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非類固醇類抗炎藥致小腸損傷的藥物保護(hù)

2015-03-21 01:25袁芳岑張振玉
國(guó)際消化病雜志 2015年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:美辛抗炎藥腸病

袁芳岑 張振玉

非類固醇類抗炎藥(NSAID)在臨床上常用于解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛以及防治心腦血管疾病。隨著NSAID在臨床上應(yīng)用的日趨廣泛,其胃腸道不良反應(yīng)日益受到重視,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)學(xué)者們比較關(guān)注NSAID引起的胃黏膜損害,對(duì)小腸損害關(guān)注不夠。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,在長(zhǎng)期口服NSAID的患者中,小腸黏膜受損者高達(dá)70%以上[1-2]。NSAID 相 關(guān)性小腸損 傷 的 主要臨床表現(xiàn)包括NSAID腸病、小腸潰瘍、狹窄、穿孔和隔膜樣改變,其引起腸道黏膜損傷的機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,也尚無(wú)指南指出防治NSAID腸病的有效藥物。本文就NASID引起小腸損傷的可能機(jī)制及其防治的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

1 有關(guān)NSAID損傷小腸黏膜機(jī)制的學(xué)說(shuō)

1.1 “三級(jí)打擊”學(xué)說(shuō)

目前備受推崇的是“三級(jí)打擊”學(xué)說(shuō):(1)NSAID作為一種脂溶性弱酸,擴(kuò)散入上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡x子形式,造成腸上皮細(xì)胞損傷,并引起氧化磷酸化解偶聯(lián),導(dǎo)致線粒體損傷;(2)線粒體損傷導(dǎo)致ATP合成減少,細(xì)胞內(nèi)能量缺失,鈣離子外流,引起鈣依賴酶、蛋白酶、核酸內(nèi)切酶和磷脂酶激活及細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化,并產(chǎn)生大量氧自由基,進(jìn)一步損壞細(xì)胞膜的ATP泵,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞間緊密連接處occl udin蛋白磷酸化,緊密連接被破壞,使得腸上皮細(xì)胞的通透性增強(qiáng);ATP合成減少還改變了磷脂兩性陰離子功能及脂層動(dòng)力學(xué),使其疏水性變?yōu)橛H水性,破壞了腸黏膜的疏水保護(hù)屏障[3-5];(3)黏膜屏障受損使腸上皮細(xì)胞暴露于管腔內(nèi)容物(如膽汁、食物,細(xì)菌及某些酶類)的機(jī)會(huì)增加,從而引起腸黏膜損傷。

1.2 環(huán)氧合酶-1和環(huán)氧合酶-2雙重抑制學(xué)說(shuō)

傳統(tǒng)的NSAID同時(shí)抑制環(huán)氧合酶-1(COX-1,要素酶)和COX-2(誘導(dǎo)酶),因此在其發(fā)揮抗炎作用的同時(shí),也干擾了內(nèi)源性前列腺素合成,減少了腸道黏膜的血供,削弱了腸黏膜的防御機(jī)能,導(dǎo)致腸絨毛縮短、腸上皮細(xì)胞脫落,從而對(duì)腸黏膜造成損傷;前列腺素合成受阻后,脂氧化酶的代謝途徑活躍,代謝產(chǎn)物白三烯生成增多,不僅促進(jìn)嗜中性粒細(xì)胞黏附分子的表達(dá),使白細(xì)胞黏附于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上,同時(shí)也觸發(fā)嗜中性粒細(xì)胞釋放組織胺、氧自由基和蛋白酶,共同導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷、毛細(xì)血管阻塞、血流量下降,進(jìn)一步加重了腸道黏膜損傷[3,5-6]。

1.3 細(xì)胞凋亡學(xué)說(shuō)

細(xì)胞凋亡是一種由基因控制的細(xì)胞自主、有序的死亡過(guò)程,它可以有效清除突變或衰老的細(xì)胞,是維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的重要機(jī)制之一。根據(jù)起始刺激不同,細(xì)胞凋亡可通過(guò)數(shù)條信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路發(fā)生。Bcl-2蛋白家族、線粒體、細(xì)胞色素C和天冬氨酸特異性半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)是細(xì)胞內(nèi)凋亡信號(hào)通路的基本組分[7]。細(xì)胞凋亡從內(nèi)外多因子復(fù)雜的相互作用誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生凋亡信號(hào),傳遞至caspase并使其活化開(kāi)始,以蛋白裂解、細(xì)胞解體為結(jié)局,從而使細(xì)胞凋亡得以完成[8]。研究表明,NSAID可使黏膜結(jié)構(gòu)型一氧化氮合酶(c NOS)活性下降、誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)活性升高,并與caspases活性變化及黏膜細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān);一氧化氮釋放型NSAID(NO-NSAID)可以抑制caspase-1、3活性,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[9]。

有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NSAID可激活腸黏膜中的i NOS,產(chǎn)生大量一氧化氮(NO),同時(shí)合成 O2-[10-12]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NO對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡有雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用,即生理?xiàng)l件下的低水平NO可以促進(jìn)腸道腺體分泌,抑制細(xì)菌移位,而病理狀態(tài)下的高水平NO可導(dǎo)致某些類型的細(xì)胞凋亡;其機(jī)制可能與氧自由基氧化生成劇毒的ONOO-,ONOO-又降解為OH-和NO2-,NO、O2-、ONOO-、OH-、NO2-對(duì)腸黏膜細(xì)胞直接產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒作用有關(guān);此外,ONOO-是一種強(qiáng)氧化劑,具有強(qiáng)烈的抑制細(xì)胞線粒體氧化的作用,導(dǎo)致能量代謝障礙,細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化損傷,最終引起腸黏膜損傷[13-16]。過(guò)量表達(dá)的NO還可誘導(dǎo)鈣離子通道開(kāi)放,使細(xì)胞外鈣離子大量?jī)?nèi)流,從而觸發(fā)還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶,產(chǎn)生大量氧自由基,加劇了黏膜細(xì)胞死亡[17]。

1.4 腸肝循環(huán)學(xué)說(shuō)

正常狀態(tài)下,小腸上皮細(xì)胞處于弱堿性環(huán)境中,NSAID可直接刺激小腸黏膜,引起細(xì)胞膜通透性增加,使腸內(nèi)細(xì)菌易于侵襲;細(xì)菌侵入以及膽汁、脂肪酶/胰腺分泌物等化學(xué)刺激又可引起小腸上皮細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng)[18]。NSAID吸收后進(jìn)入腸肝循環(huán),與膽鹽競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合卵磷脂,使膽鹽成為游離狀態(tài),游離的膽鹽對(duì)腸黏膜細(xì)胞具有直接的細(xì)胞毒作用,使腸道黏膜受損。膽汁與NSAID結(jié)合的復(fù)合物對(duì)小腸黏膜的損傷作用大于單一的NSAID,同時(shí)腸肝循環(huán)延長(zhǎng)了NSAID與小腸壁的接觸時(shí)間,加重了小腸損傷[18-19]。

2 防治NSAID腸病的藥物及措施

目前用于防治NSAID相關(guān)性胃黏膜損傷的藥物有許多種,但對(duì)NSAID所致小腸黏膜損傷至今仍缺乏有效防治措施。防治NSAID所致小腸黏膜損傷的藥物包括黏膜保護(hù)劑、抑酸藥物、抗菌藥物、益生菌制劑、生物制劑,還有食物等其他防治措施。

2.1 黏膜保護(hù)劑

早在1989年Bjar nason等[20]就發(fā)現(xiàn),米索前列醇能夠減少吲哚美辛引起的小腸病變的概率和嚴(yán)重程度。Mohajer等[21]認(rèn)為,其保護(hù)機(jī)制包括促進(jìn)小腸分泌、增強(qiáng)黏膜保護(hù)、增強(qiáng)上皮及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞屏障功能及促進(jìn)腸動(dòng)力等。Diao等[22]測(cè)定了大鼠腸黏膜的通透性,發(fā)現(xiàn)瑞巴派特通過(guò)線粒體降低雙氯芬酸腸損傷的黏膜通透性,從而保護(hù)了小腸黏膜。Satoh等[23]的 Wistar大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),黏膜保護(hù)藥(米索前列醇、瑞巴派特、伊索拉定)通過(guò)抑制黏液減少起到對(duì)NSAID損傷腸黏膜的保護(hù)作用。Shibamori等[24]則認(rèn)為,瑞巴派特調(diào)整了腸道菌群,同時(shí)抑制了COX-2和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α),從而對(duì)小腸損傷起到保護(hù)作用。

2.2 抑酸藥物

Wallace等[25]認(rèn)為質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(PPI)能夠通過(guò)抑制菌群移位來(lái)防止NSAID所致小腸損傷。Umegaki等[26]觀察口服2周雙氯芬酸的志愿者分別用替普瑞酮和法莫替丁干預(yù)后的效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與法莫替丁相比,替普瑞酮顯著抑制了小腸病變的發(fā)展,而上消化道的這種差異不明顯。Kuramoto等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),伊索拉定能夠抑制NSAID腸病。Satoh等[28]的一系列臨床試驗(yàn)顯示,蘭索拉唑有保護(hù)NSAID小腸損傷的作用,而雷貝拉唑、奧美拉唑及H2受體拮抗劑(H2-RA)反而會(huì)加重NSAID所致小腸損傷。

2.3 抗菌藥物和益生菌制劑

Packey等[29]認(rèn)為鹽酸阿霉素改變了空腸和遠(yuǎn)端回腸的對(duì)比微生物反應(yīng),因此對(duì)NASID腸病有抑制作用;Saitta等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)菌β-葡萄糖醛酸酶可以保護(hù)吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、雙氯芬酸引起的小鼠腸黏膜損傷。Leite等[31]早在2001年就發(fā)現(xiàn)甲硝唑可以保護(hù)NSAID腸損傷,其機(jī)制可能與線粒體氧化磷酸化解偶聯(lián)有關(guān)。Watanabe等[32]的大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),干酪乳桿菌對(duì)吲哚美辛引起的腸損傷有預(yù)防作用,認(rèn)為是通過(guò)左旋乳酸抑制了脂多糖/Toll樣受體4(LPS/TLR4)信號(hào)通路而發(fā)揮作用的。Montalto等[33]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲試驗(yàn),給予20名志愿者服用21 d益生菌合劑(VSL#3)或安慰劑,從第16天開(kāi)始給予志愿者口服吲哚美辛(50 mg/d),并從第15天開(kāi)始測(cè)定糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白(腸道炎性反應(yīng)標(biāo)志物),結(jié)果顯示預(yù)先服用VSL#3可以抑制糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白表達(dá)升高,減輕腸道炎性反應(yīng),保護(hù)腸道黏膜。

2.4 生物制劑

Mencarelli等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抗人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)蛋白酶抑制劑與NSAID作用可降低NSAID腸病的發(fā)生率。Theiss等[35]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抗增殖蛋白(PHB)能夠?qū)鼓c黏膜的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),從而對(duì)NSAID小腸病變起到保護(hù)作用。Reuter等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),磷酸二酯酶抑制劑可能能夠預(yù)防NSAID腸病,其機(jī)制應(yīng)與抑制TNF-α合成相關(guān)。多巴胺D2受體(D2 R)拮抗劑嗎叮啉是被熟知的胃腸促動(dòng)力藥,Kawahara等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),嗎叮啉通過(guò)激活α7乙酰膽堿受體,能夠?qū)SAID小腸潰瘍起到保護(hù)作用。Cipriani等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),G蛋白偶聯(lián)膽汁酸受體1(GPBAR1)對(duì)維持胃腸黏膜的完整性起著重要的作用,缺乏這種受體的小鼠腸黏膜對(duì)甲氧萘丙酸(消痛靈)更敏感,更容易受到損傷,而GPBAR1激動(dòng)劑對(duì)阿司匹林和NSAID引起的胃腸黏膜損傷起到保護(hù)作用,其機(jī)制可能為COX非依賴性。Halista等[39]研究證實(shí),熊去氧膽酸確實(shí)能抵御NSAID引起的腸黏膜損害。Inoue等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ(DPP-Ⅳ)能夠預(yù)防大鼠在吲哚美辛灌胃后發(fā)生NASID腸損傷,并對(duì)潰瘍恢復(fù)有促進(jìn)作用。

2.5 食物

近年來(lái)蘿卜硫素被證實(shí)通過(guò)激活nrf2-keap1途徑依賴的抗氧化系統(tǒng)以及抑制厭氧菌侵襲腸黏膜來(lái)防止 NSAID 小腸損傷[41-42]。Satoh等[43]比較了喂食普通飼料和含可溶性纖維素食物的貓的小腸黏液素改變,發(fā)現(xiàn)可溶性纖維素可能通過(guò)改善黏液素屏障來(lái)預(yù)防 NSAID腸損傷。Carrasco-Pozo等[44]的大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),蘋果皮多酚也有預(yù)防NSAID腸損傷的作用。Amagase等[45]研究認(rèn)為,谷氨酸鹽可減少大鼠NSAID腸損傷的發(fā)生率。

2.6 其他

Sivalingam等[46]認(rèn)為鋅可以有效保護(hù)吲哚美辛引起的小腸損傷,其機(jī)制可能與金屬硫蛋白誘發(fā)有關(guān)。熱休克蛋白(HSP)近年來(lái)被證實(shí)在細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)調(diào)控和凋亡中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。Tamaki等[47]的實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)中藥六君子湯(TJ-43)預(yù)處理過(guò)的IEC-6細(xì)胞HSP60蛋白表達(dá)升高,細(xì)胞壞死和凋亡率明顯下降。Yoriki等[48]先用吲哚美辛制備NSAID腸病模型小鼠,實(shí)驗(yàn)組用氯化血紅素預(yù)處理,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠血紅素氧化酶-1(HO-1)被激活,潰瘍病變的嚴(yán)重程度及數(shù)量、髓過(guò)氧化物酶活性、炎性細(xì)胞因子及趨化因子的mRNA表達(dá)均下降,若加用HO-1特異性抑制劑鋅原卟啉(Zn PP)則其保護(hù)作用將失效。Mei等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,雙氯芬酸誘導(dǎo)的小腸損傷大鼠的腸黏膜通透性增加,潰瘍數(shù)目更多,病變程度更嚴(yán)重,病理評(píng)分更高,丙二醛(MDA)、髓過(guò)氧化物酶(MPO)活性也更高;經(jīng)褪黑素處理的大鼠的上述指標(biāo)均好于雙氯芬酸組,在透射電鏡下可見(jiàn)其小腸絨毛形態(tài)和細(xì)胞間隙與對(duì)照組相似,ATP酶及琥珀酸脫氫酶(SDH)的活性也明顯恢復(fù)了。Chao等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),用云母預(yù)處理后,雙氯芬酸誘導(dǎo)的NSAID腸病大鼠的小腸黏膜損傷明顯減輕,其機(jī)制可能與增強(qiáng)黏膜屏障功能、增加表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)表達(dá)相關(guān)。

3 總結(jié)

目前研究報(bào)道的治療藥物種類繁多,但大多為動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),存在一定局限性,是否適用于人體亟需進(jìn)一步證實(shí),其有效性及安全性也有待多中心臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)。日本的一項(xiàng)多中心隨機(jī)雙盲對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),瑞巴派特對(duì)小劑量阿司匹林/NSAID引起的小腸病變有治療作用[51],這無(wú)疑是廣大NSAID腸病患者的福音,但NSAID致小腸黏膜損傷的機(jī)制及瑞巴派特保護(hù)NSAID腸病的機(jī)制尚未明確,有待進(jìn)一步研究。

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