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內蒙古中部達來地區(qū)晚侏羅世A 型花崗巖:地球化學特征、巖石成因與地質意義*

2015-03-15 12:24薛富紅張曉暉鄧江夏袁玲玲
巖石學報 2015年6期
關鍵詞:鋯石巖漿同位素

薛富紅 張曉暉 鄧江夏 袁玲玲

XUE FuHong1,2,3,ZHANG XiaoHui1**,DENG JiangXia1,2 and YUAN LingLing1,2

1. 中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所,巖石圈演化國家重點實驗室,北京 100029

2. 中國科學院大學,北京 100049

3. 內蒙古有色地質礦業(yè)有限責任公司,呼和浩特 010010

1. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,CAS,Beijing 100029,China

2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China

3. Inner Mongolia Nonferrous Geological Mining Limited Liability Company,Hohhot 010010,China

2014-03-28 收稿,2014-12-12 改回.

自Loiselle and Wones(1979)以堿性(alkaline)、缺水(anhydrous)、非造山環(huán)境(anorogenic)的三A 屬性為依據(jù)提出A 型花崗巖的概念以來,A 型花崗巖一直是花崗巖領域最重要的研究主題之一(吳福元等,2007)。世界各地大量研究案例表明,A 型花崗巖構成地球上晚太古代以來幾乎所有大陸地體中體量雖少但構造意義至關重要的侵入巖組成。基于這些研究實踐,不同學者進一步提出了許多表征A 型花崗巖多樣性的巖石地球化學指標和分類方案(Whalen et al.,1987;Eby,1990,1992;King et al.,1997;Frost et al.,2001;Frost and Frost,2011),例如衍生自A 型花崗巖但內涵又較其豐富的鐵質花崗巖系列(Frost and Frost,2011)。一方面,A 型花崗巖繁雜多樣的巖石地球化學特征體現(xiàn)了其在潛在殼幔源區(qū)、巖漿形成條件和不同地殼層次演化過程等方面的迥異差別,代表性成因模式包括:多種地殼物質重熔(Clemens et al.,1986;Whalen et al.,1987;Creaser et al.,1991;Pati?o Douce,1997;Landenberger and Collins,1996;Frost and Frost,1997;King et al.,1997;Dall’Agonl and de Oliveira,2007);幔源玄武質巖漿結晶分異(Turner et al.,1992;Mushkin et al.,2003;Dall’Agonl et al.,2012)以及殼源和幔源巖漿的混合作用(Kemp et al.,2005;Yang et al.,2006;Zhang et al.,2012a)。另一方面,A 型花崗巖通常形成于俯沖后伸展或非造山板內伸展環(huán)境,這種親合性使其可以作為伸展構造背景指示器之用。因此,A 型花崗巖的成因涵蓋了重要的殼幔相互作用和獨特的地球動力學過程信息,傳統(tǒng)的地球化學手段和新型礦物原位同位素示蹤技術的綜合運用是揭示A 型花崗巖復雜成因的必要手段(Kemp et al.,2007;Collins et al.,2011;Zhang et al.,2012a)。

作為中亞造山帶的東部單元,內蒙古中部是顯生宙A 型花崗質巖漿活動發(fā)育最廣泛的地區(qū)之一,構成中亞造山帶多條顯生宙堿性巖漿巖帶的重要組成部分(Wu et al.,2002;Jahn et al.,2009)。但截至目前,這些A 型巖漿活動在時代上以晚古生代為主(Hong et al.,1994,1996;Shi et al.,2004;Zhang et al.,2014a),東北和華北克拉通北緣地區(qū)發(fā)育的中生代A 型花崗巖在本區(qū)鮮見報道。鑒于此,本研究擬以高精度SIMS 鋯石U-Pb 測年手段確定內蒙古中部達來地區(qū)鉀長花崗巖的形成時代,依據(jù)元素地球化學、全巖Sr-Nd 同位素和鋯石Hf-O 同位素示蹤其A 型巖漿屬性和巖石成因,進而討論晚侏羅世A 型巖漿活動發(fā)育的構造背景和地球動力學意義。

1 地質背景與巖石學特征

內蒙古中部西與蒙古國南戈壁省接壤,東與中國東北地區(qū)毗鄰,夾持于華北板塊與西伯利亞板塊之間(圖1a)。有關本區(qū)的大地構造屬性,板塊構造理論的早期倡導者就提出了其是由不同時代、不同性質的地塊沿多個縫合帶拼合而成的復合造山帶(李春昱和湯耀慶,1983;Tang,1990;邵濟安,1991),構成中亞巨型增生造山帶的東段(?eng?r et al.,1993)。Xiao et al. (2003)自北向南將內蒙古中部劃分為烏梁雅斯太活動大陸邊緣、賀根山蛇綠-島弧增生雜巖、寶力道島弧增生雜巖、索倫克爾縫合帶、溫都爾廟俯沖-增生雜巖帶和白乃廟島弧雜巖帶(圖1b)。Jian et al. (2010)則將其分為烏梁雅斯太活動大陸邊緣帶、二連-賀根山蛇綠混雜帶、北造山帶(早古生代)、索倫縫合帶(晚古生代)和南造山帶(早古生代)五個主要構造單元。它們記錄了古生代古亞洲洋構造域多島洋體制下的多塊體拼合和大陸地殼生長過程(Windley et al.,2007;張曉暉和翟明國,2010)。雖然有關其閉合的最后時限和位置尚無定論,存在中泥盆世(Tang,1990;Xu et al.,2013)、晚石炭世-早二疊世(邵濟安,1991;Hong et al.,1996)和晚二疊世-早三疊世(?eng?r et al.,1993;Chen et al.,2000;Xiao et al.,2003;Windley et al.,2007;Wu et al.,2011;Cocks and Torsvik,2013;Zhou and Wilde,2013)等諸多觀點,但內蒙中部-蒙古國早二疊世堿性巖漿巖帶與華北克拉通北緣早中三疊世堿性巖漿巖帶的發(fā)育暗示古亞洲洋的閉合可能自北而南進行,北部塊體的拼合在晚石炭世-早二疊世完成(Zhang et al.,2008a,2011,2014a;Blight et al.,2010),南部塊體的拼合則在晚二疊世末結束(Wu et al.,2011;Zhang et al.,2010,2012a,b)。之后華北-蒙古聯(lián)合板塊進入陸內演化階段,經(jīng)歷中亞造山帶造山后伸展、蒙古-鄂霍茨克構造域與古太平洋構造域等多種構造體系的強烈疊加和轉換影響,斷裂構造發(fā)育,巖漿活動頻繁。代表性的事件包括三疊紀的堿性巖漿巖帶(Li et al.,2013)和交其爾變質核雜巖(Davis et al.,2004),侏羅紀-白堊紀巨型火山巖帶(Fan et al.,2003;Wang et al.,2006),早白堊世的一系列變質核雜巖(Wang et al.,2011)和斷陷盆地群(Meng et al.,2003)。

白音烏拉-達來地區(qū)位于蘇尼特左旗西北約50km(圖1b),構造上位于烏梁雅斯太地體邊緣。地體基底主要由新元古代片麻巖、片巖和石英巖以及寒武紀灰?guī)r和硅質巖組成(Xu and Chen,1997;Xu et al.,2013)。依據(jù)區(qū)域地質資料(內蒙古自治區(qū)地質礦產(chǎn)局,1980①內蒙古自治區(qū)地質礦產(chǎn)局. 1980. 白音烏拉和白音吉日嘎啦1∶200000 區(qū)域地質調查報告,2007②內蒙古自治區(qū)地質礦產(chǎn)局. 2007. 白音烏拉1∶250000 地質礦產(chǎn)圖),區(qū)內火山沉積建造包括:(1)奧陶系變質粉砂巖、砂巖和灰?guī)r;(2)泥盆系變質粉砂巖、泥巖夾凝灰?guī)r和少量安山巖;(3)上石炭統(tǒng)-二疊系地層。上石炭統(tǒng)-二疊系地層可以劃分為兩個組(內蒙古自治區(qū)地質礦產(chǎn)局,1980),下部由火山沉積巖組成的寶力道組和上部以沉積巖為主的哲斯組。寶力道組可分為三個巖段,近期鋯石U-Pb 定年指示中段雙峰式火山巖噴發(fā)時間為早二疊世(Zhang et al.,2011);(4)上侏羅統(tǒng)火山沉積建造,自下而上包括查干諾爾組粗面巖-安山巖、道特諾爾組玄武巖和布拉根哈達組流紋質凝灰?guī)r;(5)下白堊統(tǒng)砂巖-細砂巖和上白堊統(tǒng)氣孔狀玄武巖。

圖1 研究區(qū)所在位置與巖體地質圖(a)中亞地區(qū)構造簡圖;(b)華北北部區(qū)域構造地質圖(據(jù)Xiao et al. ,2003,修改);(c)內蒙古達來廟鉀長花崗巖巖體地質圖(據(jù)內蒙古自治區(qū)地質礦產(chǎn)局,2007 修改)Fig.1 The tectonic location of the study area and the sketch pluton map(a)tectonic framework of Central Asia;(b)tectonic map of the northern North China tract (modified after Xiao et al. ,2003);(c)sketch geological map for the Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from the central Inner Mongolia

該區(qū)還發(fā)育多期晚古生代-中生代侵入巖。依據(jù)巖體侵入關系和巖石學特征,結合早期的Rb-Sr 年齡和近期開展的一系列鋯石U-Pb 測年研究,大致分為四個期次:(1)石炭紀輝長巖-閃長巖-花崗巖(330 ~310Ma,內蒙古自治區(qū)地質礦產(chǎn)局,2007);(2)早二疊世堿性花崗巖(Hong et al.,1994;Zhang et al.,2014a);(3)晚二疊世花崗巖和(4)晚中生代黑云母花崗巖和鉀長花崗巖。

圖2 內蒙古達來地區(qū)達來廟鉀長花崗巖礦物組成顯微照片和鋯石U-Pb 年齡圖(a)似斑狀結構,條紋長石和鉀長石斑晶;(b)基質中的斜長石和黑云母,斜長石發(fā)育聚片雙晶;(c)鉀長花崗巖中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光照片;(d)SIMS 鋯石U-Pb 諧和年齡圖Fig.2 Representative thin-section photographs of mineral constituents and zircon U-Pb diagram for the Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from the Dalai region of Inner Mongolia(a)porphyritic texture with perthite and k-feldspar phenocrysts;(b)biotite and plagioclase with polysynthetic twinning in matrix;(c)cathodoluminescence (CL)images for the dated zircons;(d)concordia diagrams of SIMS zircon U-Pb dating

達來廟鉀長花崗巖大致呈北東-南西向展布于中蒙邊境一帶(圖1c),巖體呈不規(guī)則近橢圓形巖株狀產(chǎn)出,大部分被第三系覆蓋,出露部分也遭受強烈風化剝蝕。巖石具似斑狀結構(圖2a),斑晶主要為鉀長石、條紋長石、石英和少量斜長石。鉀長石粒徑約3 ~7mm,主要為自形-半自形結構,發(fā)育卡斯巴雙晶,礦物表面發(fā)生粘土化;條紋長石為正條紋長石,粒徑多為5 ~8mm 左右(圖2a);石英斑晶呈他形,粒度稍小于鉀長石,粒徑3 ~4mm,斜長斑晶被鉀長石交代?;|為細粒結構,主要礦物為石英,占基質的60%,粒度0.05 ~0.5mm;其次為鉀長石,含量15% ~20%,粒度0.075 ~1mm;黑云母呈片狀,含量為2% ~5%,大小為0.05 ~0.5mm(圖2b);斜長石約1% ~2%,呈自形-半自形結構,聚片雙晶發(fā)育(圖2b)。副礦物包括鋯石、鈦鐵礦和磷灰石。

2 分析方法

2.1 鋯石U-Pb 年齡測試

采用磁選和重液分選出鋯石晶體,選擇晶型完整的鋯石樣品貼到環(huán)氧樹脂上,然后進行鋯石透射光、反射光及陰極發(fā)光圖像(CL)分析。鋯石單礦物挑選在河北省廊坊市礦產(chǎn)資源研究中心完成,制靶工作、反射光、透射光和CL 陰極發(fā)光照片采集分別在中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所離子探針實驗室和掃描電鏡實驗室完成。

鋯石SIMS U-Pb 定年在中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所離子探針實驗室Cameca IMS-1280 二次離子質譜儀上完成,U-Th-Pb 同位素比值采用標準鋯石Plésovice(337Ma)校正,標準樣品Qinghu(Li et al.,2009)作為未知樣品檢測數(shù)據(jù)精確度,實測204Pb 值用于普通Pb 校正,采用Isoplot 軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理(Ludwig,2001)。

2.2 全巖主量和微量元素分析

全巖主量和微量元素分別在中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所巖礦制樣與分析實驗室和成礦年代學實驗室進行測試。主量元素采用X-熒光光譜法(XRF)方法,其精度為0.01%;微量元素采用電感耦合等離子質譜法(ICP-MS),將巖石粉末在高溫條件下用HF+HNO3混合酸進行溶解,然后用稀硝酸進行稀釋以備分析,測試分析采用ICP-MS ELEMENT 儀器。

表1 內蒙古中部達來廟鉀長花崗巖(DL10-8)的鋯石U-Pb 年齡Table 1 SIMS zircon U-Pb data for the Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite (DL10-8)from central Inner Mongolia

2.3 全巖Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd 同位素測試

全巖Sm-Nd 同位素分析在中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所穩(wěn)定同位素實驗室完成,具體試驗分析流程見Li et al. (2012)。樣品中加入混合的87Rb-84Sr 和149Sm-150Nd 示蹤劑,并用HF +HNO3+HClO4混合酸在高溫條件下對樣品進行溶解,采用兩階段離子交換層析法分離樣品中Rb、Sr、Sm、Nd 元素,樣品測試使用儀器為Finnigan MAT262 多接收熱電離質譜儀。

2.4 鋯石原位Lu-Hf 和O 同位素分析

鋯石Lu-Hf 在中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所多接收等離子質譜實驗室Thermo-Finnigan Nepturne MC-ICP-MS上測試完成,采用193nm ArF EXcimer Laster-ablation 系統(tǒng)對鋯石進行原位Lu-Hf 同位素分析,標樣MUD(176Hf/177Hf =0.282833 ±25,2σ)和GJ-1(176Hf/177Hf = 0.282020 ± 25,2σ)監(jiān)測實驗過程中的儀器穩(wěn)定性。

鋯石氧同位素亦在中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所離子探針實驗室CAMECA IMS-1280 上測試完成,采用Cs+作為離子源,Penglai 標準鋯石(δ18O =5.31 ±0.10‰)(Li et al.,2010)作為鋯石氧同位素測試標樣,Vienna-標準大洋水(V-SMOW,18O/16O = 0.0020052)對樣品18O/16O 進行標準化。

3 分析結果

3.1 鋯石U-Pb 定年結果

達來廟花崗巖中的鋯石為自形到半自形結構,30 ~150μm,長寬比值約為1.0 ~2.5,陰極發(fā)光圖像顯示鋯石具有典型的巖漿振蕩環(huán)帶(圖2c),指示其屬于巖漿結晶的產(chǎn)物。我們選擇了16 顆鋯石進行U-Pb 測試,SIMS 鋯石U-Pb分析結果見表1。單個鋯石Th、U 含量變化較大,其中U 為39 ×10-6~879 ×10-6,Th 介于26 ×10-6~737 ×10-6,Th/U值變化于0.50 ~0.99 之間,與典型的巖漿成因鋯石一致(Williams,1998)。206Pb/238U 年 齡 值 介 于153.4Ma 和164.6Ma 之間,在一致曲線圖上,16 顆鋯石點分布集中,得到的諧和年齡為160.1 ±1.8Ma(MSWD =0.45)(圖2d),代表了巖體的結晶年齡。

3.2 元素地球化學特征

4 個比較新鮮花崗巖樣品的全巖主量與微量元素分析結果列于表2?;◢弾r的SiO2含量變化于69.8% ~73.9%,具有較高的Al2O3(13.7% ~15.2%)和K2O(4.59% ~4.88%)含量,貧CaO(0.82% ~1.36%)和MgO(0.33% ~0.67%)。在QAP 分類圖(Streckesen,1976)中,4 個樣品均落在鉀長花崗巖區(qū)域(圖3a);FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)值變化于

0.78 ~0.85 之間,在Frost et al. (2001)的SiO2-FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)圖中落在鐵質花崗巖區(qū)(圖3b);在(K2O + Na2OCaO)-SiO2圖中落入鈣堿性-堿性區(qū)域(圖3c);鋁飽和指數(shù)ASI(A/CNK)介于1.02 ~1.1 之間,在A/CNK-A/NK 圖上落入弱過鋁質區(qū)(圖3d)。

花崗巖具有相對較高的稀土元素含量(ΣREE =199.5 ×10-6~304.2 ×10-6),在稀土元素球粒隕石標準化配分圖上(圖4a),巖石呈現(xiàn)LREE 中等富集、重稀土元素分布平坦的配分模式((La/Yb)N=12.7 ~17.7),并具有明顯的負Eu 異常,Eu/Eu*介于0.20 ~0.68。

微量元素方面,花崗巖富集Rb(114 × 10-6~308 ×10-6)、Zr(281×10-6~328×10-6)、Hf(8.2×10-6~12.13×10-6)、Nb(28.6 ×10-6~52.1 ×10-6)、Ta(1.80 ×10-6~6.58 ×10-6)等。在微量元素原始地幔標準化蛛網(wǎng)圖(圖4b)上;巖石呈現(xiàn)富集大離子親石元素、REE 和高場強元素的特征,其中Rb、Th、U 的富集明顯,Ba、Sr、P、Ti 則顯示明顯的負異常。

表2 內蒙古中部達來廟鉀長花崗巖全巖元素地球化學成分(主量元素:wt%;稀土和微量元素:×10 -6)Table 2 Major and trace element composition for Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from central Inner Mongolia (major elements:wt%;trace elements:×10 -6)

圖3 內蒙古達來地區(qū)達來廟鉀長花崗巖分類圖(a)QAP 巖石分類圖(據(jù)Streckesen,1976);(b)SiO2-FeOT/(FeOT +MgO)圖(據(jù)Frost et al. ,2001);(c)SiO2-(K2 O +Na2 O-CaO)圖(據(jù)Frost et al. ,2001);(d)A/NK-A/CNK 圖(據(jù)Peccerillo et al. ,1976). 圖(a)中的區(qū)域分別為:3a-鉀長花崗巖;3b-二長花崗巖;4-花崗閃長巖Fig.3 Classification diagrams for the Dalaimiao K-feldspar granites from the Dalai region of Inner Mongolia(a)QAP ternary diagram (Streckesen,1976);(b)plot of SiO2-FeOT/(FeOT +MgO);(c)plot of (Na2 O +K2 O-CaO)vs. SiO2(Frost et al. ,2001);(d)plot of A/NK vs. A/CNK (Peccerillo and Taylor,1976). In Fig.3a,3a-syenogranite;3b-monzogranite;4-granodiorite

圖4 內蒙古達來地區(qū)達來廟鉀長花崗巖球粒隕石標準化稀土元素配分曲線(a)和原始地幔標準化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(b)(標準化值據(jù)Sun and McDonough,1989)Fig.4 Chondrite-normalized REE pattern (a)and PM-normalized trace element spiderdiagram (b)for the Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from the Dalai region of Inner Mongolia (normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989)

表3 內蒙古中部達來廟鉀長花崗巖全巖Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd 同位素Table 3 Whole rock Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic data for Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from central Inner Mongolia

3.3 全巖Sr-Nd 同位素特征

2 個樣品的Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd 同位素分析結果見表3。如圖所示,初始87Sr/86Sr 值為0.70504 ~0.70523;中度虧損的Nd 同位素(εNd(t)= +2.1 ~+2.3)(圖5a,b),兩階段模式年齡為795 ~761Ma,fSm/Nd變化于-0.41 ~-0.36,其值介于-0.60 ~0.20 之間,表明其模式年齡具地質意義(Jahn et al.,2000)。

3.4 鋯石Hf-O 同位素特征

DL10-8 中鋯石的Hf 及O 同位素分析結果見表4。鋯石分析點的176Yb/177Hf 和176Lu/177Hf 比值變化范圍分別為0.014935 ~0.073478 和0.000555 ~0.002534,初始176Hf/177Hf 比值介于0.282871 ~0.282997,εHf(t)值變化于+7.0~+11.5(圖5c),鋯石Hf 虧損地幔模式年齡(tHfDM)為359 ~537Ma,地殼模式年齡(tCDM)介于475 ~760Ma 之間。

鋯石δ18O 介于6.70 ±0.33‰~7.63 ±0.28‰,大于地幔鋯石氧δ18O 組成(地幔鋯石δ18O =5.3 ±0.3‰)(Valley et al.,1998)。依據(jù)全巖(WR)與鋯石(Zro)之間的分餾關系Δ(WR-Zro)= 0.0612 × SiO2(%)- 2.5‰(Lackey et al.,2008),計算得到全巖δ18O 的估計值為8.61‰~9.53‰。

4 討論

4.1 巖漿屬性與巖石成因

在過去三十年間不同學者先后從不同角度提出的二十多種花崗巖成因分類方案之中,學界接受程度最高的莫過于基于巖漿源區(qū)性質而區(qū)分的MISA(即M、I、S 和A 型)花崗巖成因分類方案(Pitcher,1993;吳福元等,2007)。然而,由于不同源巖的部分熔融或不同的成巖過程可以形成成分相似的花崗巖,因此不同類型之間的區(qū)分在有些情況下并不十分顯豁(Frost et al.,2001),例如,A 型花崗巖和高分異I 型花崗巖的情形尤其如此。澳大利亞拉克蘭褶皺帶(Whalen et al.,1987;King et al.,1997)、中國東北(Jahn et al.,2000;Wu et al.,2002,2003)和華北克拉通(Zhang et al.,2008b;Jiang et al.,2009)等地的大量實例表明,判別A 型花崗巖的兩個重要地球化學標志即高Ga/Al 和高Zr+Nb+Y+Ce 值,一些高分異I 型和S 型花崗巖也可以滿足。另一個通常用來區(qū)分A 型和I 型花崗巖的高FeOT/MgO 比值,實際應用時也只有在SiO2<70%時才比較明顯(Frost et al.,2001)。顯然,許多地球化學判別圖并不能有效地區(qū)分A 型和高分異I型花崗巖(Jiang et al.,2009)。因此,在缺乏特征性堿性暗色礦物的情形下,A 型花崗巖的判別最好是選擇巖漿巖套中基本未分異的巖石單元來進行(King et al.,1997;Jiang et al.,2009)。

表4 內蒙古中部達來廟晚侏羅世鉀長花崗巖鋯石Lu-Hf 和O 同位素Table 4 In-situ zircon Lu-Hf and O isotopic data for Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from central Inner Mongolia

對于達來廟鉀長花崗巖而言,其相對中等的SiO2含量(69.8% ~73.9%)、較高的Sr 豐度(82 ×10-6~136 ×10-6)以及中等Eu 負異常(Eu/Eu*=0.2 ~0.68)均與一些典型A型花崗巖套中的未分異巖石端元相當(Landenberger and Collins,1996;King et al.,1997);比如,東澳大利亞新英格蘭褶皺帶三疊紀A 型花崗巖套中未分異樣品的SiO2含量為66.5% ~71.5%、Sr 豐度為181 ×10-6~277 ×10-6、Eu/Eu*介于0.45 ~0.60(Landenberger and Collins,1996)。同時達來廟花崗巖的一些其他元素比值也與典型A 型原始酸性熔體的元素比值相當(Landenberger and Collins,1996;Liu et al.,2005),如Ca/Sr(48 ~71),Rb/Sr(0.91 ~1.87)和Rb/Ba(0.23 ~0.66),表明它們沒有經(jīng)歷明顯的分異過程。

此外,達來廟花崗巖較高的Zr 豐度(281 ×10-6~328 ×10-6)也是其有別于I 型花崗巖的重要特征。鑒于鋯石在巖漿演化過程中一般較早結晶且其Zr 元素的分配系數(shù)對溫度極為敏感,我們可以通過鋯石飽和溫度來估算花崗巖形成的溫度條件。根據(jù)Watson and Harrison (1983)基于鋯石溶解度模擬提出的計算公式TZr(℃)=[12900/(lnDZr(496000/熔體)+0.85M+2.96)]-273.15,計算得到的鋯石飽和溫度為833 ~847℃。由于達來廟花崗巖中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)古老繼承鋯石,表明巖漿結晶前熔體中的Zr 不完全飽和,這種情況下的TZr代表源區(qū)原始巖漿的最低溫度(Miller et al.,2003),因此達來廟鉀長花崗巖屬于熱花崗巖。

因此,達來廟花崗巖具備接近于原始A 型花崗質巖漿的元素地球化學行為和高溫特征。其10000(Ga/Al 值的變化范圍為2.87 ~3.68,與中亞造山帶鋁質A 型花崗巖的值相當,在Whalen et al.(1987)分類圖(圖6a,b)上,樣品均落在A 型花崗巖范圍;在Y-Nb 圖中(Pearce et al.,1984),樣品落入板內花崗巖區(qū)(圖6c)。在Eby(1992)提出的Nb-Y-Ce 圖(圖6d)上,樣品落入A2型花崗巖區(qū),指示一種造山后的構造環(huán)境。

如前所述,A 型酸性巖漿可以源于多種成因過程,主要包括:(1)幔源拉斑玄武質巖漿或堿性巖漿的分離結晶與同化混染(Turner et al.,1992;Mushkin et al.,2003);(2)多種殼源物質的部分熔融(Clemens et al.,1986;Creaser et al.,1991;Pati?o Douce and Beard,1995;Pati?o Douce,1997;Landenberger and Collins,1996;Frost and Frost,1997;King et al.,1997;Dall’Agonl and de Oliveira,2007);(3)殼源酸性巖漿與幔源基性巖漿的混合作用(Kemp et al.,2005;Yang et al.,2006;Zhang et al.,2012a)。

達來廟鉀長花崗巖不大可能由幔源基性巖漿的分離結晶與同化混染過程而形成。首先,基性巖漿分異結晶形成的A 型花崗巖通常與大面積同期基性-超基性巖呈雙峰式產(chǎn)出(Turner et al.,1992),例如美國黃石公園A 型流紋巖(Hildreth et al.,1991),與地幔柱相關的峨眉山A 型花崗巖(鐘玉婷和徐義剛,2009),以色列Amram 地塊上出露的A型花崗巖(Mushkin et al.,2003),而達來廟花崗巖缺少與之伴生的同期中基性巖石。其次,實驗巖石學研究表明幔源基性母巖漿只有在極端情況下,才能分異形成具低硅流紋質組成(≤68% SiO2)的鉀質殘留熔體,其間伴有大量中間產(chǎn)物出現(xiàn)(Whitaker et al.,2008;Frost and Frost,2011),達來廟花崗巖相對單一的巖性組成明顯有悖于簡單的巖漿分異模型。再次,熱模擬實驗證明,即使在最適宜的條件下,同化程度最高幾乎不可能超過~25%,許多同化作用過程(包括機械混合與化學反應)都需要克服嚴峻的能量障礙(Glazner,2007)。

圖5 內蒙古達來地區(qū)達來廟鉀長花崗巖的元素地球化學圖解(a)εNd(t)-87Sr/86Sri;(b)εNd(t)-tDM;(c)鋯石εHf(t)-鋯石U-Pb 年齡;(d)鋯石εHf(t)-δ18Ozircon. (a)內蒙古中部地區(qū)中泥盆世拉斑質輝長巖、石炭紀島弧巖漿巖、早二疊世基性-酸性火山巖和早二疊世堿性花崗巖同位素數(shù)據(jù)分別來自Zhang et al. (2009);Chen et al. (2000);Zhang et al. (2011)和Zhang et al. (2014a);圖(c)中的石炭紀島弧巖漿巖和早二疊世堿性花崗巖鋯石Hf 同位素數(shù)據(jù)分別來自Chen et al.(2009)和Zhang et al. (2014a)Fig.5 Isotopic plots for the Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from the Dalai region of Inner Mongolia(a)εNd(t)vs. 87Sr/86Sri;(b)εNd(t)vs. tDM;(c)zircon εHf(t)vs. zircon U-Pb age;(d)zircon εHf(t)vs. δ18Ozircon. In Fig.5a,samples for Devonian tholeiitic gabbros,Carboniferous arc intrusions,Early Permian mafic and felsic volcanic rocks,Early Permian alkali granites from central Inner Mongolia are from Zhang et al. (2009);Chen et al. (2000),Zhang et al. (2011)and Zhang et al. (2014a),respectively. In Fig.5c,fields for Carboniferous arc intrusions and Early Permian alkali granites are from Chen et al. (2009)and Zhang et al. (2014a),respectively

巖漿混合作用形成的A 型花崗巖通常具有發(fā)育許多暗色基性顯微包體的野外地質特征和變化范圍較大的鋯石Hf-O 同位素組成(Yang et al.,2006;Kemp et al.,2007;Zhang et al.,2012a)。野外觀察表明,達來廟花崗巖缺少與之相關的暗色基性包體,其鋯石Hf-O 同位素組成變化范圍很小(圖5c,d)。因此,巖漿混合作用也無法解釋達來廟花崗巖的成因。

在諸多可能衍生A 型花崗質巖漿的殼源物質中,早期學者提出的長英質巖漿出熔之后的殘余麻粒巖質下地殼物質(Collins et al.,1982)已被后來的實驗巖石學證明其部分熔融不可能析出A 型花崗質巖漿(Creaser et al.,1991;Pati?o Douce and James,1995)。進一步的實驗巖石學研究(Skjerlie and Johnston,1993;Pati?o Douce,1997)指示,英云閃長質-花崗閃長質巖石在不同地殼深度的脫水熔融可以產(chǎn)生A 型花崗質熔體,即低壓時形成準鋁質巖漿,高壓時形成過鋁質巖漿(Frost and Frost,2011)。世界各地大量實例也陸續(xù)確證,中基性殼源巖石在高壓條件下的部分熔融是形成鈣堿性-堿性鋁質A 型花崗巖的重要機制(Frost and Frost,2011;Dall’Agonl et al.,2012)。例如,澳大利亞拉克蘭褶皺帶的泥盆紀鋁質A 型花崗巖(King et al.,1997)和巴西亞馬遜克拉通古元古代A 型花崗巖(Dall’Agonl and de Oliveira,2007)。另外,與英云閃長巖相當?shù)淖咸K花崗質中下地殼巖石也是可能析出A 型花崗質巖漿的重要源巖,例如,東澳大利亞新英格蘭褶皺帶三疊紀Chaelundi 雜巖中的A 型花崗巖(Landenberger and Collins,1996)和華南揚子克拉通新元古代復合巖套中的A 型花崗巖(Zhao et al.,2008)。

圖6 內蒙古達來地區(qū)達來廟鉀長花崗巖的元素地球化學屬性與環(huán)境判別圖(a)(FeOT/MgO)-10000Ga/Al 判別圖(Whalen et al. ,1987);(b)(K2O+Na2O)/CaO-(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)圖(Whalen et al. ,1987);(c)Nb-Y 構造環(huán)境判別圖(Pearce et al. ,1984),VAG-火山島弧花崗巖,WPG-板內花崗巖,COLG-碰撞花崗巖,ORG-大洋中脊花崗巖;(d)Nb-Y-Ce判別圖(Eby,1992)Fig.6 The elemental affinity classification and tectonic discrimination plots for the Dalaimiao K-feldspar granite from the Dalai region of Inner Mongolia(a)FeOT/MgO vs. 10000Ga/Al discrimination diagram (Whalen et al. ,1987);(b)(K2O+Na2O)/CaO vs. (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)discrimination diagram (Whalen et al. ,1987);(c)Y vs. Nb tectonic discrimination diagram (Pearce et al. ,1984),VAG=volcanic arc granites,WPG=within plate granites,COLG=collisional granites,ORG=oceanic ridge granites;(d)Nb-Y-Ce discrimination diagram (Eby,1992)

達來廟花崗巖的形成可能契合這一成因模式。其一,研究區(qū)在古生代經(jīng)歷了與古亞洲洋俯沖相關的多階段地殼增生過程,包括形成新生地殼的初始島弧巖漿作用(Jian et al.,2008;Zhang et al.,2009),導致地殼持續(xù)生長的成熟大洋島弧和大陸島弧巖漿作用(Chen et al.,2000)以及俯沖后伸展背景下幔源巖漿底侵引起的垂向增生(Zhang et al.,2008a,2011,2014a)。這些以中基性漿源巖石為主體的年輕增生物質是研究區(qū)中下地殼的基本組成要素,從而也構成可以析出低初始87Sr/86Sr、高εNd(t)和εHf(t)以及年輕模式年齡的A型酸性巖漿的可能源區(qū),達來廟花崗巖與研究區(qū)大量古生代島弧巖漿巖在Sr-Nd-Hf 同位素組成方面的類似性可以確證這種關聯(lián)性(圖5)。其二,支持這種關聯(lián)性的另一個證據(jù)是達來廟花崗巖中鋯石具有明顯高于地幔鋯石的氧同位素組成。一方面,該值與研究區(qū)石炭紀島弧巖漿建造中輝長巖-輝長閃長巖鋯石的δ18O 值大體一致(圖5d);另一方面,該特征也契合全球主要大陸古匯聚大陸邊緣基性下地殼普遍高δ18O 的趨勢(Valley et al.,1994;Peck and Valley,2000;Lackey et al.,2005)。由于氧在鋯石中的低擴散速率及高封閉溫度,后期的變質作用與熱液蝕變很難改變鋯石的氧同位素組成,因此鋯石保留了巖漿結晶時的氧同位素信息(Cherniak and Watson,2003)。對于曾經(jīng)見證過洋殼俯沖的古活動大陸邊緣而言,其中下地殼巖石的鋯石高氧同位素組成特征指示其巖漿源區(qū)經(jīng)歷過高δ18O 流體或含水硅酸鹽熔體的加入,這種高δ18O 流體或熔體通常來自遭受過低溫熱液蝕變的上部洋殼及其上覆沉積物的脫水熔融(King et al.,1998;Lackey et al.,2005)。例如,美國加州早白堊世Sierra Nevada 巖基中輝長巖和英云閃長巖中鋯石普遍呈現(xiàn)高δ18O(7.8 ±0.7‰)特征,質量平衡計算表明其由至少18‰的蝕變洋殼物質加入到原始巖漿源區(qū)所致(Lackey et al.,2005)。

因此,綜合考慮研究區(qū)年輕增生物質主導的地殼屬性和達來廟花崗巖獨特的地球化學特征,我們認為達來廟A 型花崗巖形成于中下地殼中基性漿源物質在高壓下的部分熔融及其后的分異作用。

4.2 地質意義

東北亞顯生宙大陸演化研究近年來取得的最重要進展是,識別出一個西迄蒙古-鄂霍茨克縫合帶、東抵太平洋之濱、跨越2500km、覆蓋面積逾三百萬平方千米的早白堊世巨型地殼伸展省(Wang et al.,2011,2012)。其地質表征包括一系列早白堊世變質核雜巖(Wang et al.,2011;Mazukabzov et al.,2006;Donskaya et al.,2008;Davis et al.,1996;Webb et al.,1999;Darby et al.,2004;Zorin,1999)、斷陷盆地群(Meng et al.,2003;Ritts et al.,2001;Graham et al.,2001)以及大規(guī)模的火山噴發(fā)活動(Fan et al.,2003;Wang et al.,2006)。

相對于早白堊世大規(guī)模的上地殼伸展,蒙古-華北北部地塊中晚侏羅世一直被認為總體上處于地殼縮短和推覆加厚時期(Davis et al.,2001;Meng et al.,2003)。但最近針對一些典型變質核雜巖核部侵入巖的研究表明,這些地區(qū)中下地殼層次的伸展可能在中晚侏羅世就已經(jīng)啟動(Wang et al.,2012)。例如,南蒙古Zagan 變質核雜巖中堿性花崗巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡介于161 ~152Ma(Donskaya et al.,2008);東蒙古Nartyn 地體中堿性巖的年齡為152 ~138Ma(Daoudene et al.,2011,2012);呼和浩特變質核雜巖中花崗巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡介于148 ~140Ma(Guo et al.,2012);云蒙山變質核雜巖中核部巖漿巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡大約為150~145Ma(Davis et al.,2001;Wang et al.,2012);遼西醫(yī)巫閭山變質核雜巖核部巖基大約在170 ~150Ma 侵位(吳福元等,2006;Zhang et al.,2008b,2012c,2014b);膠東玲瓏變質核雜巖核部巖漿巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡大約為160 ~150Ma(Charles et al.,2011)。這些指示中下地殼流動的伸展巖漿穹隆,結合近年來在華北克拉通陸續(xù)厘定的一系列晚侏羅世A 型花崗巖,例如西拉木倫碾子溝二長花崗巖(陳志廣等,2008),白乃廟地區(qū)道郎呼都格鉀長花崗巖(解洪晶等,2012),表明蒙古-華北北部陸塊的中下地殼在中晚侏羅世普遍處于伸展流動狀態(tài)。內蒙古中部晚侏羅世A 型花崗巖的厘定進一步提供了中下地殼彌散狀區(qū)域伸展的巖石學證據(jù)。

事實上,南蒙古和華北北部典型盆地的沉積建造分析和控盆斷裂系統(tǒng)的構造解析表明,這種彌散狀中下地殼伸展與流動是形成獨立狀分布的中晚侏羅世夭折裂陷(failed rift)盆地的重要背景(Graham et al.,2001;Meng et al.,2003)。例如,南蒙古東戈壁盆地中火山巖夾層的40Ar/39Ar 年齡為155 ±1Ma(Graham et al.,2001);二連地區(qū)NE-SW 向展布的中晚侏羅世小型裂谷盆地群(肖安成等,2001;Meng et al.,2003),指示其裂陷作用的底部堿質中基性火山巖的40Ar/39Ar 年齡為156 ~148Ma(陳義賢和陳文寄,1997);Davis and Darby(2010)基于遼西地區(qū)控盆斷裂系統(tǒng)的研究識別出了可能影響整個燕山造山帶的中晚侏羅世伸展事件。

中晚侏羅世和早白堊世兩期迥異伸展事件的確定,為進一步探究蒙古-華北地塊晚中生代大陸地球動力學過程提供了全新視角。長期以來,有關這一東亞大陸演化驅動機制問題總體上表現(xiàn)為(1)古太平洋板塊的俯沖作用(Traynor and Sladen,1995;鄭亞東等,2000;Davis et al.,2001)和(2)蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋的閉合(Zorin,1999;Graham et al.,2001;Meng,2003;Wang et al.,2011)之爭。不同學者先后提出的具體動力學過程包括俯沖洋殼板片斷離(Van der Voo et al.,1999;Meng,2003)、弧后伸展與板片回退(Traynor and Sladen,1995;Chen et al.,2013)、巖石圈地幔拆沉(Wu et al.,2005)和重力垮塌(Zorin,1999;Graham et al.,2001;Meng et al.,2003)。

近年來的一系列研究表明,古太平洋板塊俯沖引起的遠程效應是引起華北克拉通早白堊世巨量巖漿作用和克拉通破壞高潮的主要機制(Wu et al.,2005;Chen et al.,2013;Zhu et al.,2012;Zhang et al.,2014c)。而對于中晚侏羅世局域性的巖漿作用和克拉通破壞事件,則可能受控于多重構造體制(Wang et al.,2011;Zhang et al.,2014c)。

從空間上看,研究區(qū)位于華北克拉通破壞焦點之外的內蒙古中北部,距離古太平洋俯沖帶上千千米之遙,而與蒙古-鄂霍茨克縫合帶僅距百余千米;從時間上來說,近期的一系列古地磁和古地理重建工作一致認為,蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋的最終閉合發(fā)生在中-晚侏羅世(Zorin,1999;Metelkin et al.,2010;Cocks and Torsvik,2013)?;谶@種空間契合和時間關聯(lián),蒙古-華北北部陸塊中晚侏羅世的巖漿活動可能主要受控于蒙古-鄂霍茨克構造域的地球動力學過程。

由于隨下落巖石圈焦點位移而轉移的緣故,俯沖巖石圈回退和巖石圈拆沉一般形成在時間上并不統(tǒng)一的區(qū)域伸展格局(Platt et al.,2003),板片斷離模式則一般造成線狀分布的伸展廊帶(von Blanckenburg and Davies,1995)。顯然,蒙古-華北地塊晚中生代經(jīng)歷的間隔明確的兩段式、各自比較統(tǒng)一的區(qū)域伸展格局有悖于上述模式,而與巖石圈地幔對流減薄通常預測的地殼增厚與減薄啟動之間經(jīng)歷的30 ~40Ma的時間間隔相一致(Platt et al.,2003),同時也契合造山后重力垮塌誘發(fā)的典型巖石圈和地殼響應(Rey et al.,2001,2011)。實際上,作為板塊聚合后造山帶在自身重力作用下向周緣的伸展流動行為,重力垮塌大多由巖石圈地幔對流減薄所誘發(fā)(Vanderhaeghe and Teyssier,2001),新生代造山帶因巖石圈地幔對流減薄誘發(fā)重力垮塌而引起兩段式地殼伸展的實例包括青藏高原(England and Houseman,1989;Houseman and Molnar,1997)和地中海Alboran 構造域(Platt et al.,2003),前者兩期伸展的時間間隔為20 ~30Myr(Rey et al.,2001;Vanderhaeghe and Teyssier,2001),后者早期巖漿穹隆與晚期變質核雜巖高應變伸展構造之間的間隔為30~40Myr (Vanderhaeghe and Teyssier,2001;Platt et al.,2003)。

綜合以上分析,我們認為,蒙古-華北北部地塊晚中生代兩段式的地殼伸展軌跡可能記錄了蒙古-鄂霍茨克構造域造山后的重力垮塌過程。

5 結論

(1)內蒙古達來廟鉀長花崗巖形成時代為晚侏羅世(鋯石U-Pb 年齡為160Ma)。

(2)達來廟鉀長花崗巖呈似斑狀結構,斑晶主要為鉀長石、石英和少量斜長石,基質主要組成為石英、斜長石和少量黑云母;副礦物主要為鋯石、鈦鐵礦和磷灰石。

(3)達來廟鉀長花崗巖具有鋁質A 型花崗巖的元素地球化學屬性,并呈現(xiàn)低初始87Sr/86Sr、高εNd(t)、高的鋯石εHf(t)和δ18O 值。這些元素與同位素地球化學特征指示其可能形成于中基性中下地殼物質的部分熔融和其后的結晶分異作用。

(4)達來廟A 型花崗巖見證了華北陸塊中晚侏羅世啟動的彌散狀中下地殼伸展過程;蒙古-華北板塊晚中生代兩段式地殼伸展軌跡契合于蒙古-鄂霍茨克構造域造山后的重力垮塌過程。

致謝 感謝中國科學院地質與地球物理研究所凌瀟瀟、李文君、王紅月和李倩楠分別在SIMS 鋯石U-Pb 測年、微量元素、主量元素和全巖同位素測試過程中給予的熱心幫助。兩位審稿人提出的建設性意見使文章臻于完善,在此謹致衷心謝忱。

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