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西藏改則地區(qū)昂拉仁錯(cuò)中—下二疊統(tǒng)昂杰組—下拉組地層古生物

2015-01-07 19:35周羽漩趙兵嚴(yán)亮李楊
關(guān)鍵詞:古生物學(xué)西藏

周羽漩+趙兵+嚴(yán)亮+李楊

摘要:詳細(xì)描述了西藏自治區(qū)改則縣拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長二疊系剖面,自下而上劃分為拉嘎組、昂杰組和下拉組。討論了二疊系昂杰組和下拉組的巖性組合特征和沉積環(huán)境,其中昂杰組橫向延伸不穩(wěn)定向西相變尖滅。依據(jù)化石分布及組合特征,建立了NeoschwagerinaChusenella conicocylindrica蜓組合帶、Pachyphloia ovataEotuberitina reitlingerae非蜓有孔蟲組合帶、Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia珊瑚組合帶和Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚組合帶。昂杰組為早二疊世,下拉組下部為中二疊世棲霞期,而下拉組上部為中二疊世茅口期,并以暖水型氣候環(huán)境為主。在昂杰組—下拉組中發(fā)現(xiàn)了珊瑚的2個(gè)新種和1個(gè)新亞種,并進(jìn)行了描述。新種名稱分別為Lophotabularia longiseptata sp. nov.和Iranophyllum longiseptatum sp. nov.,新亞種名稱為Cyathocarinia tuberculata multiseptata sub sp. nov.。

關(guān)鍵詞:古生物學(xué);二疊系;昂杰組;下拉組;巖石地層;生物地層;西藏

中圖分類號(hào):P534.46;Q911.6文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

0引言

西藏自治區(qū)改則縣昂拉仁錯(cuò)一帶地處滇藏地層大區(qū)的岡底斯—騰沖地層區(qū),大地構(gòu)造位置位于岡底斯板片中的革吉—措勤復(fù)合弧后盆地[12]。其中,位于改則縣西南側(cè)的拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長剖面,其二疊世地層昂杰組、下拉組出露良好,生物化石豐富。該剖面在古生物化石面貌上表現(xiàn)為岡瓦納—特提斯型古生物群混合。筆者結(jié)合1∶250 000賽利普幅區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查,根據(jù)前人資料和最新研究成果[35],在詳細(xì)剖面測制基礎(chǔ)上,對剖面的古生物及地層進(jìn)行分析和整理,將該剖面做了多重地層劃分,并討論了其沉積環(huán)境。

1剖面列述

在西藏自治區(qū)改則縣拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長和革吉縣麻米鄉(xiāng)拉弄嘎玻測制了二疊系剖面(圖1)。拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長剖面位于改則縣拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長,剖面起點(diǎn)(83°57′00″E,31°59′00″N)海拔高度4 800 m(圖1)。剖面露頭良好,古生物化石豐富(圖2),剖面分層列述如下。

1.灰色中—厚層中砂質(zhì)粗粒長石石英砂巖,碎屑分選較差、滾圓度好,發(fā)育低角度斜層理及平行層理25.65 m

整合

上石炭統(tǒng)—下二疊統(tǒng)拉嘎組(C2l—P1l)

灰、黃灰色中—厚層細(xì)粒長石石英砂巖夾灰綠色中厚層含礫中—細(xì)粒不等粒石英砂巖及灰綠色中薄層泥質(zhì)粉砂巖。頂部為4 m厚的灰綠色厚層含礫砂巖。含礫砂巖分選差,泥質(zhì)粉砂巖中見水平層理構(gòu)造。

2巖石地層特征

根據(jù)巖性組合及古生物特征,將實(shí)測剖面劃分為昂杰組和下拉組(圖3~5)[67]。昂杰組創(chuàng)名于申扎縣永珠昂杰,指整合于拉嘎組含礫砂巖和下拉組灰?guī)r之間的一套以細(xì)碎屑巖、灰?guī)r為特征的地質(zhì)體[1]。拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長剖面1~5層劃分為昂杰組,巖性主要為灰—黃灰色中—厚層含礫砂巖、中砂質(zhì)粗粒長石石英砂巖、粗砂質(zhì)含鈣中粒石英砂巖、泥質(zhì)粉砂巖夾灰—黃灰色中—厚層生物碎屑灰?guī)r和含泥質(zhì)生物碎屑灰?guī)r,為海灘混積淺海內(nèi)陸棚沉積[8]。研究區(qū)內(nèi)昂杰組橫向延伸不穩(wěn)定,向西至革吉縣麻米鄉(xiāng)拉弄嘎玻剖面相變尖滅(圖1)。

下拉組創(chuàng)名于西藏自治區(qū)申扎縣永珠下拉山,指一套局部夾少量碎屑巖的碳酸鹽巖地層體[1]。研究區(qū)內(nèi)下拉組未見頂,出露厚度大于71230 m,與下伏昂杰組或拉嘎組呈整合接觸,巖性主要為深灰色厚塊狀生物碎屑灰?guī)r、含生物碎屑微晶灰?guī)r、白云石化生物碎屑灰?guī)r、白云石化砂屑生物碎屑灰?guī)r夾淺灰色中—厚層生物介殼灰?guī)r、深灰色厚層礫屑砂屑灰?guī)r及黃灰色中—厚層鈣質(zhì)細(xì)砂巖。該地層總體為一套較穩(wěn)定的開闊臺(tái)地相沉積(圖5)。

3生物地層特征

研究區(qū)內(nèi)昂杰組—下拉組古生物化石豐富。依據(jù)化石分布及組合特征,建立1個(gè)蜓組合帶、1個(gè)非蜓有孔蟲組合帶和2個(gè)珊瑚組合帶。

3.2珊瑚組合帶

3.2.1Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia珊瑚組合帶

Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia珊瑚組合帶位于研究區(qū)下拉組下部,以西藏自治區(qū)改則縣拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長下拉組剖面6~11層為代表(圖3)。其生物組合主要有珊瑚Amplexocarinia sp.、Bradyphyllum caninoidia Huang、Lephotabalaria longiseptata sp. nov.、Lytvolasma asymetricum Soshkina、Verbeekiella cf. permica Peneka,蜓Minojapanella cf. elongata Füjimota et Kanuma、Brevaxina sp.,腕足Cleiothyridina subexpensa(Waagen)、Hemileurus orbicularis Jing et Sun、Bellaria rostrata Jing et Sun,非蜓有孔蟲Geinitzina sp.、Monotaxinoides transitorus Brazhnikora et Yartseva等和苔蘚Fistulipora basleoensis Bassler、Fistulipora sp.、Polypora sp.、Meekopora magma Vance et. Hsia、Girtypora simplex sp. nov.、Stenopora sp.、Fenestella sp.等。該組合帶中,四射珊瑚以小型單體“冷水型”分子為主(如Lytvolasma asymetricum、Verbeekiella cf. permica、Amplexocarinia sp.、Bradyphyllum caninoidia、Lophytabularia longiseptata sp. nov.等[10]),可以與申扎、改則地區(qū)日阿組的LytvolasmaWamnero phyllumLophophyllidum動(dòng)物群或阿里地區(qū)的LytlvolasmaTachylasma組合帶對比[11],時(shí)代相當(dāng)于棲霞期。蜓化石Brevaxina sp.為黔南棲霞階Misellina延限帶重要分子,Minojapanella cf. elongata在貴州等地為Misellina延限帶分子,應(yīng)劃歸于中二疊統(tǒng)棲霞階,并且為暖水型動(dòng)物。該地區(qū)生物為冷暖混合型動(dòng)物群[1217]。

3.2.2Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚組合帶

Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚組合帶位于觀測區(qū)下拉組中上部,以西藏自治區(qū)改則縣拉清鄉(xiāng)湯模長剖面12~19層為代表(圖4)。其主要生物組分有珊瑚Amplexocarinia muralis Soshina、Akagophyllum coqenense He、Duplophyllum sp.、Dichophyllia sp.、Huangophyllum sp.、Hexaphyllia sp.、Lophophyllidum sp.、Pseudocarinio phyllum sp.、Thomasiphyllum sp.,蜓Verbeekina sp.、Rugososchwagerina cf. xizangica Wang Sheng et Zhang,腕足Cancrinella carcriniformis(Tscherny schew)、Cleiothyridina sp.、Hemileurus sp.、Hemiptychina triplicata(Waagen),非蜓有孔蟲Agathamina ovata Wang、Glomospira teneutistula Ho.、Nodosaria longissima Suleimanor等,苔蘚Fistulipora timorensis Bassler, F. megastoma Saleagami,Polypora sinovaricellata Yang et Lu、Meekopora rutogensis Yang、Stenopora permiana Yang等。該生物組合帶中,蜓Rugososchwagerina cf. xizangica曾見于西藏自治區(qū)林周縣洛巴堆組,產(chǎn)于黔南茅口期Neoschwagerina延限帶[1112]。珊瑚Thomasiphyllum sp.、Akagophyllum coqenense均為茅口期“溫水型”珊瑚[1011]。該組合帶與西藏自治區(qū)革吉縣麻米鄉(xiāng)捌千錯(cuò)下拉組中上部Neoschwagerina、Iranophyllum等組合的時(shí)代相當(dāng),應(yīng)為茅口期。

3.3蜓組合帶

NeoschwagerinaChusenella conicocylindrica蜓組合帶以西藏自治區(qū)革吉縣麻米鄉(xiāng)捌千錯(cuò)下拉組剖面為代表(圖5),主要分布于下拉組中上部。其主要生物組分有蜓Neoschwagerina sp.、N.douvillei、N.haydeni、Schwagerina sp.、Parafusulina sp.、Yangchienia sp.、Y.tumida、Y.iniqua、Chusenella conicocylindrica、Cancellina sp.,非蜓有孔蟲Hemigordiopsis subglobosa、Nodosaria parva、Tetrataxis parviconica,珊瑚Iranophyllum longiseptatum sp. nov.、Thomasiphyllum cf. arachnoides、Zaphrentites sp.、Cyathocarinia tuberculata multiseptata sub sp. nov.和苔蘚蟲Rombopora sp.、Meekopora sp.、Fistulipora fibriata、F. timorensis等。該生物組合帶中,以蜓、非蜓有孔蟲為主,伴生有溫水型四射珊瑚,蜓類化石以Neoschwagerina延限帶分子最為豐富,Yangchienia haydeni見于阿富汗和中國南方、青海等地茅口期地層。珊瑚化石為Iranophyllum動(dòng)物群,Iranophyllum longise ptatum、Thomasiphyllum cf. arachnoides都曾見于申扎等地茅口期。Iranophyllum動(dòng)物群為特提斯海動(dòng)物群代表分子,廣泛分布于西藏、青海、甘肅、四川、廣西、滇東等地茅口組或相當(dāng)于茅口組地層內(nèi),在意大利西西里島、土耳其、伊拉克、阿富汗、巴基斯坦等地的同期地層中亦有發(fā)現(xiàn)[10,12,15,18],因此,該組合帶的時(shí)代應(yīng)為中二疊世茅口期,與Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚組合帶的層位大體相當(dāng),且以暖水型氣候環(huán)境為主。

4下拉組化石新(亞)種描述

4.1長隔壁橫板頂柱珊瑚

皺紋珊瑚目Rugosa Edwavds et Haime, 1850

帝汶珊瑚科Timorphyllidae Soshkina, 1941

橫板頂柱珊瑚屬Lophotabularia shi, 1981

長隔壁橫板頂柱珊瑚(新種)Lophotabularia longiseptata sp. nov.

描述小型單體珊瑚[圖6(a)為橫切面;圖6(b)為縱切面]橫切面近圓形,直徑6.5~8.0 mm,具邊緣厚結(jié)帶,寬約1 mm;隔壁兩級(jí),長短相見,總數(shù)38個(gè),一級(jí)隔壁外端加厚,向內(nèi)伸達(dá)中心,與中軸相連,二級(jí)隔壁較薄且長,長度略短于一級(jí)隔壁。隔壁兩側(cè)脊板十分發(fā)育,中軸厚紡錘狀,直徑1.2×2.1 mm,內(nèi)具明顯中線,橫板十分細(xì)薄,無鱗板。

4.2長隔壁伊朗珊瑚

皺紋珊瑚目Rugosa Edwards et Haime, 1850

衛(wèi)根珊瑚科Waagenophyllidae Wang, 1950

衛(wèi)根珊瑚亞科Waagenophyllinae Wang, 1950

伊朗珊瑚屬Iranophyllum Douglas, 1936;Emend Minato et Kato 1965

長隔壁伊朗珊瑚(新種)Iranophyllum longiseptatum sp. nov.

描述單體珊瑚[圖6(c)為橫切面]在直徑14×20 mm的橫切面中的一級(jí)隔壁和二級(jí)隔壁數(shù)目為44個(gè)。它們在橫板帶內(nèi)微加厚,兩端細(xì)薄,向內(nèi)均伸達(dá)軸部,且長度幾乎相等。三級(jí)隔壁亦長,達(dá)一級(jí)(或二級(jí))隔壁的4/5,內(nèi)端每相向依附在二級(jí)隔壁兩側(cè),細(xì)薄。四級(jí)隔壁局部發(fā)育。鱗板同心圓狀排列,未見側(cè)鱗板,復(fù)中柱直徑3 mm,輻板多,28~30條,輻射狀排列,其與隔壁內(nèi)端通常無明顯界限;中板短薄且不明顯;斜板同心圓狀排列。

討論與比較新種主要特征為一級(jí)隔壁和二級(jí)隔壁長度近等,均長達(dá)復(fù)中柱,且復(fù)中柱小。它和Iranophyllam Columellum Wu et Zhao在個(gè)體大小、隔壁數(shù)目以及復(fù)中柱大小等方面均可比較,但新種的二級(jí)隔壁特長,輻板多,可與其他種相區(qū)別。

產(chǎn)地及層位西藏自治區(qū)革吉縣麻米鄉(xiāng)拉弄嘎玻中二疊統(tǒng)下拉組。

標(biāo)本編號(hào)P193f11

標(biāo)本保存于成都理工大學(xué)沉積地質(zhì)研究院。

4.3多結(jié)脊板杯珊瑚多隔壁亞種

皺紋珊瑚目Rugosa Edwards et Haime, 1850

杯軸珊瑚科Cyathaxoniidae Edwards et Haime, 1850

脊板杯軸珊瑚屬Cyathocarinia Soshkina, 1928

多結(jié)脊板杯珊瑚Cyathocarinia tuberculata Soshkina, 1928

多結(jié)脊板杯珊瑚多隔壁亞種(新亞種)Cyathocarinia tuberculata multiseptata sub sp. nov.

描述小型單體珊瑚[圖6(d)為橫切面]外表具皺,邊緣因隔壁基端加厚形成厚結(jié)帶,寬0.6 mm,在直徑4 mm的橫切面內(nèi)有隔壁兩級(jí),長短相間,數(shù)目29個(gè),外端厚,向內(nèi)變細(xì)。一級(jí)隔壁伸達(dá)軸部,并與中軸相連;二級(jí)隔壁長度略短于一級(jí)隔壁,長為后者的4/5。內(nèi)端依附于一級(jí)隔壁之側(cè),中軸厚透鏡狀,直徑0.9×1.2 mm,具脊板,無鱗板。主內(nèi)溝不明顯。

討論與比較新亞種與產(chǎn)于前蘇聯(lián)阿丁斯克階的Cyathocarinia tuberculata橫式標(biāo)本的特征基本一致,只是前者的隔壁較多(數(shù)量比為29∶20)。

產(chǎn)地及層位西藏自治區(qū)革吉縣麻米鄉(xiāng)拉弄嘎玻中二疊統(tǒng)下拉組。

標(biāo)本編號(hào)P1915f11(正橫)

標(biāo)本保存于成都理工大學(xué)沉積地質(zhì)研究院。

5結(jié)語

(1)西藏自治區(qū)改則縣昂拉仁錯(cuò)一帶在巖石地層上可分為拉嘎組、昂杰組和下拉組。其中,昂杰組表現(xiàn)為海灘混積淺海內(nèi)陸棚沉積且橫向延伸不穩(wěn)定,下拉組則為一套較穩(wěn)定的開闊臺(tái)地相沉積。

(2)生物地層可劃分為昂杰組的Pachyphloia ovataEotuberitina reitlingerae非蜓有孔蟲組合帶、下拉組的Lytvolasma asymetricumBradyphyllum caninoidia和Akagophyllum coqenenseAmplexocarinia muralis珊瑚組合帶以及NeoschwagerinaChusenella conicocylindrica蜓組合帶。

(3)該區(qū)下拉組新發(fā)現(xiàn)皺紋珊瑚目的長隔壁橫板頂柱珊瑚(新種)、長隔壁伊朗珊瑚(新種)以及多結(jié)脊板杯珊瑚多隔壁亞種(新亞種)。

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ZHAO Bing,LIU Dengzhong,TAO Xiaofeng,et al.Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Environment of the Laka Formation in the Ngangla RingcoTaro Co Area,Zhongba County,Tibet,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2006,25(7):800805.

[4]張予杰,張以春,龐維華,等.西藏申扎地區(qū)拉嘎組巖相/沉積相分析[J].沉積學(xué)報(bào),2013,31(2):269281.

ZHANG Yujie,ZHANG Yichun,PANG Weihua,et al.The Litho/Sedimentary Facies Analysis of Lagar Formation,Xainza Area,Tibet[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(2):269281.

[5]呂少俊.西藏羌多地區(qū)早—中二疊世生物地層特征[J].資源調(diào)查與環(huán)境,2013,34(4):221227.

LU Shaojun.EarlyMiddle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet[J].Resources Survey and Environment,2013,34(4):221227.

[6]石和.西藏申扎地區(qū)石炭—二疊紀(jì)巖石地層劃分之我見[J].成都理工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001,28(3):246250.

SHI He.Remarks on the CarboniferousPermian Lithostratigraphic Division in the Shenzha Area,Tibet,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(3):246250.

[7]金玉軒.中國地層典:二疊系[M].北京:地質(zhì)出版社,2000.

JIN Yuxuan.Stratigraphical Lexicon of China:Permian System[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.

[8]王紹蘭,王冠民,陳清華.西藏措勤盆地下二疊統(tǒng)昂杰組沉積相分析[J].巖相古地理,1999,19(6):4448.

WANG Shaolan,WANG Guanmin,CHEN Qinghua.Sedimentary Facies of the Lower Permian Ngangze Formation in the Coqen Basin,Xizang[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(6):4448.

[9]郝詒純,裘松余,林甲興,等.有孔蟲[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,1980.

HAO Yichun,QIU Songyu,LIN Jiaxing,et al.Foraminifer[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.

[10]俞建章,林英鐋,時(shí)言,等.石炭紀(jì)二疊紀(jì)珊瑚[M].長春:吉林人民出版社,1983.

YU Jianzhang,LIN Yingtang,SHI Yan,et al.The CarboniferousPermian Coral[M].Changchun:Jilin Peoples Publishing House,1983.

[11]何心一.阿里二疊紀(jì)珊瑚[M]∥楊遵儀,聶澤同.西藏阿里古生物.武漢:中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)出版社,1990:7679.

HE Xinyi.The Permian Coral of Ali[M]∥YANG Zunyi,NIE Zetong.The Paleontology of Ali in Tibet.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990:7679.

[12]聶澤同,宋志敏.試論西藏二疊紀(jì)蜓類及非蜓有孔蟲的生物地理區(qū)系與古地理及古構(gòu)造的關(guān)系[J].地球科學(xué),1990,15(3):275282.

NIE Zetong,SONG Zhimin.On Permian Biogeography of Fusulinids and Nonfusulinids in Tibet and Its Relation with Paleotectonics[J].Earth Science,1990,15(3):275282.

[13]黃浩,金小赤,史宇坤,等.西藏申扎地區(qū)中二疊世蜓類動(dòng)物群[J].古生物學(xué)報(bào),2007,46(1):6274.

HUANG Hao,JIN Xiaochi,SHI Yukun,et al.Middle Permian Fusulinids from the Xainza Area of the Lhasa Block,Tibet[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2007,46(1):6274.

[14]姚建新,紀(jì)占勝,武桂春,等.西藏申扎地區(qū)德日昂瑪—下拉剖面:岡瓦納和特提斯晚石炭世—早二疊世地層和古生物對比的橋梁[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2007,26(1):3141.

YAO Jianxin,JI Zhansheng,WU Guichun,et al.DeriangmaXiala Section in the Xainza Area,Tibet,China:A Bridge for the Stratigraphic and Paleontological Correlation Between Gondwana and Tethys During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(1):3141.

[15]吳一民,傅在斌.西藏改則縣夏崗江石炭、二疊紀(jì)岡瓦納相地層[J].地層學(xué)雜志,1986,10(4):283289.

WU Yimin,F(xiàn)U Zaibin.The Stratigraphic of Gondwana Facies During the Carboniferous and Permian in Xiagangjiang of Gaize,Tibet[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1986,10(4):283289.

[16]侯恩剛,高金漢,王根厚,等.西藏改則上三疊統(tǒng)日干配錯(cuò)組生物礁組成特征及演化[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2014,33(7):10671075.

HOU Engang,GAO Jinhan,WANG Genhou,et al.Composition and Evolution of the Upper Triassic Organic Reef in the Riganpeicuo Formation of Gaize County,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(7):10671075.

[17]姜高磊,韓芳,宋博文,等.西藏改則盆地漸新統(tǒng)-中新統(tǒng)康托組沉積相特征[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2013,32(1):165174.

JIANG Gaolei,HAN Fang,SONG Bowen,et al.Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the OligoceneMiocene Kangtuo Formation in Gaize Basin,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2013,32(1):165174.

[5]呂少俊.西藏羌多地區(qū)早—中二疊世生物地層特征[J].資源調(diào)查與環(huán)境,2013,34(4):221227.

LU Shaojun.EarlyMiddle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet[J].Resources Survey and Environment,2013,34(4):221227.

[6]石和.西藏申扎地區(qū)石炭—二疊紀(jì)巖石地層劃分之我見[J].成都理工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001,28(3):246250.

SHI He.Remarks on the CarboniferousPermian Lithostratigraphic Division in the Shenzha Area,Tibet,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(3):246250.

[7]金玉軒.中國地層典:二疊系[M].北京:地質(zhì)出版社,2000.

JIN Yuxuan.Stratigraphical Lexicon of China:Permian System[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.

[8]王紹蘭,王冠民,陳清華.西藏措勤盆地下二疊統(tǒng)昂杰組沉積相分析[J].巖相古地理,1999,19(6):4448.

WANG Shaolan,WANG Guanmin,CHEN Qinghua.Sedimentary Facies of the Lower Permian Ngangze Formation in the Coqen Basin,Xizang[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(6):4448.

[9]郝詒純,裘松余,林甲興,等.有孔蟲[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,1980.

HAO Yichun,QIU Songyu,LIN Jiaxing,et al.Foraminifer[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.

[10]俞建章,林英鐋,時(shí)言,等.石炭紀(jì)二疊紀(jì)珊瑚[M].長春:吉林人民出版社,1983.

YU Jianzhang,LIN Yingtang,SHI Yan,et al.The CarboniferousPermian Coral[M].Changchun:Jilin Peoples Publishing House,1983.

[11]何心一.阿里二疊紀(jì)珊瑚[M]∥楊遵儀,聶澤同.西藏阿里古生物.武漢:中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)出版社,1990:7679.

HE Xinyi.The Permian Coral of Ali[M]∥YANG Zunyi,NIE Zetong.The Paleontology of Ali in Tibet.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990:7679.

[12]聶澤同,宋志敏.試論西藏二疊紀(jì)蜓類及非蜓有孔蟲的生物地理區(qū)系與古地理及古構(gòu)造的關(guān)系[J].地球科學(xué),1990,15(3):275282.

NIE Zetong,SONG Zhimin.On Permian Biogeography of Fusulinids and Nonfusulinids in Tibet and Its Relation with Paleotectonics[J].Earth Science,1990,15(3):275282.

[13]黃浩,金小赤,史宇坤,等.西藏申扎地區(qū)中二疊世蜓類動(dòng)物群[J].古生物學(xué)報(bào),2007,46(1):6274.

HUANG Hao,JIN Xiaochi,SHI Yukun,et al.Middle Permian Fusulinids from the Xainza Area of the Lhasa Block,Tibet[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2007,46(1):6274.

[14]姚建新,紀(jì)占勝,武桂春,等.西藏申扎地區(qū)德日昂瑪—下拉剖面:岡瓦納和特提斯晚石炭世—早二疊世地層和古生物對比的橋梁[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2007,26(1):3141.

YAO Jianxin,JI Zhansheng,WU Guichun,et al.DeriangmaXiala Section in the Xainza Area,Tibet,China:A Bridge for the Stratigraphic and Paleontological Correlation Between Gondwana and Tethys During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(1):3141.

[15]吳一民,傅在斌.西藏改則縣夏崗江石炭、二疊紀(jì)岡瓦納相地層[J].地層學(xué)雜志,1986,10(4):283289.

WU Yimin,F(xiàn)U Zaibin.The Stratigraphic of Gondwana Facies During the Carboniferous and Permian in Xiagangjiang of Gaize,Tibet[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1986,10(4):283289.

[16]侯恩剛,高金漢,王根厚,等.西藏改則上三疊統(tǒng)日干配錯(cuò)組生物礁組成特征及演化[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2014,33(7):10671075.

HOU Engang,GAO Jinhan,WANG Genhou,et al.Composition and Evolution of the Upper Triassic Organic Reef in the Riganpeicuo Formation of Gaize County,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(7):10671075.

[17]姜高磊,韓芳,宋博文,等.西藏改則盆地漸新統(tǒng)-中新統(tǒng)康托組沉積相特征[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2013,32(1):165174.

JIANG Gaolei,HAN Fang,SONG Bowen,et al.Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the OligoceneMiocene Kangtuo Formation in Gaize Basin,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2013,32(1):165174.

[5]呂少俊.西藏羌多地區(qū)早—中二疊世生物地層特征[J].資源調(diào)查與環(huán)境,2013,34(4):221227.

LU Shaojun.EarlyMiddle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet[J].Resources Survey and Environment,2013,34(4):221227.

[6]石和.西藏申扎地區(qū)石炭—二疊紀(jì)巖石地層劃分之我見[J].成都理工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001,28(3):246250.

SHI He.Remarks on the CarboniferousPermian Lithostratigraphic Division in the Shenzha Area,Tibet,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(3):246250.

[7]金玉軒.中國地層典:二疊系[M].北京:地質(zhì)出版社,2000.

JIN Yuxuan.Stratigraphical Lexicon of China:Permian System[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.

[8]王紹蘭,王冠民,陳清華.西藏措勤盆地下二疊統(tǒng)昂杰組沉積相分析[J].巖相古地理,1999,19(6):4448.

WANG Shaolan,WANG Guanmin,CHEN Qinghua.Sedimentary Facies of the Lower Permian Ngangze Formation in the Coqen Basin,Xizang[J].Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography,1999,19(6):4448.

[9]郝詒純,裘松余,林甲興,等.有孔蟲[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,1980.

HAO Yichun,QIU Songyu,LIN Jiaxing,et al.Foraminifer[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.

[10]俞建章,林英鐋,時(shí)言,等.石炭紀(jì)二疊紀(jì)珊瑚[M].長春:吉林人民出版社,1983.

YU Jianzhang,LIN Yingtang,SHI Yan,et al.The CarboniferousPermian Coral[M].Changchun:Jilin Peoples Publishing House,1983.

[11]何心一.阿里二疊紀(jì)珊瑚[M]∥楊遵儀,聶澤同.西藏阿里古生物.武漢:中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)出版社,1990:7679.

HE Xinyi.The Permian Coral of Ali[M]∥YANG Zunyi,NIE Zetong.The Paleontology of Ali in Tibet.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990:7679.

[12]聶澤同,宋志敏.試論西藏二疊紀(jì)蜓類及非蜓有孔蟲的生物地理區(qū)系與古地理及古構(gòu)造的關(guān)系[J].地球科學(xué),1990,15(3):275282.

NIE Zetong,SONG Zhimin.On Permian Biogeography of Fusulinids and Nonfusulinids in Tibet and Its Relation with Paleotectonics[J].Earth Science,1990,15(3):275282.

[13]黃浩,金小赤,史宇坤,等.西藏申扎地區(qū)中二疊世蜓類動(dòng)物群[J].古生物學(xué)報(bào),2007,46(1):6274.

HUANG Hao,JIN Xiaochi,SHI Yukun,et al.Middle Permian Fusulinids from the Xainza Area of the Lhasa Block,Tibet[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2007,46(1):6274.

[14]姚建新,紀(jì)占勝,武桂春,等.西藏申扎地區(qū)德日昂瑪—下拉剖面:岡瓦納和特提斯晚石炭世—早二疊世地層和古生物對比的橋梁[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2007,26(1):3141.

YAO Jianxin,JI Zhansheng,WU Guichun,et al.DeriangmaXiala Section in the Xainza Area,Tibet,China:A Bridge for the Stratigraphic and Paleontological Correlation Between Gondwana and Tethys During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(1):3141.

[15]吳一民,傅在斌.西藏改則縣夏崗江石炭、二疊紀(jì)岡瓦納相地層[J].地層學(xué)雜志,1986,10(4):283289.

WU Yimin,F(xiàn)U Zaibin.The Stratigraphic of Gondwana Facies During the Carboniferous and Permian in Xiagangjiang of Gaize,Tibet[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,1986,10(4):283289.

[16]侯恩剛,高金漢,王根厚,等.西藏改則上三疊統(tǒng)日干配錯(cuò)組生物礁組成特征及演化[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2014,33(7):10671075.

HOU Engang,GAO Jinhan,WANG Genhou,et al.Composition and Evolution of the Upper Triassic Organic Reef in the Riganpeicuo Formation of Gaize County,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(7):10671075.

[17]姜高磊,韓芳,宋博文,等.西藏改則盆地漸新統(tǒng)-中新統(tǒng)康托組沉積相特征[J].地質(zhì)通報(bào),2013,32(1):165174.

JIANG Gaolei,HAN Fang,SONG Bowen,et al.Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the OligoceneMiocene Kangtuo Formation in Gaize Basin,Tibet[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2013,32(1):165174.

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