尤威,賈海波,葉飛,吳志明,陳紹良,張俊杰,田乃亮,李曉波,王蓉,許田,劉玲玲,徐海梅
[南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京醫(yī)院(南京市第一醫(yī)院) 心內(nèi)科,江蘇 南京 210006]
·論 著·
經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑治療超高齡患者急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的療效
尤威,賈海波,葉飛,吳志明,陳紹良,張俊杰,田乃亮,李曉波,王蓉,許田,劉玲玲,徐海梅
[南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京醫(yī)院(南京市第一醫(yī)院) 心內(nèi)科,江蘇 南京 210006]
目的:探討經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)應(yīng)用替羅非斑在超高齡ST段抬高型心肌梗死(心梗)患者急診行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)中的療效及安全性。方法:回顧性分析78例超高齡急性ST段抬高型心梗且經(jīng)急診冠脈造影證實(shí)梗死相關(guān)血管(IRA)、心肌梗死溶栓試驗(yàn)(TIMI)血栓積分在3分以上患者,分為經(jīng)指引導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑治療組(對(duì)照組,42例)和經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑治療組(研究組,36例),比較兩組行急診PCI術(shù)后即刻TIMI血流分級(jí)、術(shù)后校正的TIMI血流計(jì)幀數(shù)、TIMI心肌灌注(TMPG)分級(jí)、術(shù)后90 min心電圖sumSTR、住院期間和1年后隨訪時(shí)左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)、出血發(fā)生率以及主要心臟不良事件(MACE)發(fā)生率有無(wú)差異。結(jié)果:研究組術(shù)后TIMI血流3級(jí)、TMPG 3級(jí)以及術(shù)后90 min心電圖sumSTR≥70%發(fā)生率明顯高于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后校正的TIMI血流計(jì)幀數(shù)研究組亦明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),住院期間及1年后隨訪時(shí)研究組LVEF值高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但兩組患者出血及MACE發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑治療急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死老年患者能有效改善其術(shù)后即刻TIMI血流分級(jí)、心肌水平的灌注、住院期間及1年后左心功能,且治療措施是安全的。
血管成形術(shù); 急性心肌梗死; 微導(dǎo)管; 替羅非斑; 超高齡患者
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ST段抬高型心肌梗死繼發(fā)于冠狀動(dòng)脈不穩(wěn)定斑塊破裂誘發(fā)急性血栓形成引起的冠狀動(dòng)脈部分或完全血管閉塞[1],梗死相關(guān)血管開(kāi)通的時(shí)間窗決定了患者的存活心肌,目前公認(rèn)急診PCI是最有效、最快捷的開(kāi)通梗死相關(guān)血管的治療方法[2]。盡管如此,許多心外膜大血管成功PCI開(kāi)通的患者仍出現(xiàn)了大范圍的心肌微循環(huán)障礙,考慮與破裂斑塊、血栓流向心肌微循環(huán)引起大量微血管栓塞有關(guān),而這嚴(yán)重影響患者的預(yù)后[3]。國(guó)外大量薈萃分析[4-6]顯示急診PCI過(guò)程中標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的阿昔單抗治療方案可以改善冠脈微循環(huán)功能及降低MACE發(fā)生率,特別是近期的多項(xiàng)研究[7-9]顯示直接冠脈內(nèi)給以阿昔單抗效果更佳。而國(guó)內(nèi)目前報(bào)道最多的是另一種血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑(GPIs)替羅非斑在急診PCI中的應(yīng)用,無(wú)論是經(jīng)靜脈使用還是經(jīng)冠脈內(nèi)注射均顯示出替羅非斑在改善冠脈微循環(huán)心肌水平灌注、改善心室重構(gòu)、降低MACE發(fā)生率方面顯著的作用。對(duì)于超高齡急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(心梗)患者,由于其較普通人群的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生率更高,是否常規(guī)使用GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外的使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)尚欠缺。本研究旨在比較經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑及直接冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑在超高齡患者急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死急診PCI治療過(guò)程中的療效及安全性。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
來(lái)自我科自2012年4月至2014年4月78例接受急診PCI治療時(shí)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用替羅非斑的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者。其中36例患者術(shù)中使用經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑,設(shè)為研究組;另外42例患者應(yīng)用直接經(jīng)指引導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑,設(shè)為對(duì)照組。
入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1) 年齡≥80歲;(2) 符合急診PCI適應(yīng)證的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者;(3) 同意自費(fèi)使用替羅非斑。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1) 既往有心梗、束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯及心室起搏等;(2) 有機(jī)械并發(fā)癥;(3) 近期(<6個(gè)月)重大手術(shù)/外傷史、出血性疾病史、腦血管意外史;(4) 既往凝血疾病和血小板減少癥史、貧血史;(5) 應(yīng)用華法林及其他抗凝藥物史;(6) 入選時(shí)血壓≥180/100 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);(7) 有腎功能不全病史[ρ(Cr)>2 mg·dl-1]。
1.2 術(shù)前、術(shù)中及術(shù)后藥物治療方案
所有患者入院即刻均予以嚼服阿司匹林(拜阿司匹林,德國(guó)拜耳公司)300 mg和氯吡格雷(波立維,法國(guó)賽諾菲公司)300 mg,術(shù)中肝素化方法:按100 U·kg-1(給藥后5 min測(cè)量ACT,維持術(shù)中ACT>300 s)的劑量鞘管內(nèi)注入,如操作時(shí)間超過(guò)1 h,則按照2 000 U·h-1的劑量額外補(bǔ)充。大部分患者介入治療徑路為橈動(dòng)脈,在橈動(dòng)脈穿刺成功后常規(guī)鞘管內(nèi)注入雞尾酒(肝素2 500 u+硝酸甘油200 μg+維拉帕米1.25 mg),以防止橈動(dòng)脈痙攣,介入徑路若為股動(dòng)脈患者則無(wú)須給予雞尾酒。研究組患者在指引導(dǎo)管到位后經(jīng)導(dǎo)引鋼絲送入微導(dǎo)管到達(dá)病變部位,并經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管以10 μg·kg-1向冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑(欣維寧,武漢遠(yuǎn)大制藥公司),繼之0.15 μg·kg-1·min-1靜滴維持24 h;對(duì)照組予以直接經(jīng)指引導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)推注10 μg·kg-1替羅非斑,繼之0.15 μg·kg-1·min-1靜滴維持24 h。術(shù)后用藥根據(jù)中國(guó)經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療指南2012及抗血小板治療中國(guó)專(zhuān)家共識(shí),阿司匹林100 mg·d-1、氯吡格雷75 mg·d-1服用至少1年,長(zhǎng)期服用他汀類(lèi)藥物[10-11],其余藥物按冠心病二級(jí)預(yù)防給予。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
兩組患者臨床基礎(chǔ)資料:性別構(gòu)成、年齡、危險(xiǎn)因素、心梗部位、心功能Killip分級(jí)、Door-to-Needle Time及Door-To-Baloon Time、以及替羅非斑開(kāi)始使用-球囊擴(kuò)張時(shí)間。造影、介入治療資料:兩組梗死相關(guān)血管(IRA),多支血管病變比率、合并左主干病變比率、術(shù)前IRA的TIMI血栓積分、術(shù)前和術(shù)后TIMI血流分級(jí)、校正的TIMI幀數(shù)、相應(yīng)心肌TMP分級(jí)以及術(shù)中植入支架比率。心電圖:PCI術(shù)后90 min的sumSTR。心超:1周后及1年后的左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)。
1.4 主要不良心血管事件(MACE)
包括心梗(包括Q波及非Q波心梗)、靶病變重建(TLR)或靶血管重建(TVR)以及心源性猝死。
1.5 血管總體并發(fā)癥
包括穿刺處超過(guò)5 cm血腫、動(dòng)靜脈瘺、假性動(dòng)脈瘤以及血管穿孔。
1.6 出血并發(fā)癥
采用TIMI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.7 隨訪方法
術(shù)后1月、12月通過(guò)門(mén)診隨訪或電話(huà)隨訪。
1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 21.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布時(shí)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布時(shí),以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以率或構(gòu)成比表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 一般資料比較
兩組患者年齡、性別、糖尿病、高血壓病、高脂血癥、既往嚴(yán)重出血病史、既往心肌梗死史、心梗部位、病變血管數(shù)量、術(shù)前Killip分級(jí)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
a以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)表示
2.2 冠脈造影及介入治療比較
兩組患者在介入徑路、病變復(fù)雜程度、術(shù)前TIMI血栓積分、術(shù)前TIMI血流、術(shù)前校正的TIMI幀數(shù)、術(shù)前TMPG分級(jí)、Door To Balloon Time以及術(shù)中注射替羅非斑至球囊擴(kuò)張的時(shí)間方面差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),但研究組術(shù)后TIMI血流3級(jí)、TMPG3級(jí)、校正的TIMI幀數(shù)<25幀以及術(shù)后90 min sumSTR回落超過(guò)70%及以上比例明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組患者術(shù)后短期及長(zhǎng)期效果比較
兩組患者血管總體并發(fā)癥、圍手術(shù)期TIMI大出血及小出血差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);術(shù)后1周及術(shù)后1年LVEF研究組較對(duì)照組明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但住院期間及術(shù)后1年MACE發(fā)生率兩組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行急診PCI開(kāi)通罪犯血管可以明顯降低死亡率并提高患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后是毋庸置疑的[12]。ON-TIME 2、EUROTRANSFERD等注冊(cè)研究以及多個(gè)meta分析結(jié)果證明,急診PCI過(guò)程中使用GPIs可以顯著提高心外膜血管開(kāi)通成功率和患者生存率,而且還不會(huì)增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13-16]。因此,2009年ACC/AHA指南推薦部分急診PCI患者可以在術(shù)中靜脈使用GPIs[17]。隨后國(guó)內(nèi)外專(zhuān)家對(duì)于如何充分發(fā)揮GPIs在急診PCI中的有效性及降低其引發(fā)的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提出了術(shù)中直接經(jīng)冠脈內(nèi)給予GPIs再配合外周靜脈持續(xù)泵入這一方法。國(guó)外的兩項(xiàng)meta分析結(jié)果[18-19]顯示,經(jīng)冠脈內(nèi)使用GPIs較經(jīng)靜脈內(nèi)使用可以進(jìn)一步降低PCI術(shù)后短期死亡率。遺憾的是,目前一項(xiàng)最大的比較ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者經(jīng)冠脈使用和經(jīng)靜脈使用GPIs的研究結(jié)果卻是陰性的,研究者分析可能與入選的患者均為低危水平且研究者在死亡率這一研究終點(diǎn)評(píng)估方面明顯不恰當(dāng),但有意思的是,研究者卻發(fā)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)冠脈內(nèi)給予GPIs組較經(jīng)靜脈給予GPIs組患者術(shù)后3個(gè)月心衰的發(fā)生率卻下降了[20-21]?;谶@樣的研究現(xiàn)狀,我們自2012年4月起提出了經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管直接靶病變部位注射替羅非斑并繼之配合外周靜脈持續(xù)泵入法。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究尚未報(bào)道在超高齡患者急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急診PCI過(guò)程中經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射此類(lèi)藥物的治療經(jīng)驗(yàn),理論上經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)給藥更加接近靶病變部位,從而使最大濃度藥物分布于斑塊及血栓負(fù)荷重區(qū)域,進(jìn)而達(dá)到更有效的降低微循環(huán)栓塞的發(fā)生率,改善心肌微循環(huán)水平的灌注[22-23],同時(shí)也盡可能地減少了術(shù)中藥物的使用劑量,在一定程度上降低了藥物引起的出血發(fā)生率。尤其是對(duì)于80歲及以上的超高齡患者人群,此種給藥方案理論上將使用他們進(jìn)一步獲益。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),直接經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)給藥較直接經(jīng)指引導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)給藥,可進(jìn)一步改善高齡患者急診PCI術(shù)后心肌水平的灌注,直接表現(xiàn)在患者術(shù)后1周的LVEF即有明顯改善。最難能可貴的是,此種獲益一直持續(xù)到患者術(shù)后1年后。但同樣遺憾的是,我們的研究也沒(méi)有顯示此種方法可以改善患者近期及術(shù)后1年MACE的改善,我們考慮原因有以下兩個(gè)方面:(1) 入選的患者均為超高齡患者,患者冠脈造影結(jié)果顯示合并多支病變比例較高,基礎(chǔ)合并癥亦較多,即入選人群大多為高危級(jí)別的冠心病且又為高危出血患者;(2) 入選的病例相對(duì)偏少,對(duì)于超高齡急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者仍然有不少的家庭選擇藥物保守治療方案,這給我們的選擇也增加了難度。
表2 兩組患者冠脈造影及介入治療比較
綜上所述,對(duì)于超高齡急性ST抬高型心肌梗死患者急診PCI過(guò)程中使用經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)靶病變部位直接給藥是有效且安全的,可以明顯改善患者短期及長(zhǎng)期的左室收縮功能。
表3 兩組患者術(shù)后短期及長(zhǎng)期效果比較
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octogenarians with acute myocardial infarction undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention
YOU Wei,JIA Hai-bo,YE Fei,WU Zhi-ming,CHEN Shao-liang,ZHANG Jun-jie,TIAN Nai-liang,LI Xiao-bo,WANG Rong,XU Tian,LIU Ling-ling,XU Hai-mei
(DepartmentofCardiology,NanjingHospitalAffiliatedtoNanjingMedicalUniversity,NanjingFirstHospital,Nanjing210006,China)
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of trans microcatheter intra-coronary injection of tirofiban followed by continuing intravenous infusion in octogenarians with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods:Retrospective analysis of 78 octogenarians with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction whose TIMI thrombus score were more than 3 in their initial coronary angiography findings. They were divided into two groups according to the methods of administration for tirofiban.36 patients were enrolled in study group who were given tirofiban trans microcatheter during the procedure,and the other 42 patients who were given tirofiban through guiding catheter were in control group. The basic clinical data,TIMI thrombus score,TIMI flow grades,corrected TIMI frame count,TIMI myocardial perfusion grades(TMPG) before and after the procedure,and the resolution of the sum of ST-segment elevation (sumSTR) at 90 minutes,periprocedural bleeding events,major adverse cardiaovascular events(MACE) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)during hospitalizition and at one year follow up were all compared between the two groups.Results:No significant differences were found in basic clinical data,TIMI flow grades,TIMI frame count and TMPG before procedure and periprocedural bleeding events between the two groups (P>0.05),so were MACE during hospitalization and at one year follow up. But the study group acquired better TIMI flow and TMPG and much lower corrected TIMI frame count after the procedure than compared group,and sumSTR seemed in study group were also higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).More intrestingly,LVEF during hospitalization and at one year follow up were improved in the study group than in the control group,which was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Transmicrocatheter intra-coronary injection of tirofiban can be safe and efficient in octogenarians with AMI undergoing emergency PCI because it achieves better myocardium perfusion in microcirculary level and improves patients’ LVEF.
angioplasty; acute myocardial infarction; microcatheter; tirofiban; octogenarians
2015-03-20
2015-08-27
尤威(1984-),男,江蘇南京人,主治醫(yī)師。E-mail:zoolandyw@163.com
賈海波 E-mail:jhb7185@foxmail.com
尤威,賈海波,葉飛,等.經(jīng)微導(dǎo)管冠脈內(nèi)注射替羅非斑治療超高齡患者急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的療效[J].東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2015,34(6):953-958.
R542.22
A
1671-6264(2015)06-0953-06
10.3969/j.issn.1671-6264.2015.06.021
東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2015年6期