姜經(jīng)志
閱讀理解題是考查學(xué)生語言運(yùn)用、文章理解、邏輯推理、分析判斷等能力的綜合性試題。它要求學(xué)生通讀并深刻理解短文內(nèi)容,然后做短文后的題目,有的是要求學(xué)生判斷所給句子與原文內(nèi)容是否相符,有的是要求學(xué)生回答問題,有的是要求從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能回答所提問題或完成所給句子的正確答案。它在各類考試中均占有相當(dāng)大的比例。我們應(yīng)注意抓住其命題特點(diǎn),講求一定的解題技巧,這樣才能達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。
一、閱讀理解題的考查方式
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題
主要測(cè)試考生是否讀懂了文章所描述的內(nèi)容,即平時(shí)我們所說的“wh”(who, what, where, when, why, which, how)問題。圖示理解題、計(jì)算理解題、排序題等,也都屬于這類題。此類考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的,其主要提問方式是:
(1) Which of he following is TRUE?
(2) Which of he following is NOT mentioned?
(3) Which of he following is NOT true in the passage?
(4) From this passage we know _______.
(5) The author mentions all of the following except _______.
(6) The reason for coming back is _______.
(7) According to the passage, when (where, why, who, how, etc)…?
2. 主旨大意題
要求在理解全文后歸納短文大意,概括中心思想或選擇短文的標(biāo)題。命題方式常為find out the main point / main idea / best title等,這些內(nèi)容大都暗含在文章中。不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的主題,尤其是新聞報(bào)道類文章,第一段常常是故事的梗概,這一段往往表達(dá)文章的中心思想。在文章的段落中則往往由開頭的一句充當(dāng)主題句,來概括該段的中心思想。但是有的文章沒有主題句,在這種情況下,就需要考生通過分析全文,區(qū)分文章的主要信息與次要信息,進(jìn)而總結(jié)歸納出文章大意、中心思想。
此類考查主旨大意的題目大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落(或短文)的主題思想、標(biāo)題或目的,其主要提問方式是:
(1) Which is the best title of the passage?
(2) Which of the following is this passage about?
(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that _______.
(4) The passage tells us that _______.
(5) This passage mainly talks about _______.
(6) What is the main idea (subject) of this passage?
(7) The main point of he passage is _______.
(8) The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _______.
(9) The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _______.
……
3. 推理判斷題
主要測(cè)試考生利用文章所給的信息進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力,一般是對(duì)作者意圖、態(tài)度以及作者言外之意、未言之意,根據(jù)文章中的有關(guān)事實(shí),進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推理判斷。它要求縱觀全文,在匯集全文提供的各項(xiàng)信息的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行正確的邏輯推理;推斷作者的意向;推斷人物的動(dòng)機(jī)、目的、性格特征;推斷事件的前因后果;推斷文中的語態(tài)、語氣等。解答此類題一定要以文中所敘述的事實(shí)為依據(jù),一層層剖析,一步步推導(dǎo),仔細(xì)體會(huì)其因果關(guān)系和事情發(fā)展的始末,依據(jù)作者的思路來進(jìn)行推理,千萬不能推理原文的內(nèi)容,根據(jù)自己的意愿胡亂推理或只憑常識(shí)推理。
此類題目文章中沒有明確的答案,需要考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問方式是:
(1) We can guess that the writer of the letter may be a _______.
(2) We can infer from the text that _______.
(3) From the letters weve learned that its very _______ to know something about American social customs.
(4) From the story we can guess _______.
(5) The writer writes this text to _______.
(6) The writer believes that _______.
(7) The writer suggests that _______.
……
4. 詞義猜測(cè)題
主要測(cè)試考生是否理解了文章的詞句,一般情況下,正確答案就是對(duì)所詢問的詞、詞組或句子的復(fù)述或解釋。考生要利用上下文的關(guān)聯(lián)性來確定其確切含義。此外,作者通常運(yùn)用下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞等來說明某一詞或詞組的意義,有時(shí)候同學(xué)們也可以憑常識(shí)來判斷。
此類猜測(cè)詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問方式是:
(1) The word “...” in the passage probably means _______.
(2) The underlined word “it” in the passage refers to _______.
(3) In this story the underlined word “...” means _______.
(4) Here “it” means _______.
(5) “...”could best be replaced by which of the following?
(6) The expression / phrase “...” means _______.
(7) The word “...” is closed in meaning to _______.
……
二、閱讀理解題的考查類型
1. 直接信息(細(xì)節(jié))題
通過閱讀短文,可以直接從閱讀材料中找到這類問題的答案。??疾榈姆矫嬗袝r(shí)間發(fā)生的時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、過程、結(jié)局、人物之間的關(guān)系、事件之間的關(guān)系等。例如:
【文段節(jié)選】
Amy didnt live too far away from school. So she went there and back on foot every day.
【問題展示】
Amy _______.
A. lived too far away from school B. didnt come back every day
C. went to school with his mother D. walked to school
2. 句子理解題
句子理解題主要是通過同義句轉(zhuǎn)換的方式來考查閱讀材料中一些關(guān)鍵詞的意思,難度較小,屬于淺層理解題。
【問題展示】
What does “This did not help to make him less lonely” mean?
A. Sandy felt more lonely because the other boys wanted to tested him.
B. Sandy did not want himself to be less lonely.
C. Sandy felt as lonely as before when the other boys tried to find out what kind of boy he was.
D. The other boys did not want to make Sandy feel less lonely.
3. 分析判斷題
分析判斷題要求考生在充分理解短文內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,掌握全篇的邏輯關(guān)系。此類題屬于高難度題。做這類題首先要分析一下文章著重說明了什么問題、表達(dá)了什么思想觀點(diǎn),即文章的主題;其次要分析作者用什么樣的故事來表達(dá)主題,即文章的大意;最后還應(yīng)注意作者是如何展開故事的,運(yùn)用什么樣的寫作方法以及時(shí)如何得出結(jié)論的等。例如:
【問題展示】
Which of the following statement (陳述) is right?
A. Every country in the world has snow in winter.
B. Foreign students like the weather in England
C. It is often very warm in the autumn of England.
D. Many people in the world havent seen snow.
4. 邏輯推理題
邏輯推理題要求考生綜觀全文,進(jìn)行正確的邏輯推理,推斷出作者的意向、人物的動(dòng)機(jī)和性格特征、事件的前因后果等。今年來中考加大了對(duì)考生閱讀理解能力的考查力度,因而邏輯推理題也隨之增多了。
【問題展示】
We can infer (推斷) from the story that _______.
A. Queen Isabella of Spain took only two baths in her life.
B. It is very common for us to be clean nowadays, but that was totally different for people in the old times.
C. Perfume has always been popular.
D. There was no bath cub in history.
5. 歸納概括題
此類題要求考生在理解全文后歸納短文的大意、概括中心思想的理解或選擇短文的標(biāo)題。這些問題的答案大都隱含在文章中。不少文章在第一段便表明了文章的主題,如新聞報(bào)道類文章,但也有不少文章,其中心思想貫穿全文,這就要求考生具備一定的歸納和概括能力。例如:
【問題展示】
Whats the best title for this passage?
A. Computer Using. B. Homework help.
C. Learning Skills. D. Online Learning.
6. 詞義猜測(cè)題
詞義猜測(cè)題要求考生根據(jù)上下文、構(gòu)詞法等猜測(cè)某個(gè)生詞的詞義或者是詞語在特定語境中的含義。
【文段節(jié)選】
Al lost his two favorite people. He felt no hope in the world and turned to alcohol. Then Al became an alcoholic. As he drank more, Al began to lose everything he had—his home, his land and his work. Finally Al died alone in a San Francisco room.
【問題展示】
Whats the meaning of underlined word “alcohol”?
A. 煙 B. 毒品 C. 大麻 D. 酒
7. 數(shù)據(jù)推算題
此類題要求考生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù),以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其它信息的關(guān)系作出簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算和推斷。
【文段節(jié)選】
One day the teacher asked the students a question,“When John was ten years old, his brother was twenty. John is fifteen now and how old is his brother? ”Jack answered, “Thats easy. His brother is twice as old as John, so he is now thirty. ”
【問題展示】
How old is Jacks brother now when Jack is fifteen in the story?
A. Ten years old. B. Fifteen years old.
C. Twenty years old. D. Twenty-five years old.
三、閱讀理解題的解題步驟
1. 通篇略讀,了解全文大意。
首先應(yīng)把文章標(biāo)題讀一到二遍,從標(biāo)題上預(yù)見文章的大致內(nèi)容。然后瀏覽全文,如果所提供的材料較短,可采用“順讀法”,即先讀文章,再看文后所設(shè)問題;如果文章較長則宜采用“倒讀法”,即先快速瀏覽問題,再帶著這些問題去讀文章,便于閱讀時(shí)抓住解題要點(diǎn)。在瀏覽文章時(shí)重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在掌握文章大意,了解作者的觀點(diǎn)和寫作意圖上,注意事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、結(jié)局等。同時(shí)注意句與句之間、段落與段落之間的相互聯(lián)系。瀏覽全文后將問題仔細(xì)分析一下,明確各題需要我們解決什么,瀏覽時(shí)與有關(guān)的文章內(nèi)容相結(jié)合,做到對(duì)問題有一個(gè)明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。對(duì)整篇短文內(nèi)容有了一定的了解后,要馬上看短文后的問題,帶著問題去選擇或判斷答案。
2. 細(xì)讀全文,注意關(guān)鍵詞句。
要確定所需查找的信息范圍,并注意所查找信息的特點(diǎn)。例如:如果問題或選項(xiàng)涉及時(shí)間、日期、數(shù)字,就應(yīng)該尋找具體的數(shù)據(jù)。另外還要注意試題難易,應(yīng)暫時(shí)繞開那些少數(shù)較難的題目,先做最有把握、最熟悉的題目,也就是該類題可以直接或間接從文章中找到的。而對(duì)于那些要通過對(duì)文章歸納判斷、邏輯推理的題目,需要再對(duì)全文快速閱讀,仔細(xì)分析思考,反復(fù)比較、推敲選出正確答案。細(xì)讀前可先閱讀后面所配題目,明確要解答的問題,帶著這些問題來認(rèn)真閱讀短文。一般來說,試題的次序與短文所述內(nèi)容的次序是一致的,因而答題應(yīng)按試題的次序逐題去做,但如遇到一時(shí)無法解答的題,則應(yīng)先放一放,即按先易后難的答題原則解題。
3. 復(fù)讀全文,驗(yàn)證答案。
答完各題之后不可草率收乒,應(yīng)將短文再讀一遍,瞻前顧后,逐一核對(duì)答案,同時(shí)注意文章前后文的聯(lián)系,著力抓住其中統(tǒng)帶全篇的關(guān)鍵信息,關(guān)鍵信息理解正確與否會(huì)引起連鎖反應(yīng),切莫忽視這一問題。