□ 文/楊繼瑞

●（作者系重慶工商大學成渝經(jīng)濟區(qū)城市群產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心主任、西南財經(jīng)大學成渝經(jīng)濟區(qū)發(fā)展研究院院長）

隨著“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略的逐步深入推進，重慶正在提升我國內(nèi)陸開放格局。從發(fā)展的節(jié)奏和現(xiàn)實條件來看，重慶做出了積極地探索與實踐，正處于促進亞歐互聯(lián)互通的關(guān)鍵時期。

一、與亞歐互聯(lián)互通的探索與實踐

（一）重慶外向經(jīng)濟尤其亞歐貿(mào)易發(fā)展迅猛。當前我國對外貿(mào)易形勢總體較為嚴峻，但重慶的對外貿(mào)易特別是對歐貿(mào)易卻迎來較大增長。自2008年以來，以筆記本電腦為代表的電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展；海關(guān)特殊監(jiān)管區(qū)域開放平臺優(yōu)勢持續(xù)發(fā)揮；產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚效應促進出口大幅增長；同時國家政策促進效果明顯，各項便捷通關(guān)措施助推外貿(mào)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展；與新興市場經(jīng)貿(mào)合作的進一步加深惠及外貿(mào)發(fā)展。近幾年來，重慶依托“渝新歐”中歐國際鐵路以及以電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)為代表的出口加工業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，從團結(jié)村鐵路樞紐出口的貨物量逐年提高。2010年團結(jié)村中心站發(fā)送5萬標準集裝箱，2013年發(fā)送量達到了7.8萬箱，累計年增長率達到了70%以上，綜合排名位居全國同類鐵路樞紐第一，目前“渝新歐”鐵路在中國各個城市到歐洲的市場上占了80%的份額，而只有重慶的班列堅持了常態(tài)化運行，遠遠超過其他城市發(fā)往歐洲的列車次數(shù)，使得重慶對歐貿(mào)易進入新局面；寸灘港2012年集裝箱吞吐量達到55萬箱，2014年超過100萬箱，成為長江上游首個集裝箱年吞吐量破百萬的港口；重慶空港2012年貨郵吞吐量為27萬噸，2013年達到28.2萬噸，2014年則超過了30萬噸，其余口岸貨物吞吐量也逐年穩(wěn)步提高，促進了重慶外向型經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。

表一：2008-2012年重慶市前十位進口貿(mào)易伙伴貿(mào)易額比重

表二：2008-2012年重慶市前十位出口貿(mào)易伙伴貿(mào)易額比重

從表二、表三中可以看出，重慶的進口貿(mào)易伙伴主要集中于東北亞的日本、韓國以及東南亞的馬來西亞、泰國、菲律賓、新加坡、越南等，美洲的美國、加拿大、巴西，以及歐洲的德國、法國等；出口貿(mào)易伙伴集中分布于北美洲的美國、歐洲的德國、荷蘭、法國。亞歐國家所占重慶對外貿(mào)易比重逐步增加，說明了重慶在推動中亞、中歐經(jīng)貿(mào)交往中起到作用越來越大，促進了亞歐互聯(lián)互通。

（二）重慶基礎(chǔ)設施逐步完善，為推進亞歐互聯(lián)互通打下基礎(chǔ)。作為開放門戶，重慶口岸建設初具規(guī)模。目前已建成包括寸灘港水運口岸、團結(jié)村鐵路口岸、江北機場航空口岸3個一類口岸在內(nèi)的15個口岸；依托寸灘港的肉類進口口岸、依托江北機場的水果進口口岸和依托團結(jié)村鐵路樞紐的整車進口口岸三個進口口岸以及寸灘保稅港區(qū)和西永綜合保稅區(qū)兩個保稅區(qū)；近年來，重慶依托國家戰(zhàn)略，交通基礎(chǔ)設施條件明顯改善，基本構(gòu)建起以鐵路和水運為骨干、公路為基礎(chǔ)的集疏運體系，基本形成以空港為中心，集高速公路系統(tǒng)和快速軌道交通于一體的區(qū)域性樞紐機場和依托團結(jié)村鐵路物流基地為中心的多式聯(lián)運物流樞紐基地；依托國家“五縱五橫綜合運輸大通道”中的包頭至廣州運輸大通道和滬漢渝蓉運輸大通道，基本形成以重慶為中心，依托成渝通道、渝蘭西亞通道、渝包通道、渝京遠東通道、渝漢滬出海通道、渝湘穗出海通道、渝黔桂出海通道、渝滇東南亞通道的8條“米字型”對外綜合運輸大通道，“二樞紐八通道”的對外交通格局正在加快形成，為進一步推進亞歐互聯(lián)互通打下了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

表三：重慶口岸分布表（截止2015年3月底）

（三）重慶空間結(jié)構(gòu)逐步合理，促進了各經(jīng)濟要素在推動亞歐互聯(lián)互通中的協(xié)同參與。重慶三大一類進出口口岸相對集中地分布在都市功能拓展區(qū)各個方位，通過環(huán)線公路有機串聯(lián)，非常有利于各個口岸之間的順暢鏈接和多式聯(lián)運的發(fā)展。同時，重慶還修建了79條鐵路專用線路，開通了鐵水聯(lián)運和路企直通，進一步使得重慶內(nèi)部貨運交通變得四通八達；重慶西永、寸灘保稅港區(qū)以發(fā)展跨境電子商務、保稅展示交易等為重點，在全國率先實現(xiàn)在保稅港區(qū)圍網(wǎng)范圍內(nèi)開展保稅商品展示交易，并率先實現(xiàn)跨境貿(mào)易電子商務全流程，已經(jīng)打造成為了內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的對歐貿(mào)易中心；國家已將重慶定位為西南地區(qū)的物流中心城市和全國物流節(jié)點城市，基本形成了以主城國家級物流樞紐平臺為核心，以萬州、涪陵、江津等“多節(jié)點”重點物流園區(qū)為補充的物流體系。“渝新歐”、“渝滬”、“渝深”五定班列常態(tài)開行。重慶機場已開通國際（地區(qū)）貨運航線19條，全貨運航線和航班數(shù)位居中西部地區(qū)第一。 重慶已經(jīng)形成了優(yōu)越的水陸空交通運輸條件，合理充分的利用了重慶優(yōu)越的基礎(chǔ)設施，優(yōu)化了城市的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，加深了重慶促進亞歐互聯(lián)互通開放格局。

（四）重慶產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型升級，主動契合對歐貿(mào)易。近幾年來，重慶著重在電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)上加大發(fā)展力度，積極對接東部產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移，“無中生有”地進行了電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的培育構(gòu)建，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)形成了從原來單一汽摩產(chǎn)業(yè)主導到電子信息和汽摩產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)同推進，裝備制造、化工醫(yī)療、材料科學、能源產(chǎn)業(yè)多元并進的產(chǎn)業(yè)格局。隨著電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，重慶已經(jīng)成為了亞洲最大的筆電生產(chǎn)基地，歐洲每兩臺筆記本電腦中就有一臺重慶生產(chǎn)。同時為進一步契合對歐貿(mào)易，重慶市政府專門依托“渝新歐”中歐鐵路大通道起點團結(jié)村鐵路樞紐規(guī)劃建設了30平方公里的重慶西部現(xiàn)代物流園區(qū)進行配套，園區(qū)內(nèi)設置了多式聯(lián)運區(qū)、鐵路保稅區(qū)、加工配套區(qū)等10大功能區(qū)，發(fā)展歐洲商品展銷、國際市場專業(yè)加工等。重慶建設長江上游金融中心地位已經(jīng)初顯，區(qū)域結(jié)算和定價功能、金融競爭力和輻射力不斷增強。2014年，金融業(yè)占GDP比重達到8.6%。海外上市企業(yè)增至40家，OTC掛牌企業(yè)突破100家，各類金融機構(gòu)總數(shù)已超過1000家，金融已成為重要的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。重慶農(nóng)村土地交易所、聯(lián)合產(chǎn)權(quán)交易所等七家非傳統(tǒng)金融機構(gòu)不斷開展金融創(chuàng)新，已初具規(guī)模效益，成為區(qū)域重要的要素市場。當前重慶正進一步推進產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級，大力發(fā)展貿(mào)易、倉儲物流、保稅加工以及對歐貿(mào)易配套的金融、中介、電子商務等現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)，以產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型升級促進對歐貿(mào)易，以對歐貿(mào)易加快產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級，增強了產(chǎn)業(yè)外向型程度和國際競爭力，促進亞歐互聯(lián)互通。

二、加大亞歐互聯(lián)互通的思考與建議

重慶作為內(nèi)陸城市，已在推動亞歐互聯(lián)互通中起到了重要支點作用，改變了重慶對外開放的格局。但同時，相關(guān)要素、體制和服務配套水平較低還制約著重慶拓展其作用范圍。要進一步推進亞歐互聯(lián)互通，需要政府、企業(yè)、社會等各方十大關(guān)鍵要素集成與協(xié)同，以此來突破和解決互聯(lián)互通進程中的諸多難題。

（一）政府主導。重慶市政府在當前“新常態(tài)”背景下，應明確開放規(guī)模與開放效益相一致的政府行為理念，要用國家“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略意識審視重慶建設內(nèi)陸開放高地目標，增強政府行為有效性。

（二）企業(yè)主動轉(zhuǎn)型。企業(yè)應主動調(diào)整進出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)，推動加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級，由簡單加工向深加工、精加工、高端加工轉(zhuǎn)變，進入到由量變到質(zhì)變層面。

（三）資源優(yōu)化配置。重慶應著力消除制約經(jīng)濟快速健康發(fā)展的體制機制障礙，強調(diào)市場在資源配置中的地位。

（四）基礎(chǔ)設施完善。著重以鐵路、水運網(wǎng)絡為主，優(yōu)化港口、鐵路、航空的多式聯(lián)運體系，在果園港、萬州港和涪陵港推進鐵路進港工程；開展一級公路口岸建設，建設輻射四川、陜西、貴州的公路口岸，全面形成江海聯(lián)運、路水聯(lián)運、水水中轉(zhuǎn)的物流新格局；加強重慶空港建設，做大做強重慶空運市場，提高周邊省市在重慶空港轉(zhuǎn)運貨物的比重；在進一步完善“渝新歐“中歐運輸大通道基礎(chǔ)上，開展出海國際物流大通道論證，打通重慶-昆明-東南亞鐵路出海通道，與長江黃金航道和“渝新歐”鐵路形成完整的物流通道體系。

（五）產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化。夯實支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)和優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)，重點抓好汽摩、電子信息、醫(yī)藥、裝備等產(chǎn)業(yè)。

（六）現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)配套。重慶現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)應著眼于增強重慶拉動區(qū)域經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的服務功能和輻射功能，把金融、信息咨詢、商貿(mào)作為重點，堅持大流通、大市場、大貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)略；加快培育完善證券、基金等資本市場。

另外，還要注重外資合理利用、稅費補貼杠桿撬動、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)融合及職業(yè)人才的培養(yǎng)等。

With the gradually deepening of the strategy of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21stCentury Maritime Silk Road,Chongqing is advancing the inland open pattern.From the development rhythm and realistic conditions,Chongqing has made active exploration and practice.Now it is entering into the critical period of promoting the connectivity and interworking of Asia and Europe.

Ⅰ.Exploration and Practice of Connectivity and Interworking with Asia and Europe

(Ⅰ) Chongqing’s foreign-oriented economy,especially trade with Asia and Europe,is developing rapidly.Currently,the overall situation of China’s foreign trade is severe,while Chongqing’s foreign trade,especially its trade with Europe,witnesses a great increase.Since 2008,Chongqing’s electronic information industry,represented by notebook computer,developed stably.The advantage of customs special supervision area open platform continued to plays an important role.The industrial agglomeration effect boosted the substantial increase of export.At the same time,the national policy’s promoting effect is evident.Various convenient customs clearance measures pushed forward the stable development of foreign trade.The further deepening economic and trade cooperation with rising economies also benefited foreign trade development.In recent years,based on the “Chongqing-Xiangjiang-Europe”Sino-Europe international railway and the flourish development of export processing industry represented by electronic information industry,the export goods from Tuanjiecun Railway Hub increased year by year.In 2010,50,000 standard containers were transported abroad from Tuanjiecun Railway Station.In 2013 the amount reached 78,000 containers,with an annually increase rate over 70%,which ranks first among the nationwide railway hubs of the same kind.At present,in terms of Chinese cities’routes reaching European market,the “Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe”Railway accounts for a share of 80%.But,only Chongqing’s trains kept normal operation,which far exceeds all other cities’trains to Europe.This ensures Chongqing’s trade with Europe entering into a new situation.In 2012,Cun Tan Port’s container throughput reached 550,000 containers.In 2014,it surpassed 1million containers.As a result,Chongqing became the first port with container handling capacity over 1million.In 2012,Chongqing airport’s cargo throughput was 270,000 tons.In 2013,it reached 282,000 tons and exceeded 300,000 tons in 2014.Other ports’cargo throughput also saw stable increase year by year.All of these together propelled Chongqing’s foreign trade development.

From Table2 and Table3,we can see that Chongqing’s import trade partners are mainly Japan and Korea from Northeast Asia;Malaysia,Thailand,Philippines,Singapore and Vietnam from Southeast Asia;USA,Canada,Brazil from America;and Germany,Netherlands and France from Europe.Its export trade partners mainly are USA,Germany,Netherlands and France.The proportion of countries from Asia and Europe in Chongqing’s foreign trade is gradually increasing.This shows that Chongqing is playing a greater role in promoting Sino-Asia and Sino-Europe trade exchanges,and has boosted Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

Table1 : Trade Volume Proportion of Chongqing’s Top 10 Import Trade Partner,2008-12

Table2 : Trade Volume Proportion of Chongqing’s Top 10 Export Trade Partner,2008-12

(Ⅱ) Chongqing’s gradually improved infrastructure lays a foundation for promoting Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.As an open door,Chongqing’s port construction is beginning to take shape.Currently,it has fifteen ports including three Level-1 ports,namely,Cun Tan Waterway Port,Tuanjiecun Railway Port and Jiangbei International Airport.Its three import ports are meat importing port based on Cun Tan Port,fruit importing port based on Jiangbei International Airport,vehicle importing port based on Tuanjiecun Railway Hub.Its two bonded zone are Cun Tan Free Trade Port Area and Xiyong Comprehensive Bonded Zone.In recent years,based on national strategy,Chongqing’s transportation infrastructure improved remarkably.It has established collecting and dispatching system with railway and waterway as its backbone and highway as its basis.It has formed regional airport hub integrating highway system and rail rapid transit network,and a multimodal transport logistics base centering on Tuanjiecun Railway Logistics Base.Based on Baotou-Guangzhou Transport Channel and Shanghai-Wuhan-Chongqing-Chengdu Transport Channel from state “Five Longitudinal and Horizontal Integrated Transport Channel”,it formed eight comprehensive transport channels with Chongqing as its center.The eight channels are Chengdu-Chongqing Channel,Chongqing-Lanzhou West Asia Channel,Chongqing-Baotou Channel,Chongqing-Beijing Far East Channel,Chongqing-Wuhan-Shanghai Channel,Chongqing-Hunan-Guangzhou Channel,Chongqing-Guizhou-Guangxi Channel and Chongqing-Yunnan Southeast Asia Channel.The external traffic pattern of “Two Hubs and Eight Channels”is gradually taking shape,and this will be a solid foundation for further promoting the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

(Ⅲ) Chongqing’s improving spatial structure facilitates the coordinative participation of various economic factors in promoting the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.Chongqing’s three Level-1 import and export ports concentrate at different directions of urban function expansion area.The three ports connect with each other through loop highways,which facilitate the smooth link among those three ports and the development of multimodal transport.Besides,Chongqing has established 79 railway lines;also it has opened up railwayriver combined transport and road-enterprise directional line.This forms Chongqing’s convenient internal freight transport.Chongqing’s Xiyong Bonded Zone and Cun Tan Free Trade Port Area center on developing cross-border e-business and bonded exhibition transaction.It becomes the first port that realizes bonded commodity exhibition transaction and whole process cross-border e-business trade in the bonded area.So it has become an inland Sino-Europe trade center.Now,Chongqing has been positioned as a logistics center in Southwest China and a national logistics node city.In this way,Chongqing has formed a logistics system with the statelevel logistics hub platform as its core and the “multi-node”key logistics park like Wanzhou,Fuling and Jiangjin as its supplements.The “Five scheduled”trains from “Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe”Railway,“Chongqing-Shanghai”Railway and “Chongqing-Shenzhen”Railway maintains in normal operation.Chongqing’s airport has opened 19 international (regional) freight lines.Chongqing’s all freight lines and flight number rank first in Chinese central and western regions.Chongqing has formed advantageous water-land-air transport conditions and made fully use of its superior infrastructure reasonably.This optimized its special structure and deepened Chongqing’s open pattern in promoting the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

(Ⅳ) Chongqing transforms and upgrades its industrial structure to take the initiative to fit Europe-oriented trade.In recent years,Chongqing paid more attention on the development of electronic information industry,and actively kept in line with industry transfer from eastern region.It cultivated electronic industry from scratch.Its industrial structure advanced from a single dominated automobile and motorcycle industry to a coordinated development of electronic information and automobile and motorcycle industry.Consequently,a diverse industrial pattern that involves the common development of equipment manufacturing,chemical industry,medicine,material science and energy industry was formed.At the same time,in order to further keep in line with the trade with Europe,Chongqing government planned and constructed the Chongqing Western Modern Logistics Park,with an area of 30 square km,based on the Tuanjiecun Railway Hub.In the park,ten functional zones were set,mainly including Multimodal Transport Area,Railway Bonded Area,Processing and Supporting Area.The park mainly focuses on European commodity sales exhibition and international market oriented specialty processing.Chongqing has built itself as a financial center in the upper reaches of Yangtze River,and has strengthened its regional settlement and pricing function,financial competitiveness and influence.In 2014,financial industry’s proportion in GDP reached 8.6%;overseas listed companies increased to 40;OTC listed companies surpassed 100;all kinds of financial institutions have exceeded 1000.As a result,financial industry has become a pillar industry of Chongqing.Seven nontraditional financial institutions including Chongqing Rural Land Exchange and United Assets and Equity Exchange gradually carried out financial innovation.Now,its scale benefit has taken shape and it has become an important regional factor market.At present,Chongqing is carrying forward industrial transformation and upgrading and striving to develop trade,storage and logistics,bonded processing and supporting modern service industry fit for trade with Europe,such as finance,intermediary service,and e-business.Through mutual promotion of industrial transformation and upgrading and the trade with Europe,Chongqing enhanced its export-oriented industry and its international competitiveness.Accordingly,this promotes the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

Table3 ：Chongqing Ports’Distribution List (by the end of March 2015)

Ⅱ.Consideration and Suggestion about Strengthening Connectivity and Interworking with Asia and Europe

As an inland city,Chongqing has played a key leverage role and changed its opening-up pattern.However,at the same time,related factors,systems and low service supporting level still limit Chongqing expanding its influence.Further promote the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking needs the integration and coordination of ten key factors like government,enterprise,society and so on.By this way,the problems appeared in the process will be solved and make a breakthrough.

(Ⅰ) Government Domination.Under the context of “new normalcy”,Chongqing government should make clear and definite behavioral idea that ensure the open scale is consistent with its benefit,and review Chongqing’s goal of building inland opening-up heights based on the national strategic concept of “Silk Road Economic Belt”and “21th century Maritime Silk Road”so as to increase governmental behaviors’effectiveness.

(Ⅱ) Enterprises’Active Transformation.Enterprises should actively adjust the structure of imports and exports,and propel the transformation and upgrading of processing trade,namely,from simple processing to deepening processing,fine processing and high-end processing,and enter into a level from quantitative change to qualitative change.

(Ⅲ) Optimum Allocation of Resources.Chongqing should make efforts to remove system and mechanism barriers that constrain the healthy development of economy,and emphasis market’s leading role in resources allocation.

(Ⅳ) Infrastructure Improvement.Give priority to railway and waterway networks and optimize the multimodal transport system including port,railway and airway.Promote railway arrival project at Guoyuan Port,Wanzhou Port and Fuling Port.Construct high level road port which can reach Sichuan,Shaanxi,and Guizhou.Thus comprehensively form a new logistics pattern involving river-ocean combined transportation,road-river combined transportation and water-water transfer.Strengthen the construction of Chongqing’s airport and expand Chongqing’s air transport market,and increase the proportion of cargo transshipment at Chongqing airport from near provinces and cities.On the basis of further improving the great “Chongqing-Xingjiang-Europe”Sino-Europe transport channel,demonstrate the overseas great international logistics channel with an aim to open up the Chongqing-Kunming-Southeast Asia railway channel access to the sea.Therefore,it will form a complete logistics channel system together with Yangtze River Golden Channel and “Chongqing-Xingjiang-Europe”Railway.

(Ⅴ)Industrial Structure Optimization.Consolidate the pillar industry and competitive industries,and focus on automobile and motorcycle,electronic information,medicine and equipment industry.

(Ⅵ) Supporting Modern Service Industry.Chongqing’s modern service industry should focus on strengthening Chongqing’s service and radiation function for boosting regional economic development.Take finance,information consultation,business and trade as its key point.Adhere to the strategy of great channel,big market and big trade.Cultivate and improve capital market like securities and funds.

Besides,reasonable usage of foreign investment,tax subsidies leverage,internet integration and the cultivation of professional talents should also be given enough attention.