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90例胃腸間質(zhì)瘤的外科診治分析

2015-03-21 02:44薛勇敢張秉棟劉洪一賈寶慶
關(guān)鍵詞:核分裂免疫組化胃腸

薛勇敢,張秉棟,李 鵬,劉洪一,賈寶慶

1解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京 100853;2解放軍總醫(yī)院 腫瘤外科,北京 100853

臨床研究論著

90例胃腸間質(zhì)瘤的外科診治分析

薛勇敢1,張秉棟1,李 鵬2,劉洪一2,賈寶慶2

1解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京 100853;2解放軍總醫(yī)院 腫瘤外科,北京 100853

目的探討胃腸間質(zhì)瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)的臨床特點(diǎn)、診療方法和預(yù)后,進(jìn)一步提升對(duì)此類(lèi)疾病的認(rèn)識(shí)。方法回顧分析解放軍總醫(yī)院腫瘤外科2009年9月-2014年9月收治的90例GIST患者的完整臨床和病理資料。結(jié)果最常見(jiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)為腹部脹痛不適、納差占41.1%(37/90),其次為消化道出血占20.0%(18/90),腹部包塊占4.4%(4/90),腸梗阻癥狀占3.3%(3/90),28例無(wú)明顯癥狀占31.1%,為檢查時(shí)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)。術(shù)前診斷主要依靠胃腸鏡、超聲內(nèi)鏡、CT、MRI等影像學(xué)檢查。90例均接受手術(shù)治療。免疫組化CD117陽(yáng)性率90.0%(81/90),CD34陽(yáng)性率91.1%(82/90),S-100陽(yáng)性率11.1%(10/90),SMA陽(yáng)性率33.3%(30/90)。中位隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間27.4(1 ~ 60)個(gè)月,8例復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移,3例再次手術(shù),2例因腫瘤進(jìn)展死亡。單因素分析顯示,腫瘤大小(P=0.019)及核分裂數(shù)目(P=0.002)是影響預(yù)后的因素。結(jié)論GIST的臨床表現(xiàn)無(wú)特異性,胃腸鏡、超聲內(nèi)鏡、CT、MRI等檢查有助于該病術(shù)前診斷。確診主要依靠病理學(xué)及免疫組化,外科手術(shù)是GIST的首選治療方式。

胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤;外科手術(shù);病理學(xué)

胃腸間質(zhì)瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors,GIST)是消化道最常見(jiàn)的間葉組織腫瘤,起源于胃腸道Cajal間質(zhì)細(xì)胞[1-2]。GIST易被誤診為平滑肌或神經(jīng)源性腫瘤。但GIST與平滑肌或神經(jīng)源性腫瘤在發(fā)病機(jī)制、生物學(xué)行為、病理特征、治療方法及預(yù)后方面均有很大不同[3-4]。本研究通過(guò)回顧分析90例GIST患者的臨床和病理資料,探討GIST臨床特點(diǎn)、診療方法和預(yù)后,旨在為進(jìn)一步提升此類(lèi)疾病的診治水平、改善預(yù)后提供幫助。

資料和方法

1 臨床資料 收集本院腫瘤外科2009年9月-2014年9月收治且病理確診為GIST的有完整臨床和病理資料患者90例,男48例(53.3%),女42例(46.7%);年齡21 ~ 84歲,平均年齡59.1歲。間質(zhì)瘤位于胃69例(76.7%),小腸16例(17.8%),結(jié)直腸5例(5.6%)。

2 方法 回顧性分析90例GIST患者的病歷資料,探討GIST臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)檢查、病理、免疫組化結(jié)果及手術(shù)治療方式。

3 隨訪(fǎng) 本組90例采用門(mén)診隨診及電話(huà)隨訪(fǎng),末次隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間為2014年10月31日。主要觀察患者的復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移和死亡情況。共有86例獲得隨訪(fǎng),失訪(fǎng)4例,隨訪(fǎng)率95.6%。

4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)本組資料進(jìn)行分析。對(duì)可能影響預(yù)后的因素采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析和Log-rank時(shí)序檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié) 果

1 臨床表現(xiàn) 腹部脹痛不適、納差37例(41.1%),消化道出血18例(20.0%),腹部包塊4例(4.4%),腸梗阻癥狀3例(3.3%),無(wú)癥狀查體或合并其他疾病檢查時(shí)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)28例(31.1%)。

2 術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查 54例胃腸鏡檢查考慮為GIST,其中18例超聲內(nèi)鏡檢查考慮為GIST。25例CT檢查考慮為GIST。6例MRI檢查考慮為GIST。4例腹部彩超考慮為GIST。1例上消化道造影考慮為GIST。8例胃腸鏡檢查取病理考慮為GIST,術(shù)前依靠影像學(xué)診斷符合共38例(42.2%),其余患者診斷為胃息肉、腹腔轉(zhuǎn)移瘤、平滑肌瘤及神經(jīng)源性腫瘤等。

3 手術(shù)治療 本組90例均行手術(shù)切除治療,切緣均為陰性,無(wú)手術(shù)死亡及術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。69例胃間質(zhì)瘤中40例行腹腔鏡下胃楔形切除,其中腹腔鏡胃鏡雙鏡聯(lián)合切除3例,聯(lián)合膽囊切除2例;6例行腹腔鏡輔助近端胃大部切除術(shù),其中聯(lián)合膽囊切除1例;1例行腹腔鏡輔助遠(yuǎn)端胃大部切除術(shù);2例行腹腔鏡輔助全胃切除術(shù);20例行開(kāi)腹胃腫瘤切除術(shù)。16例小腸間質(zhì)瘤中,14例行開(kāi)腹小腸腫瘤切除術(shù);2例行腹腔鏡下小腸腫瘤切除術(shù),其中聯(lián)合膽囊切除1例。5例結(jié)直腸間質(zhì)瘤中,1例行乙狀結(jié)腸腫瘤切除術(shù),1例經(jīng)腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合直腸切除術(shù),1例經(jīng)腹直腸前切除術(shù),2例經(jīng)肛門(mén)腫物切除術(shù)。

4 病理診斷 術(shù)后標(biāo)本行病理檢查和免疫組化均證實(shí)為GIST。大體形態(tài):腫塊呈圓形、類(lèi)圓形、結(jié)節(jié)狀或分葉狀,質(zhì)韌,切面灰白或灰紅色,中心可伴有出血、壞死、囊性變。良性者多有完整包膜,邊界清楚,惡性者可侵及黏膜、肌層或周?chē)M織,邊界欠清。腫瘤組織由梭形細(xì)胞、上皮樣細(xì)胞構(gòu)成或二者兼有,呈長(zhǎng)條束狀排列、交織樣排列或旋渦狀排列。梭形細(xì)胞形態(tài)較一致, 呈長(zhǎng)梭形,細(xì)胞質(zhì)豐富,嗜酸性,細(xì)胞核呈桿狀或長(zhǎng)梭形。上皮樣細(xì)胞體積較大,呈卵圓形或多角形,細(xì)胞質(zhì)空亮或微嗜酸性,細(xì)胞核的多形性與核分裂數(shù)呈正比(圖1,圖2)。本組病例腫瘤最大徑0.6 ~ 16.0 cm,平均直徑6.2 cm,其中直徑≤2 cm 6例,2.1 ~ 5.0 cm 39例,5.1 ~ 10.0 cm 31例,>10 cm 14例。核分裂計(jì)數(shù)≤5個(gè)/50 HPF 66例,6 ~ 10個(gè)/50 HPF 8例,>10個(gè)/50 HPF 16例。免疫組織化學(xué)特征:CD117陽(yáng)性者81例(90.0%),CD34陽(yáng)性者82例(91.1%),S-100陽(yáng)性者10例(11.1%),SMA陽(yáng)性表達(dá)30例(33.3%)(圖3,圖4,圖5,圖6)。CD117、CD34、S-100、SMA表達(dá)情況與腫瘤部位關(guān)系見(jiàn)表1。

表1 不同部位 GIST 與免疫組化的關(guān)系Tab. 1 Relationship between tumor site and immunohistochemical results (n, %)

表2 影響預(yù)后的單因素分析Tab. 2 Univariate analysis of prognosis (n,%)

圖 1 腫瘤組織由梭形細(xì)胞和上皮樣細(xì)胞構(gòu)成,呈交織樣或旋渦狀排列(HE, ×200)圖 2 腫瘤細(xì)胞核分裂象數(shù)目較多 (HE,×400)圖 3 免疫組化顯示 CD117 染色陽(yáng)性 (Envision×200)圖 4 免疫組化顯示 CD34 染色陽(yáng)性 (Envision×200)圖 5 免疫組化顯示 S-100 染色灶狀陽(yáng)性 (Envision×200)圖 6 免疫組化顯示 SMA 染色陽(yáng)性 (Envision×200)Fig. 1 Tumor composing of spindle cells and epithelioid cells (HE,×200)Fig. 2 Tumor cells exhibit high mitotic rate (HE,×400)Fig. 3 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of CD117 (Envision×200)Fig. 4 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of CD34 (Envision×200)Fig. 5 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of S-100 (Envision×200)Fig. 6 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of SMA (Envision×200)

5 隨訪(fǎng) 本組隨訪(fǎng)1 ~ 60個(gè)月,平均隨訪(fǎng)27.4個(gè)月,隨訪(fǎng)期內(nèi)單純局部復(fù)發(fā)3例,局部復(fù)發(fā)合并腹腔轉(zhuǎn)移2例,單純肝轉(zhuǎn)移2例,肝、肺同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移1例。再次手術(shù)3例,因腫瘤進(jìn)展死亡2例。

6 單因素分析顯示 腫瘤直徑>5 cm,核分裂象數(shù)目>5個(gè)/50 HPF的患者復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)性較高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。年齡、性別、腫瘤部位、CD34、CD117對(duì)預(yù)后影響不大,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。

討 論

GIST在世界范圍內(nèi)的每年發(fā)病率為1 ~ 20/100 000,主要發(fā)生于50歲以上的中老年人,男性與女性患病比例無(wú)明顯差異[5-6]。本組病例中男性48例,女性42例,男性稍多于女性;年齡21 ~84歲,中位年齡59.1歲,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道大致相同。GIST可發(fā)生在消化道的任何部位,以胃部最常見(jiàn),占60% ~ 70%,其次為小腸,占20% ~ 30%,結(jié)腸和直腸約占5%,食管<5%[7]。GIST還可發(fā)生于消化道以外部位如腸系膜和大網(wǎng)膜等[8]。本組資料仍以胃為高發(fā)部位76.7%(69/90),其次是小腸17.8%(16/90),最少見(jiàn)為結(jié)直腸5.6%(5/90)。

GIST的臨床癥狀無(wú)特異性,主要與腫瘤的部位、大小有關(guān)。患者多表現(xiàn)為腹部脹痛不適、消化不良等非特異癥狀,其次以消化道出血、貧血為首發(fā)癥狀。腫瘤較大者可觸及的腹部腫塊。部分患者因出現(xiàn)腸梗阻而急癥就診。約20%患者查體時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)。20% ~ 30%患者首診時(shí)已發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,最常轉(zhuǎn)移至肝和腹膜,而淋巴結(jié)及腹部以外臟器轉(zhuǎn)移少見(jiàn)。本組符合以上特征。

GIST的初步診斷主要依靠腹部彩超、胃腸鏡、EUS、CT、MRI等。GIST在彩超下常顯示低回聲團(tuán)塊,難以與其他疾病鑒別,定性困難。胃腸鏡可見(jiàn)伴有光滑、完整及正常黏膜覆蓋的隆起性病灶,頂端可有潰瘍;超聲內(nèi)鏡能顯示腫瘤形態(tài)、大小及起源層次;由于腫瘤多位于黏膜下且通常不破壞消化道黏膜,活檢檢出率低。本組患者行胃腸鏡檢出54例(60.0%),其中超聲內(nèi)鏡檢出18例(20.0%),8例經(jīng)胃腸鏡檢查取病理考慮為GIST。CT、MRI能顯示腫瘤的大小、部位、生長(zhǎng)方式、腫瘤與周?chē)K器的關(guān)系、是否發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移等情況,本組患者行CT檢出25例(27.8%),MRI檢出6例(6.7%)。

GIST的確診和分型主要依靠術(shù)后的病理組織學(xué)檢查和免疫組化分析[9]。CD117是一種酪氨酸激酶跨膜受體蛋白,是目前被公認(rèn)為最具特征性的GIST免疫表型標(biāo)記,在GIST中呈現(xiàn)出特異性彌漫性高表達(dá),陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率為80% ~ 100%,而在平滑肌腫瘤及神經(jīng)鞘瘤中不表達(dá),對(duì)GIST的診斷具有良好的敏感性和特異性。CD34是一種骨髓前體細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物,單獨(dú)使用時(shí)其敏感性不高,常與CD117進(jìn)行聯(lián)合鑒別,而CD34在平滑肌瘤和神經(jīng)鞘瘤中也不表達(dá)。S-100為神經(jīng)源性免疫標(biāo)記,在GIST表達(dá)率很低,而SMA為肌源性免疫標(biāo)記,在胃腸間質(zhì)瘤中可有部分陽(yáng)性表達(dá)。本組研究結(jié)果表明,在90例GIST患者中,CD117陽(yáng)性率為90.0%,CD34陽(yáng)性率為91.1%,S-100陽(yáng)性率為11.1%,SMA陽(yáng)性率為33.3%。

GIST對(duì)放療、化療均不敏感,手術(shù)完整切除是唯一有治愈可能的治療手段。GIST很少浸潤(rùn)周?chē)M織器官及發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,無(wú)須常規(guī)行擴(kuò)大切除和系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃[10-11]。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡外科逐漸應(yīng)用于GIST的治療[12-14]。對(duì)于體積較小或特殊部位的GIST,腹腔鏡與胃鏡雙鏡聯(lián)合能發(fā)揮獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)[15-18]。術(shù)中關(guān)鍵是保證腫瘤完全切除,避免瘤體破裂、腹膜種植和血行轉(zhuǎn)移,這也是影響GIST預(yù)后的重要因素[19]。本組90例均行手術(shù)完整切除腫瘤,其中69例胃間質(zhì)瘤中,49例行腹腔鏡手術(shù),20例行開(kāi)腹手術(shù);16例小腸間質(zhì)瘤中,2例行腹腔鏡手術(shù),14例行開(kāi)腹手術(shù);5例結(jié)直腸間質(zhì)瘤均在直視下手術(shù)。無(wú)手術(shù)死亡及術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。本組研究表明,外科手術(shù)仍是治療GIST首選方法,腹腔鏡外科逐漸成為GIST主要治療手段,尤其是在胃間質(zhì)瘤的治療方面。

腫瘤大小和核分裂象是預(yù)測(cè)GIST預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[20-21]。腫瘤越大,預(yù)后越差;核分裂象計(jì)數(shù)越多,提示腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖活性越大,惡性程度也越高,預(yù)后也越差。本組8例出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移患者中,腫瘤直徑>10 cm同時(shí)核分裂象>5/50 HPF的患者共6例。說(shuō)明臨床上腫瘤大小和核分裂象預(yù)測(cè)GIST的預(yù)后合理、可行。

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Surgical diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: An Analysis of 90 cases

XUE Yonggan1, ZHANG Bingdong1, LI Peng2, LIU Hongyi2, JIA Baoqing2
1Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China;2Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

JIA Baoqing. Email: baoqingjia@126.com

ObjectiveTo identify clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and improve the level on standardized diagnosis and treatment of this disease.MethodsClinical and pathological data about 90 patients with GIST in the department of surgical oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital from September 2009 to September 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe most common primary symptom was abdominal discomfort accounting for 41.1% (37/90), followed by gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage for 20.0% (18/90), abdominal mass for 4.4% (4/90), intestinal obstruction for 3.3% (3/90), 28 cases with no symptoms accounting for 31.1%. The preoperative imageological examinations comprised endoscope, endoscopic ultrasonography, CT, MRI. 90 patients received complete surgical resection. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that tumor cells were positive for CD117 in 81 cases (90.0%) , for CD34 in 82 cases (91.1%), for S-100 in 10 cases (11.1%) and for SMA in 30 cases (33.3%). During a mean follow-up period of 27.4 (range, 1-60) months, 8 patients experienced relapse and metastasis, 3 patients underwent re-operation. Two patients died of tumor progression. Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size (P=0.019) and mitotic rate (P=0.002) were factors affecting prognosis.ConclusionGIST shows typical clinical features. Endoscopy, ultrasound endoscope, CT and MRI examination are helpful for preoperative diagnosis of this disease. The confirmation of GIST also require histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry. Surgery treatment is the first choice for GIST.

gastrointestinal stromal tumor; surgical procedure; pathology

R 730.4

A

2095-5227(2015)06-0525-04

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.06.001

時(shí)間:2015-03-16 11:12

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150316.1112.001.html

2015-01-04

國(guó)家“863”計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013YQ030651)

Supported by “863” Program of China(2013YQ030651)

薛勇敢,男,在讀碩士。研究方向:胃腸腫瘤的外科治療。Email: 892407021@qq.com

賈寶慶,男,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: baoqingjia @126.com

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