朱鳴雷,王秋梅,康 琳,高秋云,劉曉紅*
高齡老年患者住院治療中的轉(zhuǎn)診問(wèn)題分析
朱鳴雷1,王秋梅1,康 琳1,高秋云2,劉曉紅1*
(1中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100730;2青松居家康復(fù)護(hù)理服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu),北京 100027)
高齡老人的多病、衰弱、失能等問(wèn)題使其在住院治療時(shí)更易發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)診相關(guān)問(wèn)題,即各種造成出院后脆弱性增加的情況。因而有必要了解該人群住院的相關(guān)情況,以改進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)診質(zhì)量。2012年6月至2012年12月期間對(duì)北京市城區(qū)部分>85歲的社區(qū)老人及其照料者進(jìn)行入戶調(diào)查,了解其近期的住院情況。共調(diào)查395名社區(qū)居住的高齡老人。1年之內(nèi)有住院經(jīng)歷的有86例[年齡(94.8±6.5)歲,中位年齡96歲],其中生活不能自理者占31.4%。住院原因主要為感染(34.6%)、心臟疾?。?6.0%)、消化系統(tǒng)疾?。?1.1%)及意外傷害(9.9%);住院過(guò)程中發(fā)生的老年問(wèn)題分別為跌倒(4.9%)、情緒問(wèn)題(19.8%)、體力下降(31.3%);出院時(shí)涉及的轉(zhuǎn)診問(wèn)題主要為無(wú)出院宣教(25.9%)、不清楚住院治療情況(36.5%)、不知出院后如何用藥(25.9%)、不知出院后注意事項(xiàng)(30.6%)。高齡老年患者住院易出現(xiàn)多種轉(zhuǎn)診問(wèn)題,應(yīng)在患者住院及出院時(shí)予以預(yù)防及干預(yù),以提高醫(yī)療質(zhì)量。
出院后綜合征;老年綜合征;住院;轉(zhuǎn)診
高齡老年患者往往有臟器老化,同時(shí)患有多種疾?。ǘ嗖」泊?,multimorbidity),如認(rèn)知功能減退、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、多重用藥(polypharmacy)、衰弱(frailty)等多種老年綜合征(geriatric syndromes)[1],以及失能或部分失能,使其在住院時(shí)及出院后更容易發(fā)生老年人所特有的轉(zhuǎn)診相關(guān)問(wèn)題,如功能下降、抑郁、社會(huì)支持不足、醫(yī)療不連續(xù)等,這些問(wèn)題不僅會(huì)影響住院治療的效果,還會(huì)使老年患者在出院后的一段時(shí)期處于暫時(shí)的衰弱狀態(tài),增加發(fā)生不良臨床事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),導(dǎo)致再住院的概率增加;美國(guó)老年醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)(AGS)將針對(duì)老年人的轉(zhuǎn)診醫(yī)學(xué)(transitional care)定義為當(dāng)患者在治療場(chǎng)所或強(qiáng)度變動(dòng)時(shí),為保證醫(yī)療協(xié)作和連續(xù)性所采取的一系列措施;其目的正是針對(duì)上述問(wèn)題來(lái)進(jìn)行有效的預(yù)防及干預(yù),以改善老年患者的預(yù)后[2,3]。
我國(guó)目前對(duì)老年患者的治療仍以疾病治療為主,而且對(duì)老年患者的特點(diǎn)和出院前后的轉(zhuǎn)診問(wèn)題重視不夠。因此有必要了解高齡老年患者住院過(guò)程中所發(fā)生的相關(guān)問(wèn)題以提醒臨床工作者注意,來(lái)進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)診質(zhì)量。
調(diào)查問(wèn)卷包括一般情況,跌倒、接種流感疫苗等老年相關(guān)情況,住院情況(包括住院原因;住院過(guò)程中的問(wèn)題如跌倒、情緒變化、體力變化;出院時(shí)是否有宣教、用藥指導(dǎo)等)。調(diào)查員為青松居家康復(fù)護(hù)理服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)有資質(zhì)并有照護(hù)老人經(jīng)驗(yàn)的護(hù)師或康復(fù)師,調(diào)查前已經(jīng)過(guò)專業(yè)化培訓(xùn)。
2012年6月至2012年12月期間對(duì)北京市海淀區(qū)全部>95歲居家老人,以及海淀區(qū)、朝陽(yáng)區(qū)和西城區(qū)部分>85歲愿接受調(diào)查的居家老人進(jìn)行入戶調(diào)查。
應(yīng)用SPSS20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分率表示;兩組間比較采用2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析?;卮饐?wèn)題不完全的,按回答問(wèn)題的實(shí)際人數(shù)進(jìn)行分析(=82~86)。<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
395名老人接受調(diào)查,1年內(nèi)有住院經(jīng)歷的有86例(21.8%):包括男性42例,女性44例。年齡(94.8±6.5)歲,中位年齡96歲。其中與子女或照料者同住的有77例(89.6%)、老兩口自己住的有7例(8.1%),獨(dú)居2例(2.3%);失能、生活不能自理27例(31.4%);規(guī)律接種流感疫苗者僅占13例(15.1%)。
明確住院原因的有81例,其中感染28例(34.6%),首位原因?yàn)楹粑到y(tǒng)感染19例(67.9%);心臟病13例(16.0%),其中心力衰竭6例;消化道疾?。估?1.1%);意外傷害8例(9.9%),意外傷害中跌倒6例(跌倒致骨折3例)。
患者住院期間發(fā)生跌倒4.9%(4/82),心情變差19.8%(17/86),體力變差31.3%(26/83),擔(dān)心沒(méi)人照顧36.5%(31/85),擔(dān)心看病費(fèi)用23.3%(20/86)。住院過(guò)程中體力下降的老年患者與體力未下降的相比,其心情變差的比率更高[40%(10/25)12.1%(7/51),2=8.37,=0.004];體力下降者擔(dān)心照護(hù)問(wèn)題的比率也較高[50%(13/26)26.8%(15/56),2=4.25,=0.04]。
患者出院前未獲知的必要信息包括:住院期間的治療情況及所解決的問(wèn)題36.5%(31/85);主要的出院診斷40.7%(35/86);出院后如何用藥25.9%(22/85);出院后的注意事項(xiàng),如需要觀察的癥狀、定期該做什么檢查等30.6%(26/85);出院后該如何保健,如怎樣康復(fù)鍛煉、怎樣調(diào)整飲食等28.6%(24/84);在出院時(shí)無(wú)醫(yī)務(wù)人員進(jìn)行健康宣教25.9%(22/85)。
高齡老年患者的住院治療,除去疾病本身的影響,還意味著環(huán)境的顯著變化、睡眠剝奪、生活習(xí)慣的改變、飲食的變化、活動(dòng)受限等多方面問(wèn)題,并且由于檢查而不能按時(shí)進(jìn)餐、缺少可口飯菜及輔助進(jìn)食人員等也會(huì)引起進(jìn)食減少。這些均會(huì)對(duì)老年患者造成不良影響,如誘發(fā)譫妄、導(dǎo)致情緒抑郁、造成功能下降、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,進(jìn)一步還可導(dǎo)致肌少癥和衰弱,更增加了老年患者的脆弱性。此外,從住院治療到回家后的社區(qū)治療,也是一個(gè)醫(yī)療顯著變化的過(guò)程,容易發(fā)生醫(yī)療的錯(cuò)誤及不連貫,從而造成不良影響。上述因素(轉(zhuǎn)診相關(guān)問(wèn)題)使得老年患者在出院后的一段時(shí)間處于高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的脆弱狀態(tài),即出院后綜合征(post-hospital syndrome)[3]。
高齡老年患者住院過(guò)程中最突出的問(wèn)題就是功能下降。不必要的臥床約束:如不必要的輸液、導(dǎo)尿等不僅會(huì)限制老年患者的活動(dòng)、導(dǎo)致其肌肉力量減少、影響其功能狀態(tài),也會(huì)增加感染、血栓等醫(yī)院內(nèi)并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4?6]。本調(diào)查顯示高齡老年患者在住院過(guò)程中有近1/3會(huì)發(fā)生體力下降的情況,并且這部分人群發(fā)生情緒變化、擔(dān)心照護(hù)問(wèn)題的比率也較高,雖然可能會(huì)有疾病本身的因素,但制動(dòng)及營(yíng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的功能下降是可以避免的,更應(yīng)引起臨床工作者的重視,并且在住院治療的過(guò)程中就應(yīng)考慮改善或維持老年患者功能的方法,如在住院期間采取特殊的康復(fù)計(jì)劃可改善預(yù)后[7]。
老年患者在住院過(guò)程中的情緒問(wèn)題,也會(huì)對(duì)其住院和出院后造成影響;研究顯示,老年患者住院過(guò)程中發(fā)生抑郁的情況,會(huì)增加不良臨床事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),包括住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、入住護(hù)理病房增加、再住院增加、死亡率增加等[8]。本調(diào)查顯示有近1/5的老年患者在住院期間情緒會(huì)變差,很可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致抑郁情況的發(fā)生。因此,在處理疾病的同時(shí),也應(yīng)關(guān)注老年患者的情緒狀況,并予以及時(shí)干預(yù)。
良好的社會(huì)支持及照護(hù),對(duì)老年患者的健康同樣重要,甚至?xí)^(guò)對(duì)疾病本身的治療[9,10]。本調(diào)查中,有89.6%的高齡老年住院患者與子女或照料者同住,可見(jiàn)這部分人群對(duì)生活照護(hù)的需求較高。在為老年患者制定干預(yù)方案及出院計(jì)劃時(shí),同樣要考慮老年患者的后續(xù)照護(hù)等社會(huì)支持問(wèn)題,照護(hù)條件好的,可以采用較為復(fù)雜的治療方案,照護(hù)者可以幫助執(zhí)行;如照護(hù)條件不好,則應(yīng)考慮簡(jiǎn)化治療方案,方便老年患者自己執(zhí)行而不出錯(cuò)。
發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家采用評(píng)價(jià)管理老人團(tuán)隊(duì)(Geriatric Evaluation and Management Unit,GEMU)以及老年人緊急照護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)(Acute Care of the Elderly Units,ACE)等模式,以老年綜合評(píng)估及多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)為基礎(chǔ),從疾病診治、護(hù)理、營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持、藥物管理、康復(fù)鍛煉、心理支持、社會(huì)支持等多個(gè)方面對(duì)住院老年患者進(jìn)行綜合管控,重視老年患者的功能、預(yù)防醫(yī)源性并發(fā)癥。這些措施已證實(shí)可以有效地改善住院治療的效果,使老年患者獲得更好的預(yù)后及生活質(zhì)量、并減少醫(yī)療花銷[11,12]。
保證醫(yī)療的連續(xù)性,對(duì)高齡老年患者也十分重要。國(guó)外研究已證實(shí),通過(guò)各種方式,對(duì)出院老年患者進(jìn)行連續(xù)的、多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)參與的管控,可以更好地幫助老年患者度過(guò)出院后的“衰弱期”、獲得更好的生活質(zhì)量[13]。而對(duì)老年患者出院時(shí)所采取的措施是其中重要的一環(huán)[2];國(guó)外研究證實(shí),在出院時(shí)加強(qiáng)患者宣教:包括藥物指導(dǎo)、康復(fù)指導(dǎo)、有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)的指導(dǎo),以及對(duì)后續(xù)醫(yī)療方案的安排等,可有效減少再住院、改善醫(yī)療質(zhì)量[14]。本調(diào)查顯示,高齡老年患者在出院時(shí)缺乏有效的宣教指導(dǎo),極有可能造成后續(xù)治療的不連貫;并且患者自身並不知住院情況、出院診斷、后續(xù)如何保健,也不利于其后續(xù)的健康管理;而對(duì)于使用多種藥物的老年患者如不知如何用藥,則更易造成治療中斷或用藥錯(cuò)誤。研究顯示,每年規(guī)律接種流感疫苗,可以有效減少因肺部感染而住院的比率,降低死亡率[15],世界衛(wèi)生組織建議老年人,尤其是高齡老年人應(yīng)規(guī)律地接種流感疫苗,接種比率應(yīng)≥75%。本調(diào)查顯示呼吸系統(tǒng)的感染在高齡老年患者住院原因中仍占較高比例,但住過(guò)院的老年患者中流感疫苗的接種比率仍然很低,從側(cè)面也可看出住院期間缺乏對(duì)老年患者后續(xù)、長(zhǎng)期的健康保健指導(dǎo)。
本次調(diào)查受調(diào)查條件限制,沒(méi)有詳細(xì)調(diào)查老年患者是否因住院造成抑郁、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良等情況,其出院后的健康狀況變化、再住院情況等也未做進(jìn)一步調(diào)查。后續(xù)應(yīng)對(duì)更多的老年患者進(jìn)行更詳細(xì)的調(diào)查及縱向的隨訪,以便更好地為干預(yù)轉(zhuǎn)診問(wèn)題提供依據(jù)。
高齡老年住院患者易出現(xiàn)自評(píng)功能下降等老年問(wèn)題,目前對(duì)于出院時(shí)的有效宣教不夠重視。老年醫(yī)學(xué)工作者應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到老年患者住院治療的轉(zhuǎn)診相關(guān)問(wèn)題,從住院及出院環(huán)節(jié)入手,針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題,及時(shí)通過(guò)多種手段予以預(yù)防、發(fā)現(xiàn)、并干預(yù)。有必要建立針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)診問(wèn)題的規(guī)范化文書(shū)和流程,以應(yīng)對(duì)老年患者的出院后綜合征,從而獲得更好的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量。
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(編輯: 劉子琪,周宇紅)
Analysis on referral problems in elderly seniors during hospitalization
ZHU Ming-Lei1, WANG Qiu-Mei1, KANG Lin1, GAO Qiu-Yun2, LIU Xiao-Hong1*
(1Department of Geriatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;2Pinetree Senior Rehabilitation & Care Services Organization, Beijing 100027, China)
Because of the multimorbidity, frailty and disability among the elder seniors, they are prone to suffering from transition problems, which can cause an additional vulnerability after discharge from hospitals. It is necessary to investigate such problems to improve the quality of referral.Household survey was performed in community-dwelling residents over 85 years in some urban districts of Beijing from June to December 2012 in order to know their situation in recent hospitalization.There were 395 elder seniors living in communities surveyed in this study. Eighty-six (21.8%) of them had the experiences of hospital admission in the past 1 year with an age of (94.8±6.5) years and median age of 96 years. The admitted seniors living dependently accounted for 31.4%. The main reasons for admission included infections (34.6%), heart diseases (16.0%), gastrointestinal disorders (11.1%) and accidental injuries (9.9%). The geriatric problems during hospital stay were fallings (4.9%), emotional problems (19.8%), and loss of physical activities (31.3%). The referral problems at discharge were no discharge education by healthcare workers (25.9%), the elder patients not knowing what happened during admission (36.5%), nor how to take the drugs (25.9%) or not knowing the issues which deserve attention after discharge (30.6%).The elder seniors are prone to suffering from the referral problems. The healthcare workers should implement prevention and intervention for such problems during hospitalization and at discharge so as to improve the medical quality.
post-hospital syndrome; geriatric syndrome; hospitalization; referral
R592; R197.32
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.02.021
(D121100004912002).
2014?12?31;
2015?01?24
北京市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)課題(D121100004912002)
劉曉紅, E-mail: xhliu41@medmail.com.cn