曲靈美綜述 孫亞男審校
長鏈非編碼RNA在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展*
曲靈美1綜述 孫亞男1審校
基因組學(xué)研究顯示,哺乳動(dòng)物基因組具有廣泛密集轉(zhuǎn)錄的特點(diǎn),只有不到2%轉(zhuǎn)錄為蛋白質(zhì),而超過98%轉(zhuǎn)錄為非編碼RNA(ncRNA)。非編碼RNA,包括siRNA、miRNA等為代表的短小RNA和長鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA),其中LncRNA是一類轉(zhuǎn)錄本長度超過200核苷酸的RNA,本身并不編碼蛋白或很少編碼蛋白質(zhì)。在2002年對小鼠的基因組cDNA文庫的大規(guī)模測序過程中首次被發(fā)現(xiàn),至今在哺乳動(dòng)物基因組已發(fā)現(xiàn)3500多種LncRNA。隨著對RNA研究的不斷深入,非編碼RNA越來越引起人們的關(guān)注,目前許多研究已表明LncRNA在許多生物體的生命活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮著極廣泛的調(diào)控作用,它們參與了染色體的轉(zhuǎn)錄與失活、基因的表達(dá)與關(guān)閉,細(xì)胞周期乃至個(gè)體發(fā)育等過程。目前越來越多的科研人員關(guān)注LncRNA的生物功能與腫瘤疾病的關(guān)系,LncRNA的研究對了解基因調(diào)控,基因敲出,人類腫瘤疾病防治及生物進(jìn)化探索等都具有重大意義,現(xiàn)將一些LncRNA與各種腫瘤的研究現(xiàn)狀予以綜述。
長鏈非編碼RNA;腫瘤;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移
長鏈非編碼 RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)是一種轉(zhuǎn)錄本長度大于200核苷酸的RNA,存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)或細(xì)胞核內(nèi),自身很少參與蛋白質(zhì)的編碼,甚至不編碼蛋白質(zhì)。在真核生物的轉(zhuǎn)錄過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的長鏈非編碼RNA[1],最初的研究認(rèn)為它是RNA聚合酶Ⅱ低保真度轉(zhuǎn)錄的副產(chǎn)物,本身并不具有生物學(xué)功能[2],甚至有學(xué)者稱其為基因組轉(zhuǎn)錄的“噪音”。近年來,很多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LncRNA在X染色體沉默,染色質(zhì)修飾,基因印記,轉(zhuǎn)錄激活,轉(zhuǎn)錄干擾,核內(nèi)運(yùn)輸,原癌基因活化等方面發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用。雖然LncRNA缺少有意義的開放閱讀框,其表達(dá)具有明顯的組織和時(shí)空特異性[3],但作為基因轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)的重要調(diào)控元件,LncRNA既可作為主要的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,也可作為共同調(diào)控因子,LncRNA調(diào)控基因表達(dá)的機(jī)制表現(xiàn)為多樣性:①表觀遺傳學(xué)水平調(diào)控,LncRNA與染色質(zhì)修飾酶相互作用,改變?nèi)旧|(zhì)構(gòu)象,激活或抑制相關(guān)基因表達(dá),或者通過修飾組蛋白來達(dá)到調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的目的。例如:來自于HOXC基因座的HOTAIR可逆向調(diào)控染色質(zhì)重構(gòu)復(fù)合體 2(polycomb repressive complex,PRC2)。PRC2由組蛋白H,第27位賴氨酸(H,K27)甲基化酶SUZl2、EZH2和EED組成,具有可結(jié)合HOTAIR的位點(diǎn)。結(jié)合HOTAIR后的PRC2可定位于HOXD位點(diǎn),從而誘發(fā)HOXD基因座上長度為40kb的轉(zhuǎn)錄本發(fā)生表遺傳沉默[4]。②轉(zhuǎn)錄水平調(diào)控,LncRNA可通過調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)合與裝配,與調(diào)控序列DNA形成復(fù)合物,調(diào)控RNA聚合酶II,轉(zhuǎn)錄干擾等方式發(fā)揮作用,如位于二氫葉酸還原酶(DHFR)上游的LncRNA可與DHFR的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域形成穩(wěn)定的RNA-DNA三鏈結(jié)構(gòu),抑制與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TFIID的結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致DHFR的基因表達(dá)受到抑制[5]。③轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)控,LncRNA通過和互補(bǔ)的 mRNA形成dsRNA,在mRNA的加工、剪接、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、 翻譯和降解等方面發(fā)揮作用。如移除突變的mRNA上的IRES來阻斷剪接位點(diǎn),阻止內(nèi)含子剪切,調(diào)節(jié)Zeb/ Sipl的表達(dá)[6]。
隨著基因芯片等多種實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,越來越多的LncRNA被逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)。相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,與正常組織相比較,LncRNA在某些腫瘤組織的表達(dá)具有顯著差異性,這些異常表達(dá)的LncRNA在腫瘤的生物學(xué)過程中可能發(fā)揮作用。甚至有學(xué)者認(rèn)為某種特異性表達(dá)的LncRNA可作為腫瘤的預(yù)測因子。迄今為止,研究證實(shí)具有抑癌作用的LncRNA有MEG3 (maternally expressed gene 3,MEG3)和CDKN2B-ASl (ANRIL)等。具有致癌作用的LncRNA有人肺腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄本l(metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript l,MALATl)、HOX轉(zhuǎn)錄反義 RNA (Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA,HOTAIR)、HULC(highly up-regulated in liver cancer)等,特別的是H19基因,母系遺傳的印跡基因H19位于人染色體11p15.5,全長約2.3 kb的LncRNA,在腫瘤調(diào)控作用中既能發(fā)揮促癌基因作用又具有抑癌基因功能[7]。
2.1 LncRNA與喉癌
Feng等[8]通過研究探討了MALAT1與喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的關(guān)系,MALAT1定位于11q13.1,表達(dá)于人類正常組織中,在一些實(shí)體瘤如乳腺癌,膀胱癌,胰腺癌等組織中表達(dá)上調(diào),研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)在喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中,MALAT1表達(dá)水平明顯高于相應(yīng)的癌旁非瘤組織。且患者的組織學(xué)分級越差,臨床分期越高,則MALAT1的表達(dá)水平越高,相應(yīng)的患者的預(yù)后也就越差。另外通過應(yīng)用MALAT1 siRNA慢病毒表達(dá)載體抑制MALAT1的表達(dá)后,喉鱗癌細(xì)胞增殖能力減弱,表現(xiàn)為凋亡細(xì)胞增加。最終研究者得出結(jié)論:MALAT1在喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的惡性進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮重要的作用,并且有望成為喉鱗癌基因治療的作用點(diǎn)。可見MALAT1和喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)展、細(xì)胞凋亡,增殖能力,遷徙能力等有密切的關(guān)系,但是具體的調(diào)控機(jī)制和網(wǎng)絡(luò)尚未得到闡明,有待于進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。Dandan等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的HOTAIR的水平顯著高于臨近非腫瘤組織中HOTAIR水平,在那些組織分化程度低或者接受晚期臨床治療的患者中,也呈現(xiàn)HOTAIR表達(dá)水平高的趨勢,喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的患者的HOTAIR的水平高低明顯與不良預(yù)后相關(guān)??梢奌OTAIR可做為喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。HOTAIR siRNA慢病毒表達(dá)載體抑制HOTAIR的表達(dá)后,能夠?qū)е翲ep-2細(xì)胞減少侵襲并促進(jìn)其細(xì)胞凋謝,在小鼠裸鼠移植瘤試驗(yàn)中呈現(xiàn)顯著減緩喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的增長的趨勢。此外,Hep-2細(xì)胞中PTEN甲基化有效減少能夠減損HOTAIR水平。研究結(jié)果表明,喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的HOTAIR基因致癌作用與PTEN甲基化水平升高相關(guān),HOTAIR可被視為喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織學(xué)的標(biāo)志物,也可以被定為介入性治療的潛在目標(biāo)。
2.2 LncRNA與乳腺癌
乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,Gupta等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HOTAIR(metastasis-associated HOX antisense intergenic RNA)乳腺癌中表達(dá)上調(diào),可高達(dá)正常乳腺組織的數(shù)百至2000倍。在隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn)患者HOTAIR的表達(dá)水平與其腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率成正相關(guān)。HOTAIR不編碼蛋白,而是與PRC2(polycomb repressive complex 2)相作用。PRC2介導(dǎo)個(gè)體發(fā)育過程中控制分化途徑的數(shù)千種基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的抑制,在人類腫瘤與干細(xì)胞多能性中均有發(fā)揮作用, HOTAIR與之相互作用可致多個(gè)腫瘤抑制基因沉默,促進(jìn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[11]。另有研究表明,HOTAIR與原發(fā)性乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后也密切相關(guān)。應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)長鏈非編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄體5(10ng stress-induced non-coding transcript-5,LSINCT5)是一個(gè)大小為2.6kb的多聚腺苷酸,在乳腺癌組織中存在異常表達(dá),敲除LSINCT5后可明顯抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,同時(shí)多種基因的表達(dá)下調(diào),推測LSINCT5可能是通過調(diào)節(jié)下游的靶基因,從而促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞增殖[12]。Mourtada-Maarabouni等[13]對21例女性乳腺癌患者的樣本及癌旁正常組織樣本進(jìn)行研究時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)GAS5(growth arrest-specific transcript 5)轉(zhuǎn)錄本水平在乳腺癌樣本中明顯下降。GAS5在哺乳動(dòng)物中可控制細(xì)胞凋亡,增殖,無編碼蛋白功能,但能在其內(nèi)含子區(qū)編碼一小核仁RNA(small nucleolar-RNAs,snoRNAs)。部分GAS5能使哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞對凋亡誘導(dǎo)物敏感,因此,這些snoRNAs在研究腫瘤對治療藥物的敏感性方面將成為新亮點(diǎn)。
2.3 LncRNA與肺癌
肺癌是發(fā)病率,死亡率極高的惡性腫瘤。2003年Ji等[14]利用基因測序與qRT-PCR技術(shù)對225例I期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者(其中轉(zhuǎn)移患者70例)基因表達(dá)差異序列進(jìn)行研究,在70例轉(zhuǎn)移的患者樣本中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新型長鏈非編碼RNA:MALAT1(metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1)過度表達(dá),而且MALAT1表達(dá)具有分期和組織特異性。Tano等[15]應(yīng)用基因芯片技術(shù)和基因敲除技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默MALAT1后,影響肺腺癌細(xì)胞的生長和遷移。所以推測,MALAT1通過某種機(jī)制影響生長、增殖及遷移相關(guān)基因,進(jìn)而調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。經(jīng)研究分析,認(rèn)為MALAT1是與腫瘤侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的LncRNA,但具體的調(diào)控機(jī)制尚未明確。
2.4 LncRNA與肝癌
肝癌是我國高發(fā)的惡性腫瘤之一,死亡率占腫瘤死亡率的第二位。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)某些LncRNA如HULC,HOTAIR,HEIH,MALAT1,MEG3等與肝癌細(xì)胞的發(fā)生發(fā)展、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移等臨床指標(biāo)密切相關(guān)。2009年P(guān)anzitt等[16]在利用基因芯片技術(shù)研究肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)基因表達(dá)時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了表達(dá)上調(diào)的LncRNA:HULC。隨后利用siRNA干擾技術(shù)使HULC在HCC細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)下調(diào)后可導(dǎo)致多個(gè)基因異常表達(dá)。Wang等[17]通過對HCC患者癌組織及癌旁組織中HULC的表達(dá)譜分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)肝細(xì)胞癌組織HULC表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),而在癌旁組織中卻未檢查到HULC的表達(dá)。Wang等并初步探討了HULC可能的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,研究表明,HULC可下調(diào)包括 miRNA-372的一系列miRNA,miR-372的抑制導(dǎo)致對其靶基因PRKACB翻譯的阻遏減少,PRKACB的翻譯產(chǎn)物激酶以CBRE為作用靶點(diǎn),減少CBRE磷酸化。激活后的CBRE在HULC啟動(dòng)子區(qū)保持染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)開放,從而使HULC轉(zhuǎn)錄增加。Yang等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HOTAIR在肝細(xì)胞癌組織中的表達(dá)顯著增高,采用siRNA干擾技術(shù)下調(diào)HOTAIR的表達(dá)后,肝癌細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)及侵襲能力明顯下降,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)HOTAIR與肝癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力有相關(guān)性。高表達(dá)的HOTAIR可能成為肝癌患者預(yù)測腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)和基因治療的新分子靶標(biāo)。Lai等[19]采用實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR分析肝癌細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)MALAT1在肝癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),肝移植后MALAT1高表達(dá)水平的患者腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率也隨之增加,可見MALAT1的高表達(dá)可作為肝癌患者預(yù)測腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的生物標(biāo)志物。此外研究表明,母系表達(dá)基因3(materally expressed gene 3,MEG3)在肝癌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)水平遠(yuǎn)低于正常肝組織,因此上調(diào)MEG3的表達(dá)可降低肝癌細(xì)胞的生長,其機(jī)制可能與miR-29相關(guān),推測miR-29可增加MEG3啟動(dòng)子甲基化下調(diào)MEG3表達(dá)參與HCC癌變[20]。
2.5 LncRNA與前列腺癌
前列腺癌是男性泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)常見的惡性腫瘤。Fu等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在前列腺組織中有一高度特異性的LncRNA-PCGEM1(prostate specific gene 1)PCGEM1過表達(dá)明顯促進(jìn)LNCaP和NIH3T3細(xì)胞增殖與集落形成,且在LNCaP細(xì)胞中PCGEM1過表達(dá)可抑制DOX誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,表明PCGEM1對前列腺癌的發(fā)展進(jìn)程具有調(diào)控作用。Bussemakers等[22]對56個(gè)前列腺癌樣本進(jìn)行基因表達(dá)譜分析時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)其中53個(gè)DD3(differential display gene 3)/ PCA3(prostate cancer gene 3)基因在前列腺癌組織中表達(dá)明顯高于癌旁組織,且DD3在前列腺組織中特異表達(dá),而在其他人體正常組織中表達(dá)無明顯上調(diào)。在臨床中已經(jīng)證明檢測尿液中前列腺癌細(xì)胞DD3 mRNA表達(dá)的技術(shù)具有可行性,而DD3的特異度明顯高于PSA,在一定程度上能避免活檢創(chuàng)傷,有望成為新型的前列腺癌診斷標(biāo)志物。
2.6 LncRNA與其他癌癥
近幾年來,隨著對LncRNA研究的廣泛開展,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LncRNA還涉及其他一些腫瘤疾病。Eis等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)microRNA miR-155可由淋巴細(xì)胞中LncRNA-BIC RNA序列加工而成。實(shí)驗(yàn)測得 miR-155在彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的含量比正常循環(huán)淋巴細(xì)胞高10~30倍,BIC RNA含量也隨之增高。由此預(yù)測,BIC RNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄與加工調(diào)控miR-155水平。Yu等[24]在進(jìn)行腫瘤基因表達(dá)譜的研究分析時(shí),對5340個(gè)原發(fā)神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤相關(guān)基因進(jìn)中篩選時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了與17q獲得相關(guān)的基因ncRAN,其不編碼蛋白。在70例散發(fā)的神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤病例中,ncRAN mRNA高表達(dá)與預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Gibb等[25]研究了人口腔黏膜LncRNA的表達(dá)譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)了某些LncRNA在口腔癌前病變中表達(dá)異常。此外還有研究顯示,MALATl通過調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)影響宮頸癌細(xì)胞生長和細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[26],過表達(dá)的MEG3可抑制體外神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[27]。事實(shí)上還有很多LncRNA在腫瘤疾病中被研究發(fā)現(xiàn),但對其詳細(xì)的調(diào)控機(jī)制了解還十分有限。
雖然近些年來對于小非編碼miRNA的研究取得了令人矚目的成果,與之相比我們對于LncRNA的研究才剛剛起步,且其通過何種機(jī)制影響腫瘤細(xì)胞目前還不明確,有待于我們進(jìn)一步研究與探討LncRNA復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。通過分析LncRNA在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的異常表達(dá),明確其與腫瘤的臨床分期,病理分型,預(yù)后及復(fù)發(fā)的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,尋找出腫瘤特異性標(biāo)志物,可為腫瘤的早期診斷及治療提供新的策略與靶點(diǎn)。在未來,隨診各種科研技術(shù)及實(shí)驗(yàn)手段的迅猛發(fā)展,我們可從多方面及多領(lǐng)域研究LncRNA,使其功能及調(diào)劑機(jī)制更加完善地展現(xiàn)在人們面前。我相信,隨著各國科研人員共同努力研究LncRNA,這必將給醫(yī)學(xué)科研工作帶來一場革命,給人類生活的發(fā)展帶來深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
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(收稿:2014-10-22 修回:2014-11-18)
Progress in the Research on Long Chain Non-coding RNA in Tumors
QU Lingmei,SUN Yanan
Deparintment of Otorhinolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University,Harbin,Heilongjiang,150081,China
Genomics research shows that the mammalian genome bears the characteristics of a wide and intensivetranscription. Less than 2%of the genome is transcribed into proteins,while more than 98%transcribed into non-coding RNA (ncRNA).Among non-coding RNA,including short and long non-coding RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)represented by siRNA,miRNA,etc., LncRNA is a type witha transcript length of over 200 nucleotides,which does not encodeprotein or rarely encodes protein itself.This was first discovered in 2002 in the course of large-scale sequencing of mouse genomic library of cDNA,and more than 3,500 kinds of LncRNA have been found in mammalian genome.With the deepening of research on RNA,non-coding RNA has been drawing attention increasingly.Many studies have shown that LncRNA very broadly regulates many biological life activities,and they are involved in the transcription and activation of the turning on and off of chromosomes gene expression,as well as cell cycle,ontogeny, and other processes.More and more researchers focus on the relationship between the biological function of longchain non-coding RNA and tumorous diseases.The study of long chainnon-coding RNA is of great significance in the understanding of gene regulation, gene deletion,prevention and treatment of human tumorous diseases and exploration of biological evolution.This paper reviews the research status of some LncRNA and various tumors.
Long chain non-coding RNA;Tumor;Metastasis
10.16542/j.cnki.issn.1007-4856.2015.02.021
黑龍江省衛(wèi)生廳科研課題(2013115)
1 哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院耳鼻喉科(150081)
曲靈美,副主任醫(yī)師. Email:qlm8977976@163.com