地塞米松調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答保護小鼠急性炎性肝損傷的作用
劉煥榮1,2*陸蕓2張正國2王健2王昱2劉光偉2薛峰1#
上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟醫(yī)院肝臟外科1(200127)復(fù)旦大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院免疫學(xué)系2
*Email: liuhr1103@163.com
背景:在小鼠急性炎性肝損傷中,地塞米松(Dex)可通過抑制天然免疫細(xì)胞功能抑制肝損傷進展,然而T細(xì)胞是否參與此保護作用尚少見報道。目的:探討Dex在急性炎性肝損傷中對T細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)。方法:6只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠隨機分為實驗組和模型組,在以脂多糖誘導(dǎo)急性炎性肝損傷模型前1 h,兩組分別腹腔注射Dex 5 mg/kg和等體積PBS。建模12 h后處死小鼠,行臨床評分并檢測肝功能;分離脾臟單個核細(xì)胞,分析T細(xì)胞活化情況以及各T細(xì)胞亞群的細(xì)胞因子表達、分泌和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達。結(jié)果:實驗組小鼠臨床評分和血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平均明顯低于模型組,脾臟CD44+CD62L-T細(xì)胞(活化或記憶性T細(xì)胞)比率顯著降低,Th1型細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ表達、分泌減少,Th2型細(xì)胞因子IL-4表達、分泌增加,調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg細(xì)胞)比率、Th2/Th1、Treg/Th1比值增加;同時,Th1細(xì)胞特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達下調(diào),Th2、Treg細(xì)胞特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達上調(diào)。結(jié)論:Dex通過抑制T細(xì)胞活化并調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞亞群分化(抑制Th1細(xì)胞分化,促進Th2、Treg細(xì)胞分化),在急性炎性肝損傷中起一定保護作用。
關(guān)鍵詞肝損傷;地塞米松;淋巴細(xì)胞活化;細(xì)胞分化;Th1-Th2平衡
隨著生活質(zhì)量的不斷提升,免疫性肝損傷正逐漸成為一個重要的人類健康問題,細(xì)菌感染引起的肝損傷是其中不容忽視的一類,該類肝損傷主要由革蘭陰性桿菌的胞壁成分脂多糖(LPS)引起[1],天然免疫在其發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起極其重要的作用,如肝臟局部巨噬細(xì)胞Kupffer細(xì)胞釋放白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)等促炎細(xì)胞因子,可加速肝損傷進展,以藥物抑制Kupffer細(xì)胞活化后,炎癥因子釋放減少,肝損傷明顯減輕[2-3]。此外,間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞可通過募集調(diào)節(jié)性樹突細(xì)胞抑制炎性肝損傷發(fā)生[4]。研究[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)在小鼠急性炎性肝損傷中,糖皮質(zhì)激素地塞米松(dexamethasone, Dex)可通過抑制天然免疫細(xì)胞功能抑制肝損傷進展,然而T細(xì)胞是否參與此保護作用尚少見報道。本研究以LPS誘導(dǎo)小鼠急性炎性肝損傷模型,探討Dex在急性炎性肝損傷中對T細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng),為臨床用藥提供理論依據(jù)。
材料與方法
雄性C57BL/6J小鼠6只,6~8周齡,購自復(fù)旦大學(xué)實驗動物中心。小鼠于清潔環(huán)境下晝夜規(guī)律喂養(yǎng),自由進食、飲水。
地塞米松磷酸鈉注射液(1 mL∶5 mg,國藥準(zhǔn)字H37021969,辰欣藥業(yè)股份有限公司),LPS、佛波酯(phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, PMA)、離子霉素(ionomycin, ION)(Sigma-Aldrich Co.),小鼠TNF-α ELISA試劑盒(eBioscience, Inc.),抗小鼠CD4-PE-Cy5、CD8-APC、CD44-FITC、CD62L-PE、干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)-FITC、IL-4-PE、CD25-APC和Foxp3-PE抗體、紅細(xì)胞裂解液、BD GolgiStopTM蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運抑制劑(BD Biosciences),RNeasy Mini Kit(QIAGEN),SuperScript?Ⅲ逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.),F(xiàn)astStart Universal SYBR Green Master (Rox) (Roche Diagnostics), real-time PCR引物設(shè)計、合成[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]。
德靈全自動生化分析儀,Applied Biosystems 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR儀,Beckman Coulter CyAnTMADP流式細(xì)胞儀。
1. 模型建立和給藥方案:采用隨機數(shù)字表法將小鼠分為2組:①實驗組:腹腔注射Dex 5 mg/kg,1 h后腹腔注射LPS 10 mg/kg;②模型組:腹腔注射與實驗組等體積的PBS,1 h后腹腔注射 LPS 10 mg/kg。12 h后處死小鼠,取脾臟進行后續(xù)實驗。
2. 分離脾臟單個核細(xì)胞:取一干凈平皿,放入過濾網(wǎng),將小鼠脾臟置于過濾網(wǎng)下,加入適量PBS,以研磨棒輕輕研磨,收集平皿內(nèi)細(xì)胞懸液,經(jīng)200目過濾網(wǎng)過濾至15 mL EP管中,1 500×g離心5 min,棄上清液,加入2 mL紅細(xì)胞裂解液,2 min后1 500×g離心5 min,棄上清液,PBS重懸,即獲得脾臟單個核細(xì)胞。
3. 觀察指標(biāo):①臨床評分:建模12 h后觀察小鼠狀態(tài),從立毛、抱團、腹瀉、對周圍環(huán)境失去興趣、喪失自動扶正反射五個方面進行評定,出現(xiàn)1項計1分。②肝功能檢測:建模12 h后眼球取血制備血清,以全自動生化分析儀測定血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平。③血清TNF-α檢測:按小鼠TNF-α ELISA試劑盒說明書進行操作。④T細(xì)胞活化檢測:取1×106個單個核細(xì)胞,加入20 μL相應(yīng)抗體(抗小鼠CD4-PE-Cy5、CD8-APC、CD44-FITC、CD62L-PE抗體)稀釋液,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,加入500 μL PBS洗滌,1 500×g離心5 min,棄上清液,PBS重懸,上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測。⑤T細(xì)胞細(xì)胞因子分泌檢測:將單個核細(xì)胞以1×106/孔加入24孔板,同時加入T細(xì)胞刺激物PMA 100 ng/mL、ION 1 μg/mL和高爾基體阻斷劑GolgiStopTM1.5 μL/mL,于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)5 h,收集細(xì)胞,進行相應(yīng)的表面染色、打孔、固定、胞內(nèi)染色等,PBS重懸,上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測。⑥T細(xì)胞亞群細(xì)胞因子、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達分析:建模12 h后取脾臟 制備單細(xì)胞懸液,以流式細(xì)胞方法分選得到CD4+T細(xì)胞,RNeasy Mini Kit提取細(xì)胞總RNA,SuperScript?Ⅲ逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,以之為模板,分別以IFN-γ、IL-4、T-bet、GATA3、Foxp3引物行real-time PCR,以相應(yīng)軟件分析樣本Ct值,2-ΔΔCt法計算目的基因mRNA相對表達量。
應(yīng)用Graphpad Prism 5.0統(tǒng)計軟件,計量資料以±s表示,兩組間比較采用兩獨立樣本t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
建模12 h后,實驗組小鼠臨床評分明顯低于模型組(P=0.003,圖1A),血清ALT(P=0.004)、AST(P=0.022)水平以及天然免疫細(xì)胞分泌的主要細(xì)胞因子TNF-α(P=0.001)水平亦顯著降低(圖1B、1C),提示Dex可明顯緩解急性炎性肝損傷,并抑制天然免疫細(xì)胞功能。
實驗組小鼠脾臟中CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD8+T細(xì)胞比率和絕對數(shù)(P=0.021和P=0.040)均明顯低于模型組(圖2),CD44+CD62L-T細(xì)胞(活化或記憶性T細(xì)胞)比率亦顯著降低(CD4:P=0.001; CD8:P=0.001)(圖3),提示Dex在急性炎性肝損傷時可抑制T細(xì)胞活化。
與模型組相比,實驗組小鼠脾臟中T細(xì)胞Th1型細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ分泌減少(CD4:P=0.005, CD8:P=0.024)(圖4A),Th2型細(xì)胞因子IL-4分泌增加(P=0.014)(圖4B),CD4+CD25+Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg細(xì)胞)比率增加(P=0.004)(圖4B);各T細(xì)胞亞群絕對數(shù)分析顯示,實驗組Th2/Th1比值(P=0.000)、Treg/Th1比值(P=0.000)顯著增高(圖4C)。將每組分選得到的CD4+T細(xì)胞混和,行轉(zhuǎn)錄水平分析,real-time PCR結(jié)果顯示,實驗組T細(xì)胞IFN-γ mRNA表達下調(diào),IL-4 mRNA表達上調(diào),Th1細(xì)胞特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子T-bet mRNA表達下調(diào),Th2細(xì)胞特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA3 mRNA、Treg細(xì)胞特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Foxp3 mRNA表達上調(diào)(圖5),與流式細(xì)胞分析結(jié)果相符,提示Dex在保護急性炎性肝損傷時,可抑制Th1細(xì)胞分化,促進Th2、Treg細(xì)胞分化。
*與模型組比較,P<0.05
*與模型組比較,P<0.05
*與模型組比較,P<0.05
*與模型組比較,P<0.05
圖5急性炎性肝損傷時Dex改變T細(xì)胞細(xì)胞因子和不同亞群特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達
討論
肝損傷性疾病是威脅人類健康的重要疾病,主要包括酒精性肝損傷、藥物性肝損傷、免疫性肝損傷等,其中免疫性肝損傷包括自身免疫性肝炎、病毒性肝炎、細(xì)菌感染性肝損傷等,相關(guān)調(diào)查顯示其發(fā)病率逐年增高,成為肝臟病學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究熱點之一。了解免疫性肝損傷的致病因素、發(fā)病機制以及免疫細(xì)胞的變化,對于制訂正確的治療策略具有重要意義。
糖皮質(zhì)激素因其強大的抗炎、抗病毒作用而成為治療免疫相關(guān)疾病的常用藥物之一[5]。既往文獻報道,Dex可抑制樹突細(xì)胞分化、成熟,進而抑制相關(guān)炎癥發(fā)生[6];或通過誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞向M2型(替代性活化的巨噬細(xì)胞,抗原呈遞能力較弱,可通過分泌抑制性細(xì)胞因子下調(diào)免疫應(yīng)答)分化,達到抑制炎癥的目的[7]。此外,Dex還可誘導(dǎo)髓源抑制性細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,該類細(xì)胞具有強烈的免疫抑制功能,從而抑制炎性疾病進展[8]。
眾所周知,自身免疫性肝炎主要是由適應(yīng)性免疫所介導(dǎo),Dex通過調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答,成為臨床上治療該類疾病的常用藥物[9-10]。然而本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在由天然免疫介導(dǎo)的急性炎性肝損傷中,Dex亦可通過影響T細(xì)胞發(fā)揮保護作用。T細(xì)胞活化是介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞免疫、促進相關(guān)炎癥發(fā)生的前提條件。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在急性炎性肝損傷早期,Dex可明顯抑制T細(xì)胞活化,并影響T細(xì)胞亞群分化。流式細(xì)胞分析和real-time PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示,Dex可明顯抑制T細(xì)胞的IFN-γ表達和分泌,即抑制Th1細(xì)胞分化,同時促進IL-4表達和分泌,即誘導(dǎo)Th2細(xì)胞分化。Treg細(xì)胞是一類具有免疫抑制功能的T細(xì)胞,可通過分泌轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(TGF-β)、IL-10等細(xì)胞因子抑制免疫反應(yīng)[11]。本研究對各T細(xì)胞亞群數(shù)量的分析顯示,予Dex處理的實驗組小鼠Th2/Th1、Treg/Th1比值顯著增高,提示Dex有助于增加保護性T細(xì)胞亞群(Th2和Treg),同時限制致病性T細(xì)胞亞群(Th1)。不同T細(xì)胞亞群分化的特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是決定T細(xì)胞分化方向的關(guān)鍵因素,T-bet、GATA3、Foxp3分別是Th1、Th2、Treg細(xì)胞分化的特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[12-13]。本研究在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平證實,急性炎性肝損傷時,Dex可下調(diào)T-bet表達,同時上調(diào)GATA3、Foxp3表達,與流式細(xì)胞T細(xì)胞亞群數(shù)量分析結(jié)果相符。
綜上所述,Dex可緩解急性炎性肝損傷,抑制T細(xì)胞活化并調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞亞群分化(抑制Th1細(xì)胞分化,促進Th2、Treg細(xì)胞分化),可能有利于其發(fā)揮保護作用。
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(2015-01-29收稿;2015-03-01修回)
Dexamethasone Protects Mice against Acute Inflammatory Liver Injury by Regulating T Cell Immune ResponseLIUHuanrong1,2,LUYun2,ZHANGZhengguo2,WANGJian2,WANGYu2,LIUGuangwei2,XUEFeng1.1DepartmentofLiverSurgery,RenJiHospital,SchoolofMedicine,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai(200127);2DepartmentofImmunology,SchoolofBasicMedicalSciences,FudanUniversity,Shanghai
Correspondence to: XUE Feng, Email: fengxue6879@163.com
Background: Dexamethasone can protect mice against the acute inflammatory liver injury by inhibiting innate immune cell function. However, the roles of T cell in this protective effect remain unknown. Aims: To investigate the regulatory effect of dexamethasone on T cell immune response in acute inflammatory liver injury. Methods: Six male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 2 groups. One hour before induction of acute inflammatory liver injury by lipopolysaccharide, dexamethasone 5 mg/kg and PBS were given intraperitoneally in experimental group and model group, respectively. All the mice were sacrificed 12 hours after model construction. The clinical score and liver function parameters were assessed; splenic mononuclear cells were isolated for measurements of T cell activation, as well as cytokine expression, secretion, and transcriptional factor expression for different T-cell subsets. Results: Clinical score and serum levels of transaminase were significantly lower in experimental group when compared with the model group. Meanwhile, percentage of CD44+CD62L-T cells (i.e. activated or memory T cells) from spleen was significantly decreased in experimental group. Among splenic T cell population, expression and secretion of IFN-γ, a Th1-type cytokine, was decreased; expression and secretion of IL-4, a Th2-type cytokine, percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and ratios of Th2/Th1 and Treg/Th1 were increased; transcriptional factor specific for Th1 cells was down-regulated, and those for Th2 and Treg cells were up-regulated. Conclusions: Dexamethasone inhibits T cell activation and directs the reciprocal T cell lineage differentiation (repressing Th1 cell differentiation, promoting Th2 and Treg cell differentiation), which may contribute to the protection against acute inflammatory liver injury.
Key wordsLiver Injury;Dexamethasone;Lymphocyte Activation;Cell Differentiation;Th1-Th2 Balance
通信作者#本文,Email: fengxue6879@163.com
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2015.06.002