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中考英語熱點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)(五)

2015-03-11 21:10
關(guān)鍵詞:定語副詞賓語

1. provide與offer

(1) provide作動(dòng)詞,意為“提供;配備;供給”。與supply用法相似。provide / supply sb. / someplace with sth. 或provide sth. for sb. / someplace。

例如:

On Sundays his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.

Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing.

(2) offer作動(dòng)詞,意為“給予;提供;拿出;出示;提議”。offer sb. sth. 或offer sth. to sb.。

offer還可作名詞,意為“提議;出價(jià),開價(jià);試圖;求婚”。

例如:

He offered me a glass of wine.

They offered to help me.

He offered to lend me some books.

【中考鏈接】

—Im going to the supermarket. Let me get you some fruit.

—OK. Thanks for your _______. (2011湖北武漢)

A. offer B. information

C. message D. order

【答案】A

【解析】 考查名詞辨析。句意:“——我打算去超市,讓我給你買些水果吧?!玫?,謝謝你的提議(幫助)。”offer“提議”;information“消息,信息”;message“消息,口信”;order“命令;定單”。

2. want, wish, hope和expect

這四個(gè)動(dòng)詞都可以表示愿望,意為“想要;希望;期望”等,但它們的用法有所不同。

(1) want較為口語化,表達(dá)迫切的愿望。常用于下面結(jié)構(gòu)中:

① want + n. / pron. 意為“想要某物”。

例如:

I want a new pen.

② want + to do sth. 意為“想要做某事”。

例如:

I want to buy a bike.

③ want + sb. to do sth. 意為“想要某人做某事”。

例如:

The teacher wants us to clean the classroom.

(2) wish表示客觀上不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或表示祝愿。常用于下面結(jié)構(gòu)中:

① wish + to do sth. 意為“希望做某事”。

例如:

I wish to visit America some day.

② wish + sb. to do sth. 意為“希望某人做某事”。

例如:

His parents wish him to be a scientist in the future.

③ wish + sb. + n. / adj. 意為“祝愿某人……”。

例如:

I wish you success!

I wish you happiness!

(3) hope強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀上的“希望”。

① hope + to do sth. 意為“希望做某事” 。

例如:

We hope to visit Yanan soon.

② hope + that從句,意為“希望……”。

例如:

Our foreign friends hope that they can join in the May Day celebrations in Beijing.

注意:不能說hope sb. to do sth.

(4) expect強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的“期望”,“期待”等。

① expect + n. / pron. 意為“盼望或期待某物”,強(qiáng)調(diào)心理上的一種期盼、等待,而wait強(qiáng)調(diào)具體在某時(shí)、某地等待某人或某事。

例如:

He is expecting her letter.

Dont expect too much of him.

② expect + to do. sth. “期望做某事”。

例如:

She expects to go there next week.

③ expect + sb. to do sth. 意為“盼望某人做某事”。

例如:

He expects you to finish the work on time.

④ expect + that從句,意為“期望/期待……”。

例如:

I expected that he would realize his mistake one day.

【中考鏈接】

Mary is tired of learning because she is _______ to do better than she can, both at school and at home. (2011山東菏澤)endprint

A. thought B. expected

C. hoped D. helped

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:瑪麗疲于學(xué)習(xí),因?yàn)樗诩依锖蛯W(xué)校都被期待著做得更好。因?yàn)閔ope sb. to do sth.不正確,也無此類被動(dòng)語態(tài)。故選B。

3. fix, repair和mend

這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞都可以用來表示“修理”某一事物,使其能恢復(fù)到原來的形狀或狀態(tài)的意思。

(1) fix用于需要重新“調(diào)整”物體的結(jié)構(gòu),把松散的部件固定結(jié)實(shí),將分離的物體各部分裝配起來。

fix up安排;修理;安頓;為(某人)提供

例如:

Lets fix up to have a picnic together. 我們一起來安排一次野餐。

(2) 動(dòng)詞repair“修理”的對(duì)象多為破損、毀壞或發(fā)生故障不能正常使用的物體。

例如:

When I got home, my brother was repairing his radio.

(3) 動(dòng)詞mend“修理”的對(duì)象多是一些瑣碎的物品。如粘貼的小用品、玩具,要縫補(bǔ)的衣物等。

例如:

My kite is broken. Can you mend it for me? 我的風(fēng)箏壞了。你能為我修一下嗎?

【中考鏈接】

We shouldnt _______ our hopes. Everything will be better. (2011梧州)

A. put up B. cheer up

C. fix up D. give up

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。題意為 “我們不能放棄希望”。put up“舉起來;張貼;懸掛”;cheer up“使……振奮”;fix up“修理”;give up“放棄”。

4. embarrassed

作形容詞用時(shí)意為“局促不安的;為難的;尷尬的;窘迫的”。

作動(dòng)詞用時(shí)意為“(使)窘迫,(使)局促不安”。

例如:

We have nothing to be embarrassed about.

我們沒什么好難為情的。

【中考鏈接】

—I wore sports shoes to the ball yesterday evening by mistake!

—Oh, dear, you must be very _____ at the ball?。?011湖北武漢)

A. embarrassed B. satisfied

C. tired D. surprised

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。穿運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋去參加舞會(huì),當(dāng)然會(huì)感到尷尬(embarrassed)。

5. experience

(1) experience用作名詞。

① 當(dāng)experience表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí),是不可數(shù)名詞。

例如:

She had no experience of life at all.

Have you had any experience of teaching English?

② 當(dāng)experience表示體驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷時(shí),是可數(shù)名詞。

例如:

an unforgettable experience 一次難忘的經(jīng)歷

Please tell us about your experiences in Africa. 請(qǐng)告訴我們你在非洲的經(jīng)歷吧。

I had a rather odd experience several days ago. 幾天前我有過一次相當(dāng)古怪的經(jīng)歷。

(2) experience用作動(dòng)詞時(shí),意為“經(jīng)歷;體驗(yàn);感受;遭受”。

例如:

The city experienced over 2,000 such incidents last year.

He experienced a pang of sadness.

【中考鏈接】

—Mr Li was sent to teach Chinese in an American high school last year.

—Yes, I know. He told me he would never forget his pleasant _____ while working there. (2012江蘇鎮(zhèn)江)

A. experiments B. expressions

C. experiences D. explorations

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞的辨析。experiment意為“實(shí)驗(yàn)”,expression意為“表達(dá);表情”,experience意為“經(jīng)驗(yàn);經(jīng)歷”,exploration意為“探險(xiǎn)”。根據(jù)句意“他說他將永不會(huì)忘記在那里工作的美好的經(jīng)歷”,故答案選C。

1. set up, build, found和put up

(1) set up

設(shè)立;豎立;架起;升起;裝配;創(chuàng)造(紀(jì)錄);創(chuàng)辦(公司);建立(事業(yè));成立(組織)。endprint

例如:

set up a bank / set up a help center

The new hospital was set up in 2000.

(2) build (built, building)

v. 建造(模型船);建筑;造(房子)。

n. 構(gòu)造;體格,體形。

例如:

He built a model ship out of wood.

The Crystal Palace was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851.

The ancient temple was built of wood.

Li Hua is of medium build.

(3) found

表示“建立”或“成立”,所建立的只是初步的,仍有待于進(jìn)一步地發(fā)展和完善。

(4) put up

舉起;抬起;張開(傘);舉起手來;張貼;公布。

例如:

Put up a tent.

Put your hands up!Put them up!

【中考鏈接】

On October 15th, 2003 China _______ its second lunar orbiter Change 2. (2011新疆阜康)

A. set out B. set off

C. sent up D. sent out

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。set out意為“開始;著手;打算”;set off意為“出發(fā);動(dòng)身”;send up意為“發(fā)射;發(fā)出”;send out意為“發(fā)送;派遣”。故選C。

2. break out, break in, break into, break away from, break down, break through, break up和break off

(1) break out意為“爆發(fā)”,主語多為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、火災(zāi)、瘟疫等。該詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

例如:

The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.

(2) break in意為“闖入”。其中in為副詞,不加賓語。

例如:

Two robbers broke in and robbed the bank of a lot of money.

(3) break into意為“闖入;破門而入”。其中into為介詞,加賓語。

例如:

They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.

(4) break away from意為“脫離”。

例如:

Lincoln said it was not right for the south to break away from the union.

(5) break down 意為“(機(jī)器,車輛)壞了;失敗了;摧毀;分解”。

例如:

We are sorry to arrive late, but the car broke down.

The police broke the door down.

(6) break through意為“突破”。

例如:

The marchers broke through the line of the police.

(7) break off意為“折斷;中斷;斷絕”。

例如:

Lets break off for half an hour and have some tea.

The two countries have broken off diplomatic relations between each other.

(8) break up意為“驅(qū)散;拆散”。

例如:

The police broke up the crowd.

【中考鏈接】

We had to _____ our discussion because one of us suddenly got ill. (2010四川巴中)

A. take off B. turn off

C. break off

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:我們不得不中斷我們的討論,因?yàn)槲覀冎杏幸粋€(gè)突然生病了。正確答案為C。

3. go off

(1) go off,動(dòng)詞短語,意為“(鬧鐘等)發(fā)出響聲”。

例如:

Listen!The alarm clock is going off!聽!鬧鈴響了。

The alarm went off when they got in. 他們一進(jìn)去,鬧鈴就響了。

(2) go off 也有“(食物等)變質(zhì),變壞”的意思。

例如:

Meat goes off quickly in hot weather. 肉在熱天很容易變壞。endprint

(3) go off 還有“離開(尤指去做某事)”的意思。

例如:

I had to sit down and wait for her because I could not just go off like that without explain-ing. 我只好坐下來等她,因?yàn)槲也荒芫湍菢硬蛔鹘忉尵鸵蛔吡酥?/p>

【中考鏈接】

How I wish I could sleep longer! However, I had to get up as soon as the alarm clock ______. (2011山西)

A. ran off B. went off

C. took off

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語的辨析。句意:鬧鐘一響我就得起床。正確答案為B。

4. sell out

sell out賣完,用光。

例如:

We have sold out the model. 我們的樣品已賣完了。

【中考鏈接】

—Do you have Nokia E72 mobiles?

—Sorry, they have been ______. You may come next week. (2011連云港)

A. given out B. looked out

C. sold out D. come out

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組。句意:它們已經(jīng)被賣完了。give out意為“分發(fā);用完;消耗盡”;look out意為“小心,注意”;sell out意為“賣完;用光”;come out意為“出版”。正確答案為C。

1. 定語從句

在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞、作定語的句子叫定語從句。

引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。定語從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”,因?yàn)樗偸翘幵诙ㄕZ從句的前面,比定語從句先行一步。

(1) 關(guān)系代詞:

who, which, that作從句的主語

whom, which, that作從句的賓語(可省略)

whose作從句的定語

例如:

He is the man who helped us out of trouble two days ago.

Where is the pen that / which was sent by my uncle?

The film star (whom) we like will come to the city next week.

The book (which / that) I bought yesterday is interesting.

【注意】

① 以下情況只能用that,不能用which:

a. 先行詞為不定代詞all, little, none, any, every, no, much, anything, nothing;

b. 先行詞有最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)(包括the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等);

c. 先行詞既有人又有物。

② 以下情況只能用which,不能用that:

a. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句(包括代表整個(gè)主句的意思時(shí));

b. 關(guān)系代詞表示整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容時(shí)。

例如:

The moon moves around the earth, which / as we all know.

c. 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【中考鏈接】

—What shall we do next?

—Take the advice _______ is given by Dr. Bloch. (2012福建泉州)

A. who B. which

C. whose

【答案】B

【解析】考查定語從句。先行詞advice,指物體,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用which。

(2)關(guān)系副詞的用法比較單一,它們?cè)趶木渲兄黄馉钫Z的作用,表示時(shí)間的就用when,表示地點(diǎn)的就用where,而why只修飾一個(gè)詞,即reason。而表示地點(diǎn)的要注意which和where的區(qū)別,which指“……地方”,where指“在 / 去……地方”。

例如:

Wuhan is a good place which I know very much.

Wuhan is a good place where I have been living.

Wuhan is a good place where I really want to go.

【中考鏈接】

This is the primary school ______ I studied three years ago. (2012四川宜賓)

A. where B. when

C. that D. which

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞的用法。定語從句的先行詞the primary school, 在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖堑攸c(diǎn)狀語,所以用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo), 故選A。endprint

2. 短語動(dòng)詞

(1) 短語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成

英語中的動(dòng)詞,按其構(gòu)成,可分為單詞動(dòng)詞和短語動(dòng)詞。短語動(dòng)詞指由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞。這種動(dòng)詞主要有三種組合形式:

① 動(dòng)詞+介詞,例如:take after(長得像……)。

② 動(dòng)詞+副詞,例如:cheer up(使振奮;使高興)。

③ 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞,例如:come up with(想起)。

在“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”的組合中,短語動(dòng)詞只能看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,絕對(duì)不能拆開。另外,還需要注意的是,以上三類短語動(dòng)詞都是一些固定搭配,這些短語動(dòng)詞與某些非固定搭配是有區(qū)別的。試比較:

a. The lights went out.

b. He put on his coat and went out.

a句中的went out(熄滅)是由“動(dòng)詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞。b句中的went out(出去)不是短語動(dòng)詞,went是動(dòng)詞,out是副詞,作狀語。

④ 動(dòng)詞 + 名詞 + 介詞,例如:take care of (照顧)。

(2) 及物與不及物短語動(dòng)詞

由動(dòng)詞和副詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞有的起及物動(dòng)詞的作用,有的起不及物動(dòng)詞的作用。短語動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的主要取決于短語動(dòng)詞的意思。因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)短語動(dòng)詞可能具有兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)不同的意思,用作某個(gè)或某幾個(gè)意思時(shí)可能是及物的,用作其他意思時(shí)又可能是不及物的。

例如:

He took off his coat when he entered the house and put it on again when he went out. (take off是及物短語動(dòng)詞)

At airports people can watch the planes taking off and landing.(take off是不及物短語動(dòng)詞)

【中考鏈接】

Smoking is not allowed in public places since May 1st. It may be a good chance for some people to ______ smoking. (2011浙江舟山)

A. put up B. give up

C. pick up D. look up

【答案】B

【解析】此題考查短語動(dòng)詞的辨析。句意:也許這是人們戒煙的好機(jī)會(huì)。put up意為“搭起”,give up意為“放棄”,pick up意為“撿起”,look up意為“查詢”,只有g(shù)ive up符合句意。

3. 過去完成時(shí)

(1) 過去完成時(shí)的概念

過去完成時(shí)表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),即“過去的過去”,也可以指過去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過去的某時(shí)。

(2) 過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式

had + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(had通用于任何人稱)

(3) 過去完成時(shí)的用法

① 常與by the end of及by the time等引導(dǎo)的從句連用。

例如:

By the end of last term, we had learned 1600 English words.

② 常與when, before, after, until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句連用,其中從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式。

例如:

They had finished their work before we arrived.

It had stopped raining when I woke up.

③ 表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始持續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與“for + 時(shí)間段”,“since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn) / 從句”連用。在肯定句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

例如:

The film had been on for half an hour when we arrived at the cinema.

Mr. Gao had worked in the school since it opened in 1995.

④ 如果時(shí)間狀語從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之間,則從句可用過去完成時(shí)。

例如:

After I had finished my homework, I went to bed.

⑤ 當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為said, asked, told, though等時(shí),賓語從句常用過去完成時(shí)。

例如:

He asked me why I had been late.

⑥ 在含有定語從句的復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事情,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。

例如:

I returned the books that I had borrowed from the library.

4. 賓語從句

(1) 賓語從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語,或介詞的賓語。

① 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。此時(shí)that只有語法作用,沒有實(shí)際的意義,在口語和非正式文體中可以省略。

例如:

I am sure (that) he will succeed.

② 由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。endprint

例如:

He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

③ 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。

例如:

Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?

(2) 賓語從句的語序應(yīng)為陳述句的語序。

例如:

I think (that) you will like this school soon.

應(yīng)特別注意以下陳述句式的區(qū)別:

① She asked what was the matter with him?

② Can you tell us what is on the desk?

③ Teachers know what all the students are doing in class.

當(dāng)疑問詞在句中作主語時(shí),疑問句式不變,而其他情況一般都要變成陳述句式。

(3) 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài):

① 如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),賓語從句則可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。

例如:

I dont think (that) you are right.

Please tell us where he is.

② 如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí),賓語從句只能用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)(一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)等)。

例如:

He asked what time it was.

He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

③ 如果賓語從句所陳述的是客觀真理,其時(shí)態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

例如:

Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.

Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

【中考鏈接】

—Pardon? I didnt catch _______.

—I said the book sold very well in our school. (2012福建泉州)

A. what you said

B. where you would go

C. who you talked about

【答案】A

【解析】考查賓語從句的用法。由答句“我說那本書在我們學(xué)校賣得好”可推出上句句意:我沒有聽見你說的話。what you said意為“你所說的話”。所以選A。

1. 關(guān)于詢問意愿的方法

—What do you like doing?

—I love playing football.

—What kind of job do you like to do?

—I like house-keeping work.

—What kind of volunteer work would you like to do?

—Ill help clean up the city parks.

【中考鏈接】

—Would you like to go to the hospital to help the sick kids this Sunday?

—______, Ill be free then. (2012浙江溫州)

A. Sorry, I cant B. Not at all

C. Thank you D. Sure, Id love to

【答案】D

【解析】考查情景交際。Would you like to do sth.?的意思是“你愿意做……嗎?”否定回答: Id love to, but ...;肯定回答:Yes, Id love to. 故選D。

2. 關(guān)于問路和指路(asking and pointing to the way)

(1) 問路

Excuse me. Wheres the washroom?

Can you tell me how to get to the post office?

Excuse me. Which bus goes to the World Park?

Excuse me. Which is the way to the Bank of China?

Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the station, please?

How can I get to No. 4 Middle School?

Excuse me. Is there a book store near here?

(2) 指路

Its over there.

Its about 400 meters from here.

Walk along this road. / Go ahead. Its on your right / left.

Go down this street until you see the red building.

Turn right / left at the first / second crossing / corner.

You cant miss it.

You can take bus No. 106.

Youd better take a taxi.

Sorry. I dont know. Im a stranger here.

【中考鏈接】

—Excuse me. Could you please tell me where I can get the dictionary?

—______. Theres a bookstore on Yimeng Road. (2011山東臨沂)

A. Sorry B. Sure

C. Good idea D. Thank you

【答案】B

【解析】考查口語交際。通過答語的下半句可知答語為肯定回答,用sure來應(yīng)答Could you please ...引導(dǎo)的表示委婉語氣的一般疑問句。

—Leo, could you tell me _______?

—I heard they were very mad at you. (2012 貴州遵義)

A. why they decided to do so

B. where have they gone

C. what trouble did they meet

【答案】A

【解析】在口語交際中考查賓語從句語序的用法。賓語從句應(yīng)用陳述句語序而不能用疑問句語序,B、C為疑問句語序,故選A。endprint

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