患者(n=14)的累積生存率為20.2%(中位時(shí)間28個(gè)月),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

多因素分析顯示,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期是胰腺癌患者總生存期的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,間質(zhì)Cav-1蛋白的表達(dá)缺失也是總生存期的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(P=0.006),然而腫瘤大小等臨床參數(shù)不是獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素。

3 討 論

實(shí)體腫瘤進(jìn)展除細(xì)胞內(nèi)在特性外,還得益于腫瘤周圍豐富的炎癥細(xì)胞和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞交互作用[17],暗示腫瘤的治療應(yīng)同時(shí)針對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞及間質(zhì)細(xì)胞[18]。腫瘤代謝自噬間質(zhì)模型[19]表明作為關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)劑的間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失是潛在的治療靶向,且進(jìn)一步表明間質(zhì)細(xì)胞Cav-1的表達(dá)可能具有預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后價(jià)值。此外,間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)缺失已證實(shí)是乳腺癌早期復(fù)發(fā)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、他莫昔芬耐藥和不良臨床預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)因子[20]。本研究結(jié)果顯示與癌旁和正常組織相比,間質(zhì)Cav-1在胰腺癌中表達(dá)下調(diào),其表達(dá)缺失與高TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和不良預(yù)后相關(guān)。本研究首次表明間質(zhì)Cav-1的表達(dá)缺失是胰腺癌的不良預(yù)后指標(biāo)。然而,Witkiewicz等[21]的研究表明,F(xiàn)ASN和Cav-1的共表達(dá)可能是有價(jià)值的臨床指標(biāo),他們發(fā)現(xiàn)Cav-1和FASN在胰腺低分化腺癌中表達(dá)高于胰腺導(dǎo)管上皮內(nèi)瘤變中的水平。除腫瘤上皮細(xì)胞外Cav-1也存在于腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞中,間質(zhì)Cav-1在正常胰腺或鄰近腫瘤細(xì)胞的慢性胰腺炎組織中為陰性,這與本研究結(jié)果不一致。這種差異可能歸因于Witkiewicz等研究中兩分子(FASN和Cav-1)免疫定位中的互相干擾,而且,研究中的Cav-1抗體特異性有差異。最后,標(biāo)本的異質(zhì)性可能也會(huì)影響結(jié)果。鑒于Witkiewicz等的研究結(jié)果與本研究不一致,仍需進(jìn)一步的探索。

Cav-1蛋白是細(xì)胞膜穴樣內(nèi)陷的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,存在于大多數(shù)哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中[22]。Cav-1蛋白是細(xì)胞小窩的主要結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,并被認(rèn)為是參與細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化和惡性進(jìn)展的關(guān)鍵分子[23]。Cav-1在幾條導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的信號(hào)通路中起重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,包括由Src家族酪氨酸激酶、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體、HER-2/neu、C反應(yīng)蛋白、Wnt信號(hào)和Erk1/2介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[6,24-26]。根據(jù)腫瘤的類型和(或)分期,Cav-1被認(rèn)為是抑癌基因或癌基因。這兩種不同的作用可能是因?yàn)镃av-1不同結(jié)構(gòu)域的不同激活狀態(tài)影響,或是由信號(hào)通路中與Cav-1蛋白相互作用的分子的表達(dá)所致[27]。最近,有幾項(xiàng)研究對(duì)Cav-1蛋白在腫瘤進(jìn)展中的潛在作用進(jìn)行了評(píng)估[8,28-30],然而,Cav-1的表達(dá)與腫瘤進(jìn)展之間的關(guān)系在細(xì)胞和分子水平仍不清楚?;谀[瘤代謝自噬間質(zhì)模型,Cav-1蛋白表達(dá)缺失可能通過代謝轉(zhuǎn)化機(jī)制而影響腫瘤進(jìn)展,這值得進(jìn)一步的研究。

表1 胰腺癌間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)與臨床病理因素關(guān)系 例

Tab 1 Association between stromal Cav-1 expression and clinicopathologic factors in pancreatic cancers cases

aP<0.05

注:括號(hào)中為所占百分比

總之,間質(zhì)Cav-1蛋白在胰腺癌中表達(dá)下調(diào),且與高TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和不良預(yù)后緊密相關(guān),因此,間質(zhì)Cav-1可作為胰腺癌侵襲性的新的生物標(biāo)志物。

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圖2 胰腺癌間質(zhì)Cav-1表達(dá)陽性和陰性患者生存曲線圖

Fig 2 Kaplan-Meier analysis of the overall postoperative survival curves in patients with pancreatic cancer according to immunohistochemical staining as positive or negative of stromal Cav-1 expression

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Loss of stromal caveolin-1 expression:a novel tumor microenvironmentbiomarker that can predict poor clinical outcomes for pancreatic cancer

SHAN Tao,ZHENG Bo,CHEN Xi,WU Tao,BAI Yu-hua,JI Er-li,WANG Ji-xin

(DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofMedicalCollege,Xi’anJiaotongUniversity,Xi’an710004,China)

Objective: Cancer development and progression is not only associated with the tumor cell proliferation but also depends on the interaction between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment. A new understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment suggests that the loss of stromal caveolin-1 (Cav-1) as a key regulator may become a potential therapy target. This study aims to elucidate whether stromal Cav-1 expression in pancreatic cancer can be a strong prognosis biomarker. Methods: Tissue samples from 45 pancreatic cancer patients were studied. Stromal Cav-1 expression was measured from pancreatic cancer, paraneoplastic, and normal tissue by using immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the correlation of stromal Cav-1 expression with clinicopathologic features and prognostic. Results: Specimens from six patients(13.3%) showed high levels of stromal Cav-1 staining, those from eight patients(17.8%) showed a lower, intermediate level of staining, whereas those from 31 patients (68.9%) showed an absence of staining. Stromal Cav-1 loss was associated with TNM stage(P=0.018), lymph node metastasis(P= 0.014), distant metastasis(P= 0.027). The relationships of age, sex, histological grade, and tumor size with stromal Cav-1 expression were not significant(P>0.05). Conclusion: The loss of stromal Cav-1 in pancreatic cancer is an independent prognostic indicator, thus suggesting that stromal Cav-1 may be an effective therapeutic target for patients with pancreatic cancer.

pancreatic cancer; caveolin-1; prognosis; immunohistochemistry

2015-03-04

2015-04-12

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81402583); 陜西省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2014JQ4165); 西安交通大學(xué)校基金資助項(xiàng)目(xjj2014077)

陳熹 E-mail:Chenxi@163.com

單濤,鄭波,陳熹,等.Cav-1在胰腺癌中表達(dá)及與臨床預(yù)后關(guān)系的研究[J].東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2015,34(4):552-557.

R735.9

A

1671-6264(2015)04-0552-06

10.3969/j.issn.1671-6264.2015.04.012

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