張澄 劉敏 朱啟星
細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞在藥疹發(fā)病機制中的作用
張澄 劉敏 朱啟星
藥疹是一種常見的遲發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng),通常有3種理論解釋其發(fā)生機制,即藥物半抗原、前半抗原和p-i理論,而藥物特異性的細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞在其病理過程中至關(guān)重要。經(jīng)典理論認(rèn)為,細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞主要為CD8+T細(xì)胞,但是有證據(jù)表明,CD4+T細(xì)胞等其他表型的免疫細(xì)胞也具有細(xì)胞毒性,在藥疹發(fā)病過程中發(fā)生特異性激活,接觸靶細(xì)胞并釋放毒性分子。靶細(xì)胞能夠為藥物代謝、炎癥發(fā)生和自身凋亡提供有利環(huán)境,協(xié)助細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)揮作用。另外,“危險信號假說”認(rèn)為危險信號在免疫激活中具有重要的作用,進一步補充完善藥疹的發(fā)病機制。
藥疹;T淋巴細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞毒性;危險因素;CD8陽性T淋巴細(xì)胞;CD4陽性T淋巴細(xì)胞
藥物超敏反應(yīng)是藥疹中的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng),較快出現(xiàn)藥疹的一般為Ⅰ類超敏反應(yīng),而在服藥后數(shù)小時或數(shù)天后出現(xiàn)的藥疹一般由藥物特異性T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的Ⅳ類超敏反應(yīng)引起,此型藥疹的嚴(yán)重程度跨度較大,輕者出現(xiàn)一般過敏反應(yīng),重者表皮剝脫,發(fā)生Steven-Johnson綜合征(SJS)或中毒性表皮壞死松解癥(TEN)[1]。流行病學(xué)證據(jù)提示,SJS/TEN 的病死率達(dá)到23.4%,7.2%患者出院后由于病情反復(fù)再次入院[2]。在藥疹的發(fā)病機制中,細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞(CTL)在其中起釋放毒性分子和殺傷靶細(xì)胞的作用。CTL一般為CD8+T細(xì)胞,但其范圍進一步擴大,作用機制也不局限于特異性的殺傷作用。此外,機體的“危險信號”對藥疹的觸發(fā)也有不可或缺的作用。
作者單位:230032合肥,安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院職業(yè)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué)系(張澄、劉敏);安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)皮膚病研究所(朱啟星)
根據(jù)半抗原理論,藥物在體內(nèi)作為半抗原與內(nèi)源肽結(jié)合后經(jīng)抗原提呈細(xì)胞(APC)以抗原肽-主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(MHC)復(fù)合物的形式提呈給T淋巴細(xì)胞受體(TCR),作為第一信號激活T細(xì)胞。藥疹患者T細(xì)胞在體外接受致敏藥物刺激后發(fā)生增殖和分泌細(xì)胞因子,通過CD69分子檢測法、免疫酶聯(lián)斑點法和淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化試驗等技術(shù)加以檢測[3],能夠幫助識別引起過敏的藥物,指導(dǎo)藥疹患者避免接觸致敏藥物。在指導(dǎo)用藥方面,還應(yīng)考慮藥物的相對分子質(zhì)量、化學(xué)活性、攝入途徑以及輔料污染等問題,個體年齡、性別、基礎(chǔ)疾病和遺傳因素的差異也極具參考價值[4]。部分藥疹患者T細(xì)胞的激活依賴于藥物是否發(fā)生代謝,以磺胺甲基異 唑為例,部分藥疹患者的藥物特異性T細(xì)胞克隆僅能夠在APC將磺胺甲基異 唑代謝形成亞硝基-磺胺甲基異 唑并最終形成蛋白復(fù)合物的條件下才被激活[5]。這種依賴代謝途徑激活效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞的現(xiàn)象被總結(jié)為“前半抗原”理論。半抗原和前半抗原理論尚不能解釋全部的實驗現(xiàn)象,部分無活性的藥物不依賴APC處理也能夠引起T細(xì)胞克隆特異性增殖[6],因此,提出“p-i”理論(pharmacological interaction with immune receptor),認(rèn)為藥物作為配體并通過藥理學(xué)特性與MHC或TCR分子可逆性結(jié)合,提供激活 T 細(xì)胞的信號[7]。一些研究支持該觀點[6,8-10]:①乙醛封閉的APC不能處理抗原,但可以在致敏藥物的作用下激活特異性T細(xì)胞,提示藥物可不經(jīng)過APC處理即可表現(xiàn)出致敏性;②T細(xì)胞在藥物作用后極短的時間內(nèi)發(fā)生了Ca2+流入,如此短的時間不足以完成抗原處理和提呈;③藥物能夠與MHC分子結(jié)合并改變其識別的抗原肽的特異性;④相對于致敏藥物與蛋白以共價鍵方式穩(wěn)定結(jié)合形成抗原,部分實驗觀察到兩者結(jié)合較不穩(wěn)定。
APC與T細(xì)胞的相互作用存在MHC限制性和TCR的限制性。APC與T細(xì)胞之間形成MHC-藥物抗原-TCR復(fù)合物,這一過程依賴于MHCⅠ類或Ⅱ類分子分別特異性結(jié)合CD8或CD4分子。藥疹患者的CD8+T細(xì)胞克隆受到致敏藥物的刺激并發(fā)生增殖的反應(yīng),能夠被抗MHCⅠ類分子抗體所阻斷[11]。特異性識別CD8分子的MHCⅠ類分子的編碼基因多態(tài)性存在限制性,HLA-B*58:01、HLA-B*15:02分別顯著提高別嘌醇和卡馬西平所致的重癥藥疹的發(fā)病風(fēng)險[7,12],這種現(xiàn)象不僅證實了 CD8+T 細(xì)胞激活依賴于MHCⅠ類分子,還為預(yù)測藥疹和篩除高危人群提供了強有力的依據(jù)。這種限制性不僅發(fā)生在抗原提呈的過程,也發(fā)生在不經(jīng)過抗原提呈的藥疹發(fā)病過程中。羥嘌呤醇過敏的藥疹患者可以不經(jīng)過APC進行抗原提呈而激活CTL,但有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其特異性CTL僅與單一表達(dá)HLA-B*58:01的APC相互作用,限制性識別致敏藥物,其原因可能在于羥嘌呤醇能夠強力結(jié)合HLA-B*58:01分子肽結(jié)合槽的F位,為CTL激活提供信號[10]。相對于MHC限制性,TCR限制性的研究證據(jù)較少。最近有研究表明,卡馬西平介導(dǎo)SJS/TEN患者的藥物特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞的TCR變異區(qū)(V區(qū))中,VB-11-ISGSY為最主要(84%)的克隆型;同時表達(dá)VB-11-ISGSY和HLA-B*15:02健康人群的CTL,能夠在體外實驗中被該藥物特異性刺激并發(fā)生增殖[13]。
藥疹患者外周T細(xì)胞在一些因子的作用下遷移至皮膚,這些因子不僅能夠介導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞向表皮募集和浸潤,還決定T細(xì)胞特異性增殖和藥疹嚴(yán)重的程度。藥疹患者外周循環(huán)T細(xì)胞部分表達(dá)表皮淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原,該抗原作為皮膚歸巢受體,數(shù)量伴隨病程惡化而增多,加劇外周T細(xì)胞遷移浸潤至皮膚[14]。趨化因子能夠直接吸引CTL遷移至皮膚,藥疹患者皮膚表達(dá)的T細(xì)胞表皮趨化因子,能夠吸引外周血表達(dá)CCR10的CTL遷移至皮膚,并發(fā)揮細(xì)胞毒作用,兩種因子的表達(dá)程度與藥疹的嚴(yán)重程度可能呈正相關(guān)[15]。近期有報道,藥疹患者血清中T細(xì)胞表皮趨化因子濃度上調(diào),并與表皮剝脫面積呈正相關(guān);胸腺活化調(diào)節(jié)因子水平也顯著上升。部分細(xì)胞因子如IL-10也具有強效募集CD8+T細(xì)胞的作用[16]。
2.1 CD8+T細(xì)胞:是藥疹發(fā)病機制中最常見的細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞,SJS/TEN患者的表皮、真皮上部、水皰部位存在大量分泌顆粒酶B、穿孔素、顆粒溶素的CD8+T細(xì)胞[17]。CD8+T特異性識別角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞(KC)后,通過微小的細(xì)胞孔道分泌毒性分子至細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,介導(dǎo)KC的凋亡和相互分離[18]。值得注意的是,藥疹患者效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞群落的分布并不恒定,其表型和效應(yīng)會隨著藥疹病程的改變而改變。一項研究指出,藥物超敏綜合征患者的主要特異性效應(yīng)細(xì)胞群落由CD8+T細(xì)胞(86%,停藥后1 d)轉(zhuǎn)為CD4+T細(xì)胞(100%,停藥后 15 d)[19]。
2.2 CD4+T細(xì)胞:除傳統(tǒng)的CD8+T細(xì)胞,CD4+T細(xì)胞也介導(dǎo)斑丘疹型藥疹、蕁麻疹型以及苔蘚樣型藥疹,參與急性泛發(fā)性發(fā)疹性膿皰病和藥物超敏綜合征的發(fā)病[20]。實驗顯示,藥物的特異性刺激導(dǎo)致CD4+T 細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生脫顆粒標(biāo)志物 CD107a[21],表達(dá)顆粒酶 B[22]和顆粒溶素[23]。51Cr釋放試驗證實,藥疹患者的CD4+T細(xì)胞克隆存在細(xì)胞毒性[21]。
2.3 天然殺傷細(xì)胞(NK細(xì)胞):NK細(xì)胞多介導(dǎo)非特異性的靶細(xì)胞殺傷,嚴(yán)格意義上不屬于T細(xì)胞。但有證據(jù)提示,NK細(xì)胞在藥疹發(fā)病中激活,因此,將其歸為CTL的范疇。藥疹患者NK細(xì)胞經(jīng)致敏藥物特異性刺激后CD107a表達(dá)顯著上調(diào),提示其發(fā)生顯著的脫顆粒[22],顆粒溶素表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)[23],與臨床中發(fā)現(xiàn)的NK細(xì)胞在藥疹發(fā)病初期產(chǎn)生大量的穿孔素和顆粒溶素的現(xiàn)象一致[14]。NK細(xì)胞在藥疹病理中的特異性還表現(xiàn)為,在不同種類藥疹中的皮膚浸潤存在特征性差異。TEN、固定性藥疹、斑丘疹和急性泛發(fā)性發(fā)疹性膿皰病患者皮膚的NK細(xì)胞浸潤數(shù)量存在差異,分布模式也存在顯著差異,表現(xiàn)為表皮層和表皮真皮連接處的數(shù)量逐漸減少,而在真皮層的數(shù)量逐漸增多[23]。
在藥疹的發(fā)病過程中,CTL激活并釋放某些細(xì)胞毒性介質(zhì),如顆粒溶素、穿孔素、顆粒酶B和Fas/FasL以啟動廣泛的KC死亡[24]。顆粒溶素是由CTL分泌的多功能蛋白,通過溶解具有負(fù)電荷脂質(zhì)的細(xì)胞膜發(fā)揮活性并誘導(dǎo)KC死亡[25]。流行病學(xué)證據(jù)顯示,血漿中顆粒溶素含量與重癥藥疹患者病死率顯著相關(guān),死亡患者體內(nèi)顆粒溶素含量顯著高于幸存患者體內(nèi)含量,幸存患者血漿中含量顯著高于藥物耐受群體血漿中含量[12]。沉默顆粒溶素基因顯著減輕其對靶細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒作用[26]。穿孔素和顆粒酶B是另外兩種可能參與CTL細(xì)胞毒性的分子,其毒性機制主要在于淋巴細(xì)胞識別靶細(xì)胞后釋放穿孔素[27],穿孔素和顆粒酶相互協(xié)同產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性,表現(xiàn)為穿孔素在胞膜打孔,顆粒酶B通過孔道進入靶細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)DNA斷裂并激活各種凋亡途徑觸發(fā)自身凋亡[28]。穿孔素、顆粒酶B的表達(dá)上調(diào)伴隨藥疹臨床癥狀的逐漸加重,抑制這兩種蛋白的表達(dá)減輕藥疹患者皰液中淋巴細(xì)胞對KC的毒性[29]。在藥疹患者的血清和皮膚活檢中,發(fā)現(xiàn)可溶性Fas水平上升,表皮FasL表達(dá)增加。藥疹患者外周血單核細(xì)胞與致敏藥物聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)后也能產(chǎn)生可溶性FasL[24]。
有現(xiàn)象提示,HIV感染患者對磺胺甲基異 唑超敏的機會遠(yuǎn)高于健康人[9],囊性纖維化也導(dǎo)致患者更易于發(fā)生藥疹[5]。危險信號假說是指機體只有在檢測到危險信號時才會發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng),藥物代謝產(chǎn)物、炎癥因子、氧化應(yīng)激、細(xì)胞損傷以及機體的疾病狀態(tài)都可能是危險信號[1]。有研究證明[30],細(xì)菌內(nèi)毒素、病毒蛋白和38℃外環(huán)境可以在體外模擬機體的病理狀態(tài),顯著促進APC攝取藥物抗原的能力。與該現(xiàn)象相一致,臨床中可以觀察到患囊性纖維化的藥疹患者APC中含有更多的具有致敏作用的藥物蛋白復(fù)合物[5]。其機制可能在于機體在感染時產(chǎn)生的多種促炎癥因子細(xì)胞對APC的刺激作用[30]。此外,IL-7、IL-15能夠促進藥物特異性CTL的激活并分泌更多的顆粒酶B[22],佐證了某些細(xì)胞因子作為危險信號參與CTL介導(dǎo)藥疹發(fā)生這一猜想。其中,相當(dāng)數(shù)量的細(xì)胞因子來自患者體內(nèi)的效應(yīng) CTL[5,21],提示CTL可能放大藥疹病程中的免疫損傷。
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Roles of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of drug eruption
Zhang Cheng*,Lin Min,Zhu Qixing.
*Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health,School of Public Health,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230032,China
Drug eruption is a common delayed hypersensitivity reaction.Its pathogenesis can be usually explained by three theories,including haptens,pro-haptens and pharmacological interaction with immune receptors (the p-i concept).Drug-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in the pathological process of drug eruption.In classic theories,CTLs are commonly recognized as CD8+T cells,but new evidences indicate that other immune cells with different phenotypes,such as CD4+T cells,also have cytotoxicity.In the development of drug eruption,these immune cells are specifically activated to contact with target cells followed by the release of cytotoxins.Target cells can provide a favoring environment for the metabolism of drugs and occurrence of inflammation and apoptosis,and assist CTLs to function.In addition,the danger signal hypothesis suggests that danger signals play an important role in immune activation,which enriches our knowledge on the pathogenesis of drug eruption.
Drug eruptions;T-lymphocytes,cytotoxic;Risk factors;CD8-positive T-lymphocytes;CD4-positive T-lymphocytes
Zhu Qixing,Email:zqxing@yeah.net
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4173.2015.06.015
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81371730);教育部科技發(fā)展中心2013年度博士點基金(20133420110001)
朱啟星,Email:zqxing@yeah.net
本文主要縮寫:SJS:Steven-Johnson綜合征,TEN:中毒性表皮壞死松解癥,CTL:細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞,APC:抗原提呈細(xì)胞,MHC:主要組織相容性復(fù)合體,TCR:T淋巴細(xì)胞受體,KC:角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞
2015-01-08)