趙鵬 綜述 羅婭紅 審校
遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110042
宮頸癌是世界范圍內(nèi)女性第三常見(jiàn)惡性腫瘤,約占女性全部惡性腫瘤的9%[1]。其不僅發(fā)病率高,病死率也很高。美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)統(tǒng)計(jì),2014年美國(guó)全年有12360例新發(fā)宮頸癌病例,4020例病死;2012年歐洲統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)道了全年98984例新增宮頸癌患者和23733例宮頸癌病死病例[2]。人乳頭瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染是宮頸癌發(fā)生的主要原因,99%宮頸腫瘤患者中可檢出HPV[3]。近年來(lái),我國(guó)宮頸癌的發(fā)病率和病死率也呈上升趨勢(shì)。
2012年歐洲腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)臨床實(shí)踐指南對(duì)宮頸癌的術(shù)前評(píng)價(jià)包括臨床及婦科檢查、胸部X線檢查、陰式超聲、血生化指標(biāo)及肝腎功能。全腹部增強(qiáng)CT檢查可檢測(cè)盆外病變,MRI增強(qiáng)掃描是評(píng)價(jià)宮頸癌局部浸潤(rùn)范圍的最佳工具,分子影像18F-脫氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18FFDG)PET/CT則主要檢測(cè)遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移[4]。本研究對(duì)PET/CT在宮頸癌分期和再分期、治療療效響應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)、預(yù)后及生存率預(yù)測(cè)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行綜述。
作為典型的婦科惡性腫瘤,早期宮頸癌常無(wú)癥狀或癥狀不明顯,直到其擴(kuò)散至周?chē)馄式Y(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致疼痛、性生活不適、不正常陰道流血或分泌物等才被發(fā)現(xiàn)[4]。國(guó)際婦產(chǎn)科聯(lián)盟(International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,F(xiàn)IGO)對(duì)宮頸癌的分期基于腫瘤大小、周?chē)M織結(jié)構(gòu)受累情況(宮旁、陰道、膀胱、直腸)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[5]。
宮頸癌易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,N分期對(duì)患者的預(yù)后有很大影響。盡管外科技術(shù)不斷提高,F(xiàn)IGO仍鼓勵(lì)借助影像學(xué)技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)腹盆部的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況[5-8]。FIGO推薦增強(qiáng)CT及MRI作為宮頸癌治療計(jì)劃制訂的一線影像技術(shù);FDG PET/CT則更好地作為N分期工具,而不是判斷腫瘤浸潤(rùn)程度的工具。Lv等[9]回顧性分析了87例早期宮頸癌患者,評(píng)價(jià)FDG PET/CT與盆腔MRI判斷盆腔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的價(jià)值,發(fā)現(xiàn)FDG PET/CT判斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的總靈敏度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值(positive predictive value,PPV)、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值(negative predictive value,NPV)和準(zhǔn)確率分別為91.0% (61/67)、78.2% (61/78)、99.4% (1079/1085)和98.0%(1140/1163),均高于MRI的37.3% (25/67)、61.0% (25/41)、96.3% (1080/1122)和95.0%(1105/1163)(P<0.034)。Monteil等[10]研究40例ⅠA~ⅣA期頸癌患者,用MRI及FDG PET/CT評(píng)價(jià)盆腔及腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)在評(píng)價(jià)盆腔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移方面,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT與MRI相近,而評(píng)價(jià)腹主動(dòng)脈旁轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),F(xiàn)DG PET/CT更準(zhǔn)確。然而,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT最具挑戰(zhàn)性的問(wèn)題是評(píng)價(jià)小的淋巴結(jié)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確率不夠。在一項(xiàng)多中心前瞻性研究中,237例患者FDG PET/CT顯示腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié)陰性,進(jìn)行腹腔鏡腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié)切除術(shù)并與病理結(jié)果對(duì)照,發(fā)現(xiàn)12%患者淋巴結(jié)有轉(zhuǎn)移,尤其是當(dāng)淋巴結(jié)<5 mm時(shí)更易出現(xiàn)漏診[11]。
FDG PET/CT參數(shù)還可有效評(píng)價(jià)無(wú)病生存期(disease free survival,DFS)、復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間(time to recurrence,TTR)、總生存期(overall survival,OS)。Nakamura等[12]回顧性研究FDG PET/CT與MRI對(duì)宮頸癌患者的預(yù)后價(jià)值,比較宮頸癌盆腔淋巴結(jié)的最大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)攝取值(maximal standardized uptake value,SUVmax)和MRI最小表觀彌散系數(shù)(minimum apparent diffusion coefficient,ADCmin)。那些盆腔淋巴結(jié)SUVmax較高的患者DFS及OS較低。Chung等[13]研究了FIGOⅠB~ⅡA期宮頸癌盆腔淋巴結(jié)SUVmax值與復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系,多變量分析顯示,淋巴結(jié)SUVmax值與宮旁浸潤(rùn)是患者宮頸癌復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并將淋巴結(jié)SUVmax=2.36作為復(fù)發(fā)與否的臨界點(diǎn)(P<0.001)。此外,股后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移也預(yù)示預(yù)后更差。Im等[14]總結(jié)了217例FIGO分期ⅠA2~ⅣA期宮頸癌患者PET/CT檢查資料,評(píng)價(jià)股后淋巴結(jié)與病變的關(guān)系,認(rèn)為股后淋巴結(jié)浸潤(rùn)的危險(xiǎn)因素最高(HR=17.05,95% CI:5.34~54.44),與鎖骨上淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移一樣預(yù)后不佳,但較腹膜后腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(HR=6.05,95% CI:2.18~16.81)預(yù)后更差。盆腔淋巴結(jié)SUV也可預(yù)示治療響應(yīng)、盆腔病變復(fù)發(fā)、病變殘留和OS。Kidd等[15]分析了83例FIGO分期ⅠB1~ⅢB期宮頸癌患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)高的盆腔淋巴結(jié)SUV預(yù)示高的盆腔復(fù)發(fā)率(P=0.0035)及不良預(yù)后(P=0.0378)。在Cox比例危險(xiǎn)率模型中,骨盆復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素包括盆腔淋巴結(jié)SUV、患者年齡、腫瘤分期,而骨盆淋巴結(jié)SUV增高是唯一的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。除SUVmax外,PET/CT還有其他測(cè)量參數(shù),如腫瘤代謝體積(metabolic tumor volume,MTV)可表示腫瘤有代謝活性部分的范圍。Kim等[16]用SUVmax和MTV評(píng)價(jià)45例FIGO分期早期宮頸癌患者,MTV被證實(shí)為DFS的獨(dú)立預(yù)后指標(biāo)。
FDG PET/CT的另一作用是評(píng)估腫瘤對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)。腫瘤經(jīng)治療后,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT的主要作用是區(qū)分有治療響應(yīng)與無(wú)治療響應(yīng)的患者。Yoon等[17]研究表明,在完全治療響應(yīng)患者中,3年DFS率明顯高于無(wú)響應(yīng)或部分治療響應(yīng)的患者(71% vs.18%),同樣也適用于3年無(wú)遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移生存率(79% vs.27%)。另一項(xiàng)研究表明,經(jīng)過(guò)4個(gè)周期放化療后行18F-FDG PET/CT顯像,SUVmax減小程度≥60%預(yù)示好的治療響應(yīng)及好的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存率[18]。Kidd等[19]研究入組了25例ⅠB1~ⅣA期宮頸癌患者,統(tǒng)計(jì)治療前、后2周、治療后4周的PET/CT參數(shù)(包括SUVmax、MTV),并與治療后3個(gè)月的治療響應(yīng)比較。發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著治療時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),SUVmax較其他代謝指標(biāo)改變更明顯,能更敏感地反映療效,并將治療前和治療后4周作為最好的預(yù)后響應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)間。
大量報(bào)道顯示,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT能更直觀地觀察局部復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處再發(fā)病變,在進(jìn)一步確定治療方案中也明顯較增強(qiáng)CT及MRI更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。Chung等[20]利用18F-FDG PET/CT對(duì)52例臨床、細(xì)胞、生化指標(biāo)或常規(guī)影像學(xué)懷疑宮頸癌復(fù)發(fā)的患者進(jìn)行檢查,隨后通過(guò)組織病理學(xué)檢測(cè)或長(zhǎng)期隨訪證實(shí)復(fù)發(fā)與否,發(fā)現(xiàn)PET/CT評(píng)價(jià)復(fù)發(fā)的PPV為87.5%,NPV為85%,其檢測(cè)復(fù)發(fā)的靈敏度、特異度和準(zhǔn)確率分別為90.3%、81.0%和86.5%,從而改變了23.1%患者的進(jìn)一步治療計(jì)劃。Mittra等[21]回顧性分析了30例宮頸惡性腫瘤治療后并經(jīng)PET/CT掃描的患者,其靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確率、PPV和NPV分別為93%、93%、93%、86%和96%。Sironi等[22]選擇宮頸癌術(shù)后患者,利用PET/CT檢測(cè)治療后宮頸癌的復(fù)發(fā),其靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確率、PPV和NPV分別為92.9%、100.0%、100.0%、91.7%和96.0%。因此,對(duì)于宮頸癌治療后的患者,18F-FDG PET/CT的隨訪十分必要,其提供了病變解剖和葡萄糖代謝功能信息,可更準(zhǔn)確及敏感地判斷復(fù)發(fā),改善治療策略,從而提高患者的無(wú)瘤生存期及生存質(zhì)量。
從大量研究報(bào)道可發(fā)現(xiàn),宮頸癌的T分期判斷仍以增強(qiáng)CT及MRI為主,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT只能用于補(bǔ)充檢查,而18F-FDG PET/CT顯像的更重要優(yōu)勢(shì)在于通過(guò)SUVmax、MTV和病灶糖酵解總量等定量信息預(yù)測(cè)及評(píng)價(jià)患者的DFS、OS和TTR。對(duì)于進(jìn)展期患者,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT檢測(cè)遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移的優(yōu)勢(shì)也較增強(qiáng)CT及MRI更明顯,被納入臨床實(shí)踐指南中[4]。在腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)監(jiān)測(cè)及隨訪中,F(xiàn)DG PET/CT改變了大量患者的治療策略,解決了增強(qiáng)CT及MRI疑惑的問(wèn)題。另外,隨著影像技術(shù)的發(fā)展及臨床應(yīng)用規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,PET與MRI的融合也將使宮頸癌患者的治療及隨訪更加受益。
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