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西天山昭蘇北部大哈拉軍山組火山巖中輝長巖體的形成時(shí)代、地球化學(xué)特征及地質(zhì)意義*

2015-03-15 12:24林靚錢青王艷玲高俊江拓劉新
巖石學(xué)報(bào) 2015年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:輝長巖輝石哈拉

林靚 錢青 王艷玲 高俊 江拓 劉新

LIN Liang1,2,QIAN Qing1,3**,WANG YanLing4,GAO Jun1,JIANG Tuo1,2 and LIU Xin1,2

1. 中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所,礦產(chǎn)資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100029

2. 中國科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049

3. 中國科學(xué)院青藏高原地球科學(xué)卓越創(chuàng)新中心,北京 100101

4. 美國羅切斯特大學(xué)地球與環(huán)境科學(xué)系,羅切斯特 NY 14627

1. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China

2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China

3. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

4. Department of Earth and Environment Sciences,University of Rochester,Rochester,NY 14627,America

2014-09-10 收稿,2014-12-09 改回.

1 引言

在新疆西天山地區(qū),廣泛分布著一套由玄武巖、玄武安山巖、流紋巖、粗面巖、粗面安山巖及中酸性凝灰?guī)r等組成的大哈拉軍山組火山巖,主要在伊犁盆地南北緣的博羅科努山南坡、伊寧縣彼里克溪上游地區(qū)、那拉提山、阿吾拉勒山、昭蘇縣、特克斯縣以南的大哈拉軍山和以北的伊什基里克山一帶(新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局,1993;朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;錢青等,2006;王博等,2006;龍靈利等,2008;Wang et al.,2007b;朱志新等,2012)。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為大哈拉軍山組火山巖屬于裂谷火山巖系,形成于碰撞后大陸裂谷拉伸階段(車自成等,1996;夏林圻等,2002,2004,2006;Xia et al.,2004),一些學(xué)者提出它們形成于伊犁-中天山板塊受南北兩側(cè)板片俯沖而造成的大陸減薄拉張環(huán)境(李天福和楊軍臣,1997;陳丹玲等,2001),其他許多學(xué)者則認(rèn)為大哈拉軍山組火山巖形成于大陸邊緣島弧環(huán)境,與南天山洋或北天山洋向伊犁-中天山板塊之下俯沖有關(guān)(姜常義等,1995;趙振華等,2003;朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;錢青等,2006;王博等,2006;Wang et al.,2007b,2009;龍靈利等,2008)。

古生物地層學(xué)和同位素年代學(xué)研究表明,大哈拉軍山組火山巖主體形成于晚泥盆世至早石炭世(車自成等,1994,1996;劉友梅等,1994;朱永峰等,2005,2006;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;張芳榮等,2009;李繼磊等,2010)。由于這些火山巖中巖漿鋯石含量較少,而繼承鋯石往往較多(錢青等,2006;朱永峰等,2006),不易直接確定火山巖的形成年齡。在部分地區(qū)如昭蘇縣夏特鄉(xiāng)北木扎爾特河口一帶,通過SHRIMP 鋯石U-Pb 定年查明,早期厘定的一些大哈拉軍山組火山巖(新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)地質(zhì)局區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查大隊(duì),1981①新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)地質(zhì)局區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查大隊(duì). 1981. 汗騰格里峰幅1∶20 萬地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)圖)實(shí)際上形成于早寒武世(516.3 ±7.4Ma),屬于早古生代早期MORB 型蛇綠巖的殘片(錢青等,2007;Qian et al.,2009)。因此,有必要對(duì)伊犁-中天山板塊不同地區(qū)大哈拉軍山組火山巖的形成時(shí)代進(jìn)行更為明確的約束。

本文對(duì)西天山昭蘇北部侵入于大哈拉軍山組火山巖層上部的輝長巖體進(jìn)行了Cameca 鋯石U-Pb 定年和地球化學(xué)研究,通過地球化學(xué)模擬計(jì)算,探討了輝長巖的巖石成因;通過高精度定年結(jié)果揭示輝長巖的形成時(shí)代,為限定昭蘇北部大哈拉軍山組火山巖以及不整合覆蓋在大哈拉軍山組火山巖之上的阿克沙克組沉積物的形成時(shí)代提供了制約,在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)早石炭世晚期至晚石炭世早期西天山地區(qū)的地質(zhì)演化進(jìn)行了探討。

2 地質(zhì)概況和巖石學(xué)特征

天山造山帶位于中亞造山帶的西南緣,是一個(gè)重要的古生代碰撞造山帶,天山造山帶在我國境內(nèi)存在兩條晚古生代縫合帶,即中天山北緣縫合帶和中天山南緣縫合帶,分別由古準(zhǔn)噶爾洋、南天山洋閉合形成,這兩條縫合帶將天山及其鄰區(qū)分割為三個(gè)板塊:準(zhǔn)噶爾、伊犁-中天山和塔里木板塊(Windley et al.,1990;Gao et al.,1998,2011;高俊等,2006;Wang et al.,2007a,2011;Han et al.,2011)。南天山洋的形成始于Rodinia 大陸的裂解(Chen et al.,1999;Jiang et al.,2015),從中-晚奧陶世至晚石炭世,南天山洋向伊犁-中天山板塊之下俯沖,大量蛇綠巖、高壓變質(zhì)巖、花崗巖和島弧火山巖的年代學(xué)以及沉積地層、古地磁資料表明南天山洋在晚石炭世(~300Ma)發(fā)生洋盆閉合(趙振華等,2003;Wang et al.,2007a;Gao et al.,2009,2011;Zhu et al.,2009;Su et al.,2010;Han et al.,2011;Li et al.,2011;Jiang et al.,2014)。準(zhǔn)噶爾洋亦向伊犁-中天山板塊之下俯沖,洋盆可能在晚石炭世閉合(Wang et al.,2006,2007a,b,2009)。晚石炭世-早二疊世,西天山及鄰區(qū)進(jìn)入后碰撞演化階段(趙振華等,2003,2006;Zhao et al.,2008;Gao et al.,2011;Han et al.,2011)。

在昭蘇縣和特克斯縣以北的恰普恰勒山-伊什基里克山一帶,大哈拉軍山組主要由紫紅色或灰黑色的玄武巖和玄武安山巖夾火山碎屑巖、砂巖、灰?guī)r組成,其中發(fā)現(xiàn)維憲階(Visean)生物化石(車自成等,1994,1996)。剖面底部為厚層的紫紅色火山角礫巖,剖面中下部以玄武巖和玄武安山巖為主,火山巖呈塊狀,其中杏仁體發(fā)育。玄武巖主要由堿性橄欖玄武巖和較少的拉斑玄武巖組成,部分玄武巖夾層具有富Fe、Ti 貧Si 的特征,屬Fe-Ti 玄武巖(錢青等,2006)。玄武巖中含繼承鋯石(206Pb/238U 年齡從2035Ma 至440Ma),前人報(bào)道過一個(gè)巖漿鋯石的206Pb/238U 年齡為320.9 ±2.2Ma(錢青等,2006)。剖面上部為近水平的火山碎屑巖、雜砂巖、灰?guī)r夾安山巖。大哈拉軍山組之上不整合覆蓋了下石炭統(tǒng)阿克沙克組灰?guī)r、砂巖、粉砂巖地層,二疊系鐵木里克組(礫巖、砂巖)和侏羅系水西溝群(砂巖、礫巖、泥頁巖夾煤層)不整合覆蓋于大哈拉軍山組之上,或兩者呈斷層接觸(新疆地質(zhì)局區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查大隊(duì),1979a①新疆地質(zhì)局區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查大隊(duì). 1979a. 卡因特卡拉蘇幅幅1∶20 萬地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)圖,b②新疆地質(zhì)局區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查大隊(duì). 1979b. 卡因特卡拉蘇幅幅1∶20 萬地質(zhì)圖)。

圖1 西天山昭蘇北部地質(zhì)圖(a)據(jù)Gao et al. (1998);(b)據(jù)新疆地質(zhì)局區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查大隊(duì)(1979a,b). 實(shí)心五角星為輝長巖采樣點(diǎn)Fig.1 Geological map of northern Zhaosu,western Tianshan Mountains(a)after Gao et al. (1998). Solid star means gabbro sample locality

本文報(bào)道的輝長巖體位于阿克沙克山以西約7km 處,巖體出露范圍南北方向?qū)捈s300m,東西方向長約500m,巖體中心的GPS 位置為北緯43°17'50″,東經(jīng)81°00'50″,海拔2750m(圖1)。輝長巖侵入于大哈拉軍山組的上部,中細(xì)粒塊狀,具輝長輝綠結(jié)構(gòu),主要由單斜輝石、斜長石及磁鐵礦(<5%)組成,斜長石和單斜輝石呈自形-半自形,長度多數(shù)為1.5 ~4.0mm,斜長石大部分已經(jīng)蝕變,僅存假象,單斜輝石仍較新鮮(圖2),局部他形的單斜輝石包裹自形斜長石晶體,具嵌晶含長結(jié)構(gòu)。

3 分析方法

圖2 正交偏光下輝長巖的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)特征Fig. 2 Transmitted-light photomicrographs with crossed Nicols for the gabbro

鋯石分選在河北省廊坊區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所通過樣品破碎、重選、磁選、手工挑純等常規(guī)程序完成。將鋯石樣品與鋯石標(biāo)樣91500(Wiedenbeck et al.,1995)和Qinghu(Li et al.,2009)粘貼在環(huán)氧樹脂靶上,拋光使其曝露一半晶面,進(jìn)行透射光、反射光和陰極發(fā)光照相并通過分析圖像選定測(cè)試點(diǎn)。U、Th、Pb 的測(cè)定在中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所離子探針實(shí)驗(yàn)室Cameca IMS-1280 型二次離子質(zhì)譜儀(SIMS)上完成(分析流程見Li et al.,2009),鋯石標(biāo)樣與鋯石樣品以1∶3 比例交替測(cè)定。用10nA 強(qiáng)度的一次O2-離子束通過- 13kV 加速電壓轟擊樣品表面,束斑直徑約~30μm。Th 和U 含量用標(biāo)樣91500(U =81.2 ×10-6,Th =29×10-6,Wiedenbeck et al.,1995)校正,普通Pb 校正采用實(shí)測(cè)的204Pb,由于測(cè)得的普通Pb 含量很低,假定普通Pb 主要源于制樣過程中帶入的表面Pb 污染,用現(xiàn)代地殼的平均Pb 同位素組成(Stacey and Kramers,1975)作為普通Pb 組成進(jìn)行校正。以標(biāo)樣Qinghu(159.5Ma;Li et al.,2009)作為未知樣品檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的精確度。單點(diǎn)分析的同位素比值及年齡誤差為1σ,U-Pb 加權(quán)平均年齡誤差為95%置信度,數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果處理采用Isoplot 軟件(Ludwig,2001)。

礦物成分在中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所電子探針實(shí)驗(yàn)室采用日本JEOL 公司JXA-8100 型電子探針進(jìn)行分析,加速電壓、電流及束斑分別為15kV,20nA 和5μm,標(biāo)樣采用美國SPI 公司53 種礦物。

全巖主量、微量元素在中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所完成。主量元素采用X 射線熒光光譜儀(XRF-1500)進(jìn)行測(cè)試,樣品在105℃烘干,稱取巖石粉末(小于200 目樣品)0.6000g 測(cè)定燒失量。使用無水高純四硼酸鋰(Li2B4O7)為助熔劑,在1100℃TR-1000S 熔爐中制成玻璃片,采用國家一級(jí)巖石標(biāo)樣GBW07101-07114。

微量元素采用Finnigan Element 型ICP-MS(電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜儀)完成,稱取40mg 樣品粉末(小于200 目)放在Teflon 溶樣罐中,加入一定量的HNO3(濃度1∶1)和HF,在200℃及150℃烤箱內(nèi)分別放置一定時(shí)間,確保樣品全溶。內(nèi)標(biāo)使用1.0mL 500 ×10-9的In。標(biāo)樣使用GSR1,GSR2 和GSR3,相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差≤10%。

Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd 同位素測(cè)試在中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所固體同位素實(shí)驗(yàn)室采用德國Finnigan 公司MAT262固體質(zhì)譜儀完成。Rb-Sr 和REE 的分離和純化是在裝2mL體積AG 50W-X12 交換樹脂(200 ~400 目)的石英交換柱內(nèi)進(jìn)行,Sm 和Nd 的分離和純化是在石英交換柱用1mL Teflon粉末為交換介質(zhì)完成的。準(zhǔn)確稱取70 ~100mg 粉末樣品置于Teflon 罐中,加入適量的87Rb-84Sr 和149Sm-150Nd 混合稀釋劑和純化的HF-HClO4混合試劑,密閉加熱使樣品完全溶解,用一定濃度鹽酸提取樣品并通過交換柱分離提純。Sr 同位素比值測(cè)定采用Ta 金屬帶和Ta-HF 發(fā)射劑,Rb、Sm 和Nd 同位素比值測(cè)定采用Re 金屬帶。Nd 和Sr 同位素比值分別采用146Nd/144Nd =0.7219,86Sr/88Sr =0.1194 校正,銣-鍶和釤-釹的全流程本底分別為100 ~300pg 和50 ~100pg。

4 分析結(jié)果

4.1 輝長巖的形成時(shí)代

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圖3 輝長巖(YZ04)鋯石的陰極發(fā)光圖像(a)和U-Pb 年齡諧和圖(b)Fig.3 Cathodoluminescence (CL)images (a)and U-Pb concordia diagram (b)for zircons from gabbro (Sample YZ04)

對(duì)輝長巖樣品YZ04 中的鋯石進(jìn)行了Cameca 鋯石U-Pb 定年,鋯石呈淺粉色,顆粒約50 ~150μm 大小,多數(shù)為短柱狀,長寬比例接近2∶1,在陰極發(fā)光圖像(圖3a)中顯示較寬的巖漿生長環(huán)帶。16 粒鋯石上16 個(gè)分析點(diǎn)的U、Th、Pb 同位素含量及比值分析結(jié)果見表1。Th/U 比值介于1.1 ~2.5,符合巖漿鋯石的特征(Rubatto and Gebauer,2000;吳元保和鄭永飛,2004)。207Pb/206Pb、207Pb/235U 和206Pb/238U 加權(quán)平均年齡分別為316 ±12Ma、311.8 ±2.5Ma 和311.1 ±2.3Ma,在誤差范圍內(nèi)一致。16 個(gè)年齡數(shù)據(jù)給出的諧和年齡為311.3±2.3Ma(圖3b),代表了輝長巖體的形成年齡。

4.2 礦物成分特征

輝長巖中單斜輝石的電子探針分析結(jié)果見表2,輝石為高Ca 普通輝石,成分較為均一,變化范圍為Wo42.7-43.5En41.6-45.2Fs11.2-15.5,TiO2、Al2O3、Na2O 含量分別為0.6% ~1.0%,2.3% ~3.1%,0.3% ~0.5%。輝石的Mg#[100 ×Mg/(Mg+Fe)]值介于73.6 ~80.8。

4.3 主量和微量元素特征

輝長巖及1 件大哈拉軍山組頂部安山巖樣品(YZ10)的主量和微量元素分析結(jié)果見表3。輝長巖的Al2O3、MgO、CaO 含量分別為13.3% ~20.4%,4.8% ~7.9%和8.9% ~10.1%,Mg#[100 ×Mg/(Mg +FeT)]值為45.5 ~65.2。輝長巖的全堿(Na2O +K2O)含量為4.4% ~5.1%,在TAS 圖解(圖4)中落入堿性范圍。多數(shù)樣品的TiO2含量介于0.8% ~1.2%范圍,1 件樣品(YZ09)的TiO2含量較高,達(dá)2.27%,且該樣品的鐵含量也較高,F(xiàn)e2O3T值(15.08%)明顯高于其它樣品(6.9% ~9.7%),結(jié)合顯微鏡下觀察表明,該樣品Ti、Fe 含量較高主要由含鈦磁鐵礦的含量較高所致。類似的Fe、Ti 相對(duì)富集的現(xiàn)象在大哈拉軍山組火山巖(錢青等,2006)以及石炭紀(jì)其它的輝長巖體(賀鵬麗等,2013)也有報(bào)道。

表2 輝長巖中單斜輝石的電子探針分析結(jié)果(wt%)Table 2 Microprobe analyses of clinopyroxene crystals in gabbro(wt%)

圖4 Na2 O + K2 O-SiO2 (TAS)圖解(據(jù)Middlemost,1994;Le Maitre,2002)堿性-亞堿性分界據(jù)Irvine and Baragar (1971). 大哈拉軍山組火山巖數(shù)據(jù)引自錢青等(2006),圖5、圖6 同來源Fig.4 Na2O+K2O-SiO2(TAS)diagram(after Middlemost,1994;Le Maitre,2002)Alkaline and sub-alkaline boundary after Irvine and Baragar(1971). Data of the Dahalajunshan Formation volcanics are from Qian et al. (2006),also in Fig.5 and Fig.6. D-diorite;Ffoidolite;FG-foid gabbro;FMD-foid monzodiorite;FS-foid syenite;G-gabbro;GaD-gabbroic diorite;GD-granodiorite;M-monzonite;MD-monzodiorite; MG-monzogabbro; PG-peridotgabbro; S/QMsyenite and quartz monzonite

表3 輝長巖和安山巖的主量元素(wt%)和微量元素(×10 -6)分析結(jié)果Table 3 Major (wt%)and trace (×10 -6)elements of the gabbro and andesite

圖5 西天山昭蘇北部侵入巖微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(a)和稀土元素配分圖(b)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值據(jù)Sun and McDonoug,1989)Fig.5 Primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams (a)and chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns (b)for the gabbro(normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989)

表4 輝長巖和安山巖的Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd 同位素組成Table 4 Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes of gabbro and andesite

在原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素分布圖和球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土分布圖中(圖5),輝長巖具有以下特征:大離子親石元素Rb、Ba 富集,高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素Nb、Ta、Ti 虧損,輕稀土與重稀土發(fā)生分餾。與大哈拉軍山組火山巖相比,輝長巖中大多數(shù)不相容元素尤其是高度-中度不相容元素(如Ba、Th、U、K、Nb、Ta、La-Sm、Zr、Hf、Ti)的豐度更低,并且輝長巖具有顯著的Sr正異常,結(jié)合Al2O3、CaO 含量較高的主量元素特征,表明輝長巖的主量、微量元素受控于單斜輝石和斜長石堆晶作用??傮w上,輝長巖的不相容元素分布特征與大哈拉軍山組火山巖(包括頂部的安山巖樣品)十分相似(圖5)。

4.4 Sr-Nd 同位素特征

輝長巖Sr-Nd 同位素組成見表4,(87Sr/86Sr)i和εNd(t)值(t=311Ma)分別為0.7048 ~0.7051 和5.42 ~5.78,變化范圍很小。與昭蘇北部的大哈拉軍山組火山巖(錢青等,2006)相比,輝長巖的(87Sr/86Sr)i值略低,無論是輝長巖還是大哈拉軍山組火山巖,Sr 同位素并無顯著的海水蝕變特征。大哈拉軍山組火山巖的εNd(t)變化范圍(0.9 ~5.6)更大,輝長巖的Nd 同位素與大哈拉軍山組火山巖中εNd(t)最高的樣品相當(dāng)(圖6)。輝長巖和大哈拉軍山組均位于地幔演化線(DePaolo and Wasserburg,1979)右側(cè),其εNd(t)值低于MORB 的范圍。

5 討論

5.1 輝長巖的巖石成因

阿克沙克山以西的輝長巖體侵入于大哈拉軍山組火山巖層的上部,與火山巖圍巖形成時(shí)代相近,且與火山巖具有相似的微量元素(圖5)和Sr-Nd 同位素(圖6)特征,具有富集大離子親石元素、Nb 和Ta 虧損等特征,兩者的Nb/La(0.2~0.4)、Th/Ta(2.0 ~5.8)比值也基本一致,這些特征表明輝長巖的巖漿源區(qū)與大哈拉軍山組基性火山巖相似,都來自于受俯沖流體交代的富集地幔的部分熔融。εNd(t)值較高,表明地幔的富集時(shí)間距巖漿產(chǎn)生的時(shí)間較短,富集作用可能與古生代(早石炭世末期之前)南天山洋向伊犁-中天山板塊之下的俯沖有關(guān)。

圖6 輝長巖的εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i圖解(t=311Ma)現(xiàn)今MORB 范圍據(jù)Ito et al. (1987);地幔演化線據(jù)DePaolo and Wasserburg (1979);地球現(xiàn)今87 Sr/86 Sr 和143 Nd/144 Nd 值分別為0.7045 和0.512638Fig.6 εNd (t)-(87 Sr/86 Sr)i diagram (t = 311Ma)for the gabbroData for MORB are after Ito et al. (1987). The line of mantle array is after DePaolo and Wasserburg (1979). 87Sr/86 Sr and 143Nd/144Nd values for the present bulk silicate earth are 0.7045 and 0.512638,respectively

根據(jù)前人研究,昭蘇北部大哈拉軍山組火山巖層從下向上地球化學(xué)特征呈有規(guī)律的變化:總體上K2O/Na2O、Zr/Y比值逐漸降低,εNd(t)逐漸增加,表明隨著時(shí)間推移巖漿在上升過程中受到的陸殼混染的程度逐漸降低(錢青等,2006)。輝長巖的K2O/Na2O(0.2 ~0.3)、Zr/Y(3.4 ~4.2)比值的范圍與火山巖(分別為0.1 ~0.9、3.3 ~10.1)相比偏低,εNd(t)值(5.42 ~5.78)較火山巖(0.9 ~5.6)偏高,并且輝長巖的K2O/Na2O 和εNd(t)值的變化范圍更小(火山巖的微量元素和Sr-Nd 同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)見錢青等,2006),表明與火山巖相比輝長巖受到的陸殼混染程度更低。

根據(jù)顯微鏡下觀察,輝長巖由近等量的單斜輝石和斜長石組成,副礦物主要為少量磁鐵礦。輝長巖較高的Al2O3(13.3% ~20.4%)和CaO(8.9% ~10.1%)含量以及顯著的Sr 正異常(圖5)特征進(jìn)一步表明存在單斜輝石和斜長石的堆晶作用。假定單斜輝石-玄武質(zhì)巖漿之間的Fe-Mg 交換系數(shù)[(Fe/Mg)礦物/(Fe/Mg)熔漿]為0.23(Sisson and Grove,1993),根據(jù)單斜輝石的Mg#值(73.6 ~80.8)可以計(jì)算出與輝石平衡的巖漿的Mg#值為0.40 ~0.50,遠(yuǎn)低于地幔部分熔融產(chǎn)生的原始巖漿的Mg#(0.66 ~0.75;Hess,1989),表明在發(fā)生輝長巖堆晶作用之前,巖漿已經(jīng)發(fā)生了相當(dāng)程度的結(jié)晶分離演化。另一方面,輝長巖的MgO 含量(4.8% ~7.9%)變化較大,部分輝長巖的MgO 值明顯低于單斜輝石中MgO(14.3% ~15.6%)的50%,并且輝長巖的Mg#值(45.5 ~65.2)變化較大,甚至低于原始巖漿的Mg#范圍,個(gè)別輝長巖樣品的Mg#只略高于與輝石平衡的巖漿的Mg#值。這些特征表明,輝長巖并不是簡單地形成于單斜輝石和斜長石的堆晶作用,其中還包含了一部分未能完全分離的殘留巖漿。

圖7 輝長巖的不相容元素模擬計(jì)算結(jié)果單斜輝石/巖漿之間的元素分配系數(shù)據(jù)Adam and Green (2006),斜長石/巖漿之間的元素分配系數(shù)據(jù)Aigner-Torres et al. (2007).Adam and Green (2006)未報(bào)道的稀土元素(Pr、Eu、Gd、Dy 和Er)分配系數(shù)通過運(yùn)用晶格應(yīng)力模型(Blundy and Wood,1994)進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬計(jì)算獲得Fig.7 Modeling results for gabbro samples using incompatible elementsPartition coefficients for clinopyroxene and plagioclase are after Adam and Green (2006)and Aigner-Torres et al. (2007),respectively.Partition coefficients of rare earth elements (Pr,Eu,Gd,Dy and Er)not reported by Adam and Green (2006)were calculated by the latticestrain model (Blundy and Wood,1994)

對(duì)輝長巖的不相容元素進(jìn)行了地球化學(xué)模擬計(jì)算,根據(jù)昭蘇北部大哈拉軍山組火山巖樣品DV10-2(錢青等,2006)的Mg#值(48.6),得到與之平衡的輝石的Mg#為78.4,與輝長巖中輝石的成分接近,因此選擇該火山巖樣品代表輝長巖的母巖漿。單斜輝石、斜長石與玄武質(zhì)巖漿之間的元素分配系數(shù)分別根據(jù)Adam and Green (2006)和Aigner-Torres et al.(2007),單斜輝石/巖漿之間Pr、Eu、Gd、Dy 和Er 的分配系數(shù)根據(jù)Adam and Green (2006)報(bào)道的其它稀土元素的分配系數(shù)運(yùn)用晶格應(yīng)力模型(lattice-strain model,Blundy and Wood,1994)進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬計(jì)算獲得,模擬計(jì)算結(jié)果表明輝長巖由80% ~50%的堆晶礦物(等比例單斜輝石和斜長石)與20%~50%的殘留巖漿組成(圖7)。

5.2 輝長巖形成的構(gòu)造環(huán)境及地質(zhì)意義

伊犁地塊晚古生代火山巖從晚泥盆世到早二疊世都有發(fā)育,總體可分為三個(gè)噴發(fā)旋回:晚泥盆世-早石炭世大哈拉軍山組、晚石炭世伊什基里克組、早二疊世烏郎組,其中以大哈拉軍山組火山活動(dòng)最為強(qiáng)烈(朱志新等,2012)。大哈拉軍山組火山巖主要分布于伊犁-中天山板塊南北緣及中部的阿吾拉勒山、烏孫山一帶,一些學(xué)者對(duì)火山巖中的巖漿鋯石進(jìn)行了U-Pb 定年,查明火山巖形成于363 ~313Ma 之間(朱永峰等,2005,2006;Zhu et al.,2009),另有學(xué)者對(duì)火山巖中的基性、中酸性侵入巖體進(jìn)行了同位素定年,例如:昭蘇煤礦一帶呈巖枝狀侵入于大哈拉軍山組的花崗閃長巖體形成于348.4 ±0.8Ma(徐學(xué)義等,2006),昭蘇縣城南部阿登套地區(qū)侵入于大哈拉軍山組的A 型花崗巖形成于354.2 ±2.3Ma和339.5 ±2.3Ma(李繼磊等,2010),阿吾拉勒山東段智博鐵礦一帶大哈拉軍山組中的閃長巖和花崗巖侵入體分別形成于318.9 ±1.5Ma 和304.1 ±1.8Ma(Zhang et al.,2012),限定大哈拉軍山組火山巖的時(shí)代主要介于晚泥盆世至早石炭世末期。然而,對(duì)大哈拉軍山組火山巖的構(gòu)造環(huán)境存在不同的認(rèn)識(shí),部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為大哈拉軍山組火山巖形成于碰撞后大陸裂谷環(huán)境(車自成等,1996;夏林圻等,2002,2004,2006;Xia et al.,2004),而另有學(xué)者認(rèn)為成于大陸邊緣島弧環(huán)境,與南天山洋向伊犁-中天山板塊之下俯沖(姜常義等,1995;趙振華等,2003;朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;錢青等,2006;龍靈利等,2008)或北天山洋向伊犁-中天山板塊之下俯沖(王博等,2006;Wang et al.,2007b,2009)有關(guān)。另外,對(duì)南天山洋盆的俯沖極性也存在不同認(rèn)識(shí)(南天山洋盆以發(fā)育榴輝巖-藍(lán)片巖的中天山南緣縫合帶為標(biāo)志。文獻(xiàn)中存在古天山洋、中天山洋等不同稱呼,如Lin et al.,2009;Charvet et al.,2011;Wang et al.,2011),一些學(xué)者則認(rèn)為南天山洋盆向南俯沖,在晚泥盆世-早石炭世洋盆閉合(Lin et al.,2009;Charvet et al.,2007,2011;Wang et al.,2011),其他學(xué)者則認(rèn)為南天山洋盆向伊犁-中天山板塊之下俯沖(Gao et al.,1998,2009;楊天南等,2006;朱志新等,2006;Han et al.,2011;Dong et al.,2012;Jiang et al.,2014;田亞洲等,2014)。近年來,對(duì)西天山阿克牙子河一帶榴輝巖中鋯石的SIMS U-Pb 定年獲得了319.5 ±2.9Ma 和318.7 ±3.3Ma 的峰期變質(zhì)年齡(Su et al.,2010),榴輝巖中金紅石(封閉溫度約500℃)的SIMS U-Pb 定年獲得了318 ±7Ma 年齡(Li et al.,2011)。藍(lán)片巖中白云母的Rb-Sr 等時(shí)線年齡和40Ar/39Ar 年齡分別為313 ~302Ma 和323 ~312Ma(Klemd et al.,2005)。根據(jù)宏觀上具有活動(dòng)陸緣地球化學(xué)特征的巖漿巖分布于高壓變質(zhì)巖和蛇綠巖帶以北的特征,我們判斷大哈拉軍山組應(yīng)該形成于活動(dòng)陸緣環(huán)境,南天山洋盆應(yīng)向伊犁-中天山板塊之下俯沖。

在大哈拉軍山組火山巖之上,不整合覆蓋了早石炭世維憲期的阿克沙克組海相灰?guī)r,阿克沙克組沉積巖之上又不整合覆蓋了晚石炭世伊什基里克組,后者主要由火山碎屑巖和中酸性火山熔巖組成,局部灰?guī)r和砂巖沉積夾層中含腕足和植物碎片(新疆地質(zhì)局區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查大隊(duì),1979a,b;朱志新等,2012)。朱志新等(2012)指出,晚泥盆世-早石炭世大哈拉軍山組火山巖與板塊俯沖有關(guān),伊什基里克組火山巖為擠壓環(huán)境向拉張環(huán)境過度的產(chǎn)物。本文研究結(jié)果表明:(1)阿爾恰勒山以西輝長巖的形成時(shí)代(311.3 ±2.3Ma)屬晚石炭世早期,與伊什基里克組火山巖的時(shí)代大致相同,略晚于榴輝巖的峰期變質(zhì)時(shí)代;(2)昭蘇北部大哈拉軍山組火山巖中發(fā)現(xiàn)320.9 ±2.2Ma 的巖漿鋯石(錢青等,2006),在大哈拉軍山組與伊什基里克組之間發(fā)育了阿克沙克組沉積巖,因此該地區(qū)大哈拉軍山組火山活動(dòng)可能在早石炭世末期結(jié)束,阿克沙克組沉積巖應(yīng)形成于320 ~311Ma 之間;(3)輝長巖與大哈拉軍山組中的基性火山巖具有相似的巖漿源區(qū),其母巖漿均形成于受俯沖流體交代的富集地幔的部分熔融(區(qū)別僅在于巖漿發(fā)生的構(gòu)造環(huán)境發(fā)生了俯沖向拉張的轉(zhuǎn)變)。與本文輝長巖大體同時(shí)期的巖漿活動(dòng)在伊犁-中天山地塊廣泛分布,例如:玉希莫拉蓋達(dá)坂、拉爾敦達(dá)坂北坡粗面安山巖的年齡為313 ~316Ma(朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2009),特克斯縣城東北哈拉達(dá)拉橄長巖-輝長巖形成于308.3 ±1.8Ma(薛云興和朱永峰,2009),古洛溝以北的布魯斯臺(tái)輝長巖形成于316.8 ±2.1Ma(田亞洲等,2014),阿吾拉勒山西段木汗巴斯陶一帶角閃輝長巖形成于317.0 ± 2.2Ma(劉新等,2012),上述巖漿活動(dòng)也可能形成于俯沖結(jié)束之后從擠壓環(huán)境向拉張環(huán)境過度的構(gòu)造環(huán)境。

6 結(jié)論

(1)西天山昭蘇北部輝長巖形成于晚石炭世早期(311.3±2.3Ma),具有富集大離子親石元素、虧損高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素、較高εNd(t)值(5.42 ~5.78)的地球化學(xué)特征,與大哈拉軍山組中的基性火山巖具有相似的地球化學(xué)特征,可能由受俯沖流體富集的地幔楔發(fā)生部分熔融形成。

(2)模擬計(jì)算表明,輝長巖由80% ~50%的等比例單斜輝石和斜長石堆晶礦物與20% ~50%的殘留巖漿組成。與火山巖圍巖相比,輝長巖受到陸殼混染的程度相對(duì)較低。

(3)輝長巖的形成年齡與伊犁-中天山板塊中伊什基里克組火山巖的時(shí)代相當(dāng),略晚于西天山榴輝巖的峰期變質(zhì)時(shí)代。與輝長巖同時(shí)期的巖漿巖在伊犁-中天山板塊南緣廣泛存在,可能形成于俯沖結(jié)束之后從擠壓環(huán)境向拉張環(huán)境過度的構(gòu)造環(huán)境。

致謝 主量、微量元素分析分別在李禾、王紅月、薛丁帥和靳新娣老師的指導(dǎo)下完成,Sr-Nd 同位素分析在李潮峰、李金榮老師指導(dǎo)下完成,礦物探針分析得到毛騫、馬玉光老師的幫助,鋯石靶由馬紅霞老師精心制作,陰極發(fā)光圖像照相得到閆欣、楊賽紅老師的幫助,Cameca 鋯石U-Pb 定年得到凌瀟瀟、李嬌、楊亞楠、李秋立、李獻(xiàn)華、劉宇、唐國強(qiáng)老師的幫助。朱永峰、朱志新、徐興旺三位老師提出了寶貴的審稿意見,在此表示衷心感謝。

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