韋繼南,蔡峰,吳小濤,王鋒,洪鑫,王運(yùn)濤,湯文浩
(1.東南大學(xué) 附屬中大醫(yī)院,江蘇 南京 210009; 2.東南大學(xué) 醫(yī)學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210009)
·論 著·
CXCR4基因轉(zhuǎn)染間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞防治椎間盤退變的療效觀察
韋繼南1,2,蔡峰2,吳小濤1,王鋒2,洪鑫1,王運(yùn)濤1,湯文浩1
(1.東南大學(xué) 附屬中大醫(yī)院,江蘇 南京 210009; 2.東南大學(xué) 醫(yī)學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210009)
目的:初步探討高表達(dá)CXCR4的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞防治椎間盤退變的療效。方法:通過慢病毒載體轉(zhuǎn)染系統(tǒng)將CXCR4基因轉(zhuǎn)染間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,使后者過表達(dá)CXCR4。將15只新西蘭大白兔椎間盤穿刺制造退變模型后隨即行細(xì)胞移植治療,實(shí)驗(yàn)分為CXCR4-MSCs、MSCs和PBS組(對(duì)照組),每組5只,術(shù)后4、8周從椎間盤高度、組織學(xué)、2型膠原mRNA及Aggrecan mRNA含量改變方面觀察其療效并進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果:基因轉(zhuǎn)染后Western blot證實(shí)干細(xì)胞高表達(dá)CXCR4,轉(zhuǎn)染成功。移植術(shù)后4周3組的椎間盤高度均較移植前明顯下降,證實(shí)造模成功,3組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;術(shù)后8周CXCR4-MSCs組椎間盤高度降低不明顯,而MSCs組及PBS組顯著降低,PBS組更為顯著,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。移植后4、8周,組織學(xué)可見CXCR4-MSCs組和MSCs組椎間盤退變顯著減慢,表現(xiàn)出一定的延緩?fù)俗冏饔?。RT-PCR結(jié)果表明,術(shù)后8周Aggrecan mRNA及2型膠原mRNA均有表達(dá),其中CXCR4-MSCs組較MSCs組和PBS組Aggrecan mRNA表達(dá)明顯增多,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;3組間2型膠原mRNA表達(dá)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:CXCR4基因轉(zhuǎn)染成功,CXCR4-MSCs能明顯延緩椎間盤退變。
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞; 趨化因子受體4; 椎間盤; 治療; 兔
骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)因其具有多向分化能力近年來逐漸成為治療椎間盤退變的種子細(xì)胞[1],但干細(xì)胞體內(nèi)移植后存活時(shí)間短,修復(fù)作用有限一直是學(xué)者不可回避的問題。因此,有必要進(jìn)一步研究以提高干細(xì)胞修復(fù)椎間盤的效率。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,退變椎間盤內(nèi)有較高的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)表達(dá)[2]?;|(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子-1/趨化因子受體4(SDF-1/CXCR4)信號(hào)軸是調(diào)控BMSCs 向損傷、缺氧部位遷移的主要信號(hào)途徑,提高CXCR4的表達(dá)能增強(qiáng)BMSCs遷移能力[3-5]。研究證實(shí),退變的椎間盤內(nèi)存在嚴(yán)重的缺血缺氧環(huán)境[6]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過基因轉(zhuǎn)染使MSCs高表達(dá)CXCR4,提高其修復(fù)椎間盤退變的效果。
1.1 主要材料
低糖培養(yǎng)基(LG-DMEM,Gibco 公司),胎牛血清(杭州四季青公司),胰酶(Sigma公司),CXCR4 抗體(PL laboratories 公司),CXCR4和α-Tublin一抗及相應(yīng)二抗抗體、熒光二抗(均購自Abcam公司),熒光顯微鏡(OLYMPUS公司),3.0T磁共振(SIEMES公司),新西蘭大白兔(江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1體外分離培養(yǎng)MSCs 無菌條件下獲取2周齡新西蘭大白兔股骨及脛骨髓腔沖洗液,貼壁培養(yǎng)法獲得骨髓MSCs。加入LG-DMEM+10%胎牛血清,置37℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞長至90%,0.25%胰蛋白酶消化傳代。收集MSCs,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)CD34、CD90、CD44和CD45的表達(dá)并用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.2CXCR4慢病毒表達(dá)載體的轉(zhuǎn)染及MSCs CXCR4蛋白的檢測(cè) 應(yīng)用本實(shí)驗(yàn)室成功構(gòu)建并驗(yàn)證的CXCR4-pIRES2-EGFP重組質(zhì)粒,通過慢病毒將CXCR4基因(帶eGFP)轉(zhuǎn)染至MSCs,熒光顯微鏡下觀察轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞發(fā)出熒光情況。Western blot法檢測(cè)MSCs中CXCR4蛋白:將收集的細(xì)胞裂解,調(diào)整蛋白終濃度為2 g·L-1,取20μg上樣進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳并轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜上,分別加CXCR4和α-Tublin一抗及相應(yīng)二抗,ECL顯色后進(jìn)行顯影,分析CXCR4蛋白和α-Tublin的灰度值,以二者比值表示CXCR4蛋白的表達(dá)量。
1.2.3CXCR4-MSCs移植治療椎間盤退變 選擇南京農(nóng)科院實(shí)驗(yàn)專用成年新西蘭大白兔15只,平均體質(zhì)量4.5 kg,雌雄不限,隨機(jī)分3組,每組5只。1%戊巴比妥鈉靜脈麻醉后將新西蘭大白兔左側(cè)臥位固定,于棘突旁3cm由髂脊向上做縱行切口,腹膜后入路暴露L3/4、L4/5、L5/6椎間盤,用21G針頭穿刺椎間盤取出髓核,A組(對(duì)照組)注入20μl PBS;B組(MSCs組)注入20μl含106個(gè) MSCs的 PBS;C組(CXCR4-MSCs組)注入20μl含106個(gè)CXCR4-MSCs的PBS,壓迫片刻,沖洗,分層縫合關(guān)閉切口,術(shù)后分籠飼養(yǎng),不限制飲食。
1.3 療效分析
1.3.1椎間盤高度 于術(shù)前、術(shù)后4、8周行腰椎攝片,在PACS工作站測(cè)量椎體及椎間隙高度。計(jì)算椎間盤高度指數(shù)(DHI)方法同蔡峰的研究[7]。
1.3.2組織學(xué)觀察 移植術(shù)后4周及8周每組處死1只兔子,取出3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)椎間盤,然后用4%多聚甲醛固定,10%EDTA脫鈣,石蠟包埋切片。每個(gè)椎間盤組織做5張不同層面切片,HE染色觀察椎間盤退變情況。
1.3.3逆轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(RT-PCR)檢測(cè)椎間盤Ⅱ型膠原和Aggrecan基因表達(dá) 術(shù)后8周處死每組剩余的3只兔子,提取椎間盤組織,RT-PCR檢測(cè)Ⅱ型膠原和Aggrecan mRNA表達(dá)。Ⅱ型膠原基因引物序列:上游引物5′-GTCTCCATAGCTGAAGTGB-3′,下游引物5′-CCATGCAGTACATGCGGG-3′。Aggrecan基因引物序列:上游引物5′-GCTACGGAGACAAGGATGAGT-3′,下游引物5′-CGTAAAAGACCTCACCCTCCAT-3′。反應(yīng)體系條件如下:第1步:95℃,5 min,1個(gè)循環(huán)。第2步:95℃,30 s;56℃,30 s;72℃30 s;40個(gè)循環(huán)。第3步:72℃,2 min,1個(gè)循環(huán)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
所得數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示。應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,多個(gè)樣本均數(shù)比較用單因素方差分析(One way ANOVA),兩兩比較用 Dunnett法。假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2.1 兔MSCs鑒定
獲取的MSCs呈成纖維細(xì)胞形態(tài),紡錘形或梭形。流式細(xì)胞結(jié)果顯示:CD44表達(dá)率為(93.6±1.9)%、CD90為(96.1±2.7)%、CD45為(1.99±0.6)%、CD34為(1.3±0.4)%,證實(shí)貼壁分離培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞是MSCs,CXCR4基因轉(zhuǎn)染后的骨髓MSCs 發(fā)出明顯的綠色熒光。見圖1。
a.分離培養(yǎng)的MSCs,倒置相差顯微鏡下可見細(xì)胞呈長梭形,胞漿豐富; b.病毒轉(zhuǎn)染CXCR4后的MSCs,可見細(xì)胞充滿綠色熒光
圖1 分離培養(yǎng)的MSCs(倒置相差顯微鏡)及CXCR4轉(zhuǎn)染后MSCs(熒光顯微鏡)照片F(xiàn)ig 1 Cultured MSCs under inverted phase contrast microscope and CXCR-4 transfected MSCs under fluorescence microscope
2.2 MSCs CXCR4基因表達(dá)情況
Western blot結(jié)果顯示,未轉(zhuǎn)染組及空白載體(lenti)轉(zhuǎn)染的MSCs組的CXCR4表達(dá)量極少,而CXCR4轉(zhuǎn)染組內(nèi)CXCR4表達(dá)量是前二者的數(shù)倍,顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖2。
圖2 MSCs CXCR4表達(dá)情況
Fig 2 The expression of CXCR4 in MSCs
2.3 椎間盤高度
術(shù)后4周3個(gè)組的椎間隙高度均較術(shù)前(0周)明顯下降,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但3組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。術(shù)后8周PBS組椎間隙高度進(jìn)一步下降,與4周相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而MSCs組椎間隙高度緩慢降低,CXCR4-MSCs組椎間隙高度與4周相比變化不大,與MSCs組8周相比明顯恢復(fù),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖3。
圖3 DHI變化情況
Fig 3 DHI of three groups
2.4 組織學(xué)結(jié)果
2.4.1術(shù)后4周 PBS組:椎間盤髓核嚴(yán)重退變,基質(zhì)黏液樣改變,髓核結(jié)構(gòu)松散,失去正常形態(tài),細(xì)胞及基質(zhì)排列紊亂,纖維環(huán)部分排列不規(guī)整,發(fā)生黏液變性,膠原纖維輕度腫脹,少部分出現(xiàn)裂隙及斷裂。MSCs組:髓核基質(zhì)退變較PBS組明顯減輕,纖維環(huán)退變較輕,髓核與纖維環(huán)輕度分離,二者排列均較為整齊。CXCR4-MSCs組:髓核皺縮、變性,但髓核結(jié)構(gòu)尚完整,基質(zhì)退變較MSCs組輕,纖維環(huán)排列整齊,髓核與纖維環(huán)間出現(xiàn)較大的裂隙。見圖4a、b、c。
2.4.2術(shù)后8周 PBS組:髓核萎縮、皺縮伴明顯纖維化,部分被纖維組織代替,纖維環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)松弛、稀疏,出現(xiàn)裂隙。MSCs組:髓核及纖維環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)尚完整,未見明顯裂隙,髓核輕度皺縮,逐漸恢復(fù)同心圓排列,纖維環(huán)膠原纖維腫脹,部分膠原纖維壞死。CXCR4-MSCs組:髓核基質(zhì)一定程度得到再生,基質(zhì)含量相對(duì)較豐富,髓核表現(xiàn)為輕度皺縮、退變,膠原含量顯著增多、豐滿;纖維環(huán)排列尚整齊,部分出現(xiàn)小的裂隙。見圖4d、e、f。
圖4 術(shù)后4周(a為PBS組,b為MSCs組,c為CXCR4-MSCs組)和術(shù)后8周(d為PBS組,e為MSCs組,f為CXCR4-MSCs組)椎間盤組織切片HE染色結(jié)果
Fig 4 Histological images of the Intervertebral disc at 4,8 weeks post-operation (Hematoxylineosin staining ×20)
2.5 Ⅱ型膠原及Aggrecan mRNA表達(dá)情況
細(xì)胞移植術(shù)后8周,RT-PCR結(jié)果顯示,Aggrecan mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)水平CXCR4-MSCs組0.92±0.06,MSCs組0.78±0.07,明顯高于PBS組的0.64±0.12,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。3組椎間盤組織均表達(dá)Ⅱ型膠原及Aggrecan mRNA。CXCR4-MSCs組Ⅱ型膠原mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量為0.74±0.11,3組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見圖5。
圖5 術(shù)后8周各組Aggrecan mRNA和Ⅱ型膠原mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量
Fig 5 The expression of Aggrecan mRNA and Col-2 mRNA in each group at 8 weeks post-operation
椎間盤退行性變是骨科的常見病和多發(fā)病。目前針對(duì)椎間盤疾病的治療除了保守治療外,手術(shù)治療主要包括椎間盤摘除、椎間植骨融合術(shù),手術(shù)雖然在臨床上取得了較為滿意的療效,但即使微創(chuàng)手術(shù)仍有一定的失敗率[8],況且手術(shù)治療并不能保留椎間盤的功能,亦不能逆轉(zhuǎn)椎間盤的退變,相反減少了椎體間的活動(dòng)度,并增加了鄰近椎間盤的活動(dòng)度和壓力,一定程度上加速了鄰近椎間盤的退變[9]。
近年來隨著細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和組織工程學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展,退變椎間盤的生物學(xué)治療逐漸成為研究熱點(diǎn)[10]。而骨髓MSCs是目前椎間盤組織工程學(xué)干細(xì)胞研究最多、最熱門的種子細(xì)胞,既往許多動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究顯示,利用自體骨髓MSCs來延緩?fù)俗冏甸g盤的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展或治療已經(jīng)退變的椎間盤都獲得了滿意的效果。Sakai等首先將兔自體骨髓MSCs置于膠原凝膠支架培養(yǎng)后再植入兔椎間盤髓核中,結(jié)果顯示其可減緩椎間盤退變,并于術(shù)后24周發(fā)現(xiàn)骨髓MSCs可移行至內(nèi)層纖維環(huán)產(chǎn)生類似于髓核細(xì)胞分泌的基質(zhì)成分[11]。顯然,長達(dá)24周的“歸巢”時(shí)間似乎難以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)早期退變椎間盤的及時(shí)修復(fù)。此外,間充質(zhì)來源細(xì)胞對(duì)附著環(huán)境中膠原等成分的特殊依賴[12],也同樣要求移植的MSCs能迅速遷移分散,充分與蛋白聚糖、膠原等基質(zhì)大分子接觸,才最利于MSCs自身的生存、增殖和發(fā)揮效應(yīng)。因此,有必要進(jìn)一步研究提高干細(xì)胞修復(fù)椎間盤的效率。
近年來,利用SDF-1/CXCR4信號(hào)軸促進(jìn)MSCs歸巢已顯示出在提高M(jìn)SCs修復(fù)效率方面的有效性和可行性[4,13-14]。MSCs是一類具有多向分化潛能的干細(xì)胞群,但體外培養(yǎng)的MSCs只有很少一部分表達(dá)CXCR4[15]。Arimitsu研究表明,SDF-lα/CXCR4軸與細(xì)胞遷移關(guān)系密切,能夠促進(jìn)高表達(dá)CXCR4的細(xì)胞向高濃度SDF-lα區(qū)域遷移[16]。我們既往的研究表明,越靠近髓核中心區(qū)域組織退變?cè)街兀涿庖呓M化結(jié)果顯示SDF-1含量越高[2]。因此,本研究通過慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染MSCs使其高表達(dá)CXCR4,再將高表達(dá)CXCR4的MSCs移植椎間盤,觀察其延緩椎間盤退變的效果。結(jié)果表明,術(shù)后4周CXCR4-MSCs在組織學(xué)上已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出一定程度的延緩椎間盤退變;術(shù)后8周CXCR4組椎間盤高度逐漸恢復(fù),椎間盤內(nèi)蛋白含量增高,相對(duì)MSCs組及PBS組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,逐漸展示其修復(fù)椎間盤的功能。Zhao等指出,BMSCs遷移能力的提高必將從修復(fù)范圍角度促進(jìn)其營養(yǎng)、分化及免疫調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)的發(fā)揮,同時(shí)可以避免移植后因局部的大量細(xì)胞堆積而加重營養(yǎng)匱乏而惡化退變[17]。本研究中干細(xì)胞有可能通過該機(jī)制延緩椎間盤退變。然而,干細(xì)胞移植進(jìn)入椎間盤體內(nèi)后仍有諸多問題未得到回答。其一,其防治椎間盤退變的機(jī)制仍未清楚。有研究表明,其機(jī)制可能是干細(xì)胞本身分化為有功能細(xì)胞(如類髓核細(xì)胞)或者分泌生長因子或通過信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)而間接支持宿主細(xì)胞再生。其二,干細(xì)胞在椎間盤內(nèi)的命運(yùn)和轉(zhuǎn)歸不清楚。干細(xì)胞移植入椎間盤后,大量細(xì)胞堆積造成局部營養(yǎng)匱乏,大部分迅速死亡,殘余部分起再生作用。那么,這部分細(xì)胞如何發(fā)揮作用,是原地發(fā)揮作用抑或遷移,又該如何觀察其命運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)歸,仍然有待進(jìn)一步研究探索。
本研究初步結(jié)果顯示了CXCR4基因轉(zhuǎn)染后增強(qiáng)了MSCs對(duì)椎間盤的修復(fù)能力,其再生機(jī)制及體內(nèi)遷移值得進(jìn)一步的研究探索。
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Efficacy of CXCR4 over-expressed mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration
WEI Ji-nan1,2,CAI Feng2,WU Xiao-tao1,WANG Feng2,HONG Xin1,WANG Yun-tao1,TANG Wen-hao1
(1.ZhongdaHospital,SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing210009,China; 2.SchoolofMedicine,SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing210009,China)
Objective: To explore the role of high expression of CXCR4 mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) during degeneration of intervertebral disc. Methods: Recombinant lentiviral vector transduction was carried out to over-express CXCR4 in MSCs. Cell transplantations were followed immediately by puncturing to create degeneration model. 15 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups:CXCR4-MSCs groups, MSCs groups and PBS groups. Disc height Index, histological section HE stain and mRNA of Aggrecan and type Ⅱ collagen were obtained at 4 and 8 weeks after transplantations. Results: MSCs were efficiently over-expressed CXCR4 and verified by Western blot. 4 weeks after transplantations, the disc height of three groups decreased significantly than pre-operation. There were no significant differences among the three groups. There was no obvious decrease of disc height in CXCR4-MSCs group at 8 weeks after transplantations. But there were significantly decreases in MSCs groups and PBS groups. There were significant differences among three groups at 8 weeks. Disc degenerations in histology significantly slowed down in CXCR4-MSCs group and MSCs group at 4 and 8 weeks after transplantations rather than PBS group. RT-PCR results showed that Aggrecan mRNA and type Ⅱ collagen mRNA were both expressed at 8 weeks after transplantations. Aggrecan mRNA expression of CXCR4-MSCs group was more than that of MSCs group and PBS group, respectively, there was significant difference. Type Ⅱ collagen mRNA expressions of three groups had no significant differences. Conclusion: CXCR4 gene can be successfully transfected to MSCs. CXCR4-MSCs transplantation can significantly slow down intervertebral disc degeneration.
mesenchymal stem cells; CXCR4; intervertebral disc; treatment; rabbits
2015-02-21
2015-03-21
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81071493、81272035、81201423);中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金資助;江蘇省普通高校研究生科研創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(KYLX_0202)
韋繼南(1980-),男,廣西玉林人,主治醫(yī)師,在讀博士研究生。E-mail:jinanwei@163.com
吳小濤 E-mail:wuxiaotao@medmail.com.cn
韋繼南,蔡峰,吳小濤,等.CXCR4基因轉(zhuǎn)染間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞防治椎間盤退變的療效觀察[J].東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2015,34(4):541-546.
R681.53; R329.2
A
1671-6264(2015)04-0541-06
10.3969/j.issn.1671-6264.2015.04.010