∷王偉濱
蛇年已去,馬年來了,不過我卻還想談?wù)勆?,也許是念舊心理在作祟。希臘神話中,蛇發(fā)妖女美杜莎(Medusa)被英雄珀?duì)栃匏梗≒erseus)殺死,蛇發(fā)頭顱也被人拿去做了武器,不過,從她的鮮血中卻躍出一匹白色的飛馬,那便是天馬珀加索斯(Pegasus)??梢姡吲c馬不僅在中國屬相中緊密相聯(lián),在希臘神話中也是如此。
我很喜歡西方的蛇,因?yàn)樗鼈儧]有中國同類們那么馴良。在中國故事中,雖然蛇與龍稱兄道弟,甚至有時(shí)互相轉(zhuǎn)化,但畢竟從外形到性格都要軟弱得多了,比如,能行云布雨的龍王敖廣,變作條小白蛇時(shí),便只能乖乖地被哪吒揣入袖中,任其擺布。中國的蛇,即使幻化為人形,也脫不了柔弱的個(gè)性,比如,《義妖傳》中的白蛇與青蛇,為了向一個(gè)軟弱的男人許仙“報(bào)恩”,竟然葬送了自己的千年修行,“義”是“義”了,總難脫“被侮辱與被損害”形象的窠臼。與之相比,倒是西方的蛇更有“妖氣”,比如,約翰·濟(jì)慈(John Keats)筆下的蛇妖拉彌亞(Lamia),因?yàn)閻凵狭诵』镒永镄匏梗↙ycius),便不顧人妖殊途,一定要與他成婚?;槎Y上,哲人阿波羅尼(Apollonius)看破Lamia的真身,于是Lamia只得逃遁,而Lycius則傷心而死,這故事雖然也是悲劇,但至少愛得爽快,死得干脆,沒有《義妖傳》中那份拖拖拉拉的感覺:
Then Lamia breath’d death breath; the sophist’s eye,
Like a sharp spear, went through her utterly,
拉彌亞和里修斯
Keen, cruel, perceant(古語,piercing之意),stinging: she, as well
As her weak hand could any meaning tell,
Motion’d him to be silent; vainly so,
He look’d and look’ again a level—No!
“ Serpent!”echoed he; no sooner said,
Than with a frightful scream she vanished:
And Lycius’rms were empty of delight,
As were his limbs of life, from that same night.
On the high couch he lay! —his friends came round
Supported him—no pulse, or breath they found,
And, in its marriage robe, the heavy body wound.
(拉彌亞吞吐著死亡的氣息;那哲人的眼
像鋒利的矛,刺透她的身體,
尖銳無情、痛徹心脾:她盡力揮動(dòng)
虛弱的手臂,讓他住嘴;卻只是徒勞,
他眼光平直,盯著她,盯著她,不!
“蛇!”他重復(fù)道;話音未落,
她便驚叫一聲,消失無蹤
那一夜,歡愉從里修斯的臂彎消散
生命也同樣離開了他的肢體。
他癱倒在高榻上!朋友們上前
攙扶——但他沉重的身體
委頓在婚袍內(nèi),已沒有了脈搏和呼吸。)
不過,在西方,除了伊甸園里的那一條,蛇一般不會成為故事中的首惡,因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)角色常常要由dragon擔(dān)當(dāng),輪不到蛇這樣的無名小輩。的確,蛇不可能像dragon那樣倨傲自夸,不時(shí)地占據(jù)某座城堡,擄走誰家的公主,或守衛(wèi)某處寶藏;蛇只是謙卑地做它自己。但是,你千萬不要去惹(provoke)它。雖然《創(chuàng)世記》中,上帝對犯了錯(cuò)的蛇宣判說,“I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and hers; he will crush your head,and you will strike his heel”,似乎人與蛇是注定要為仇作對的,不過,聰明的人最好還是不要故意挑釁,因?yàn)?,那至少會是個(gè)兩敗俱傷的結(jié)果。
法國小說家阿爾貝·加繆1. 阿爾貝·加繆,法國小說家、哲學(xué)家、戲劇家和評論家,存在主義文學(xué)領(lǐng)軍人物,“荒誕哲學(xué)”的代表。(Albert Camus)寫過這樣的句子:“Don’t walk in front of me; I may not follow.Don’t walk behind me; I may not lead. Just walk beside me and be my friend”。這話用來形容蛇倒也算合適——它既不對別人發(fā)號施令,也不聽別人的發(fā)號施令;不過,對于蛇來說,是否“be my friend”也不打緊,至少“Don’t be my enemy”。
大概很多人并不知道,最初代表美國的旗幟并不是我們熟知的星條旗(Stars and Stripes),而是黃色背景下,一條身體像彈簧一樣蜷曲,伸頸昂頭,隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備攻擊的響尾蛇( a yellow field depicting a rattlesnake coiled and ready to strike),在蛇的下方,還有一句狠話 “Don’t tread on me” 。這圖案由當(dāng)時(shí)的政治領(lǐng)袖之一,克里斯托弗·加茲登(Christopher Gadsden)將軍設(shè)計(jì),后來這面旗幟便被稱作“加茲登旗”(the Gadsden flag)。當(dāng)然,以響尾蛇為美國象征,并非Gadsden的獨(dú)創(chuàng),它更像是美國人民的某種集體意識的創(chuàng)造,在Gadsden之前和之后,曾經(jīng)有很多人用響尾蛇來表達(dá)美國精神。比如,獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期的著名報(bào)紙The Massachusetts Spy的報(bào)頭上,便畫著代表美國的響尾蛇與代表英國的dragon交戰(zhàn)的圖案。
本杰明·富蘭克林2. 本杰明·富蘭克林,18世美國最偉大的科學(xué)家和發(fā)明家,著名的政治家、外交家、哲學(xué)家、文學(xué)家和航海家,美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭的偉大領(lǐng)袖。(Benjamin Franklin)曾經(jīng)這樣贊頌蛇:
“I recollected that her eye excelled in brightness, that of any other animal, and that she has no eye-lids—She may therefore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance(警覺)—She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders:She is therefore an emblem of magnanimity(寬宏)and true courage—As if anxious to prevent all pretensions of quarreling with her, the weaponswith which nature has furnished her, she conceals in the roof of her mouth, so that, to those who are unacquainted with her, she appears to be a most defenseless animal;and even when those weapons are shown and extended for her defense, they appear weak and contemptible(可鄙的); but their wounds however small, are decisive and fatal—Conscious of this, she never wounds till she has generously given notice, even to her enemy, and cautioned him against the danger of stepping on her—Was I wrong, Sir, in thinking this a strong picture of the temper and conduct of America?”
獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)的很多民兵組織更是紛紛使用與Gadsden flag類似的圖案。比如,來自弗吉尼亞的游擊隊(duì) Culpeper Minutemen的旗幟便用了與Gadsden flag幾乎相同的圖案,只是換成了白底,而非黃底,并且除了“Don’t tread on me”外,還加了一句 “Liberty or Death”。 Thrash Metal(激流金屬音樂)的鼻祖,美國樂隊(duì)Metallica,在1991年曾經(jīng)發(fā)行印有Gadsden flag圖案的“黑專輯”,其中有一首令人熱血沸騰的“Don’t Tread on Me”,便是紀(jì)念這兩面旗子與這兩句話的,歌中這樣唱道:
Don’t tread on Me.
said Don’t tread on Me.
Liberty or death, what we so proudly hail (歡呼)once you provoke her, rattling of her tail never begins it, never, but once engaged...never surrenders, showing the fangs of rage said don’t tread on me
so be it
threaten no more
to secure peace is to prepare for war
so be it
加茲登旗
settle the score (算總賬)
touch me again for the words that you’ll hear evermore...
don’t tread on me
love it or leave it, she with the deadly bite
quick is the blue tongue, forked(使分叉)as a lightning strike
shining with brightness, always on surveillance(監(jiān)視)
the eyes they never close, emblem of vigilance ooh,No, No, No.
said don’t tread on me
如今這面“別踩我”的旗子雖然被Stars and Stripes(or Old Glory) flag所代替,但它仍然被看作是“a symbol of American patriotism, a symbol of disagreement with government, or a symbol of support for civil liberties”。直至今日,仍然有很多美國人更喜歡把Gadsden flag看作是比星條旗更好的國旗,因?yàn)樗幌裥菞l旗那樣,散發(fā)著炫耀、說教,甚至強(qiáng)權(quán)的味道,總會讓人想到那個(gè)帶著高帽子,長著粗眉毛,瞪著藍(lán)眼睛,用手指著你的“Uncle Sam”;它更加自我,雖然桀驁不馴,卻不指手畫腳,正符合美國早期哲學(xué)家愛默生(Emerson)、梭羅(Thoreau)等人提倡的自由精神。這里,特別值得一提的是梭羅,他的“Civil Disobedience” (《不服從論》),激勵(lì)了一代又一代的人們堅(jiān)持自己的良心,反抗那些不合理的、不道德的法律、條文和規(guī)定——從奴隸制、墨西哥戰(zhàn)爭,到帝國主義統(tǒng)治(比如,甘地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的反英國殖民統(tǒng)治的斗爭)。蛇雖然看似柔弱,卻是“強(qiáng)項(xiàng)”,休想把它的頭按倒,就像東漢光武帝派人強(qiáng)按其頭,欲令其服軟而不能的董宣一樣。
我總認(rèn)為“恩怨分明”是一項(xiàng)優(yōu)良的品質(zhì),“睚眥必報(bào)”也好,“涌泉相報(bào)”也罷,總之,那是一種“講道理”的行為準(zhǔn)則。關(guān)于“恩怨”,自然是《摩西律法》的“以眼還眼,以牙還牙”來得痛快,而耶穌的“以德報(bào)怨”,難免會被人看作是“恩怨不分”。雖然《伊索寓言》中有“農(nóng)夫與蛇”的警示,不過,我還是愿意相信蛇是“恩怨分明”的,至少,蛇是不會主動(dòng)攻擊與它相安無事的人的。講到與蛇有關(guān)的復(fù)仇故事,我最喜歡埃德加·愛倫·坡3. 埃德加·愛倫·坡,美國文學(xué)史上最具唯美傾向的作家,被稱為是西方現(xiàn)代派文學(xué)的元祖、象征主義文學(xué)的鼻祖和西方推理小說的鼻祖。(Edgar Allan Poe)的短篇小說《一桶白葡萄酒》(A Cask of Amontillado),這個(gè)故事里其實(shí)并沒有蛇,但卻滲透了蛇的精神。不像其他典型的Poe的故事,比如《泄密的心》(The Tell-tale Heart)、《黑貓》(The Black Cat)那么絕望和瘋狂,它十分冷靜,雖然同樣冷酷;它講述的是一個(gè)精心策劃和實(shí)施的復(fù)仇計(jì)劃。故事的開篇,在關(guān)于revenge的文字中,算是頗為有名的了:“The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could,but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. You,who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose,however, that I gave utterance to a threat. At length I would be avenged; this was a point definitely settled—but the very definitiveness with which it was resolved, precluded the idea of risk. I must not only punish, but punish with impunity.A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong.”
(福圖納多對我百般迫害,我都盡量忍在心頭,可是一旦他膽敢侮辱我,我就發(fā)誓要報(bào)仇了,您早就摸熟我生性脾氣,總不見得當(dāng)我說說嚇唬人??傆幸惶煳乙獔?bào)仇雪恨;這個(gè)主意堅(jiān)定不移,既然拿定主意不改,就沒想到會出危險(xiǎn)。我不僅要給他吃吃苦頭,還要干得絕了后患。報(bào)仇的自己得到報(bào)應(yīng),這筆仇就沒了清。復(fù)仇的不讓冤家知道是誰害他,這筆仇也沒了清。)
為了報(bào)復(fù)那個(gè)多年來一再侮辱他的福圖納多(Fortunato),一個(gè)愚蠢而狂妄自大的家伙,故事的敘述者蒙特雷索(Montresor),假稱自己新買了一桶白葡萄酒,想找Fortunato這個(gè)“行家”鑒定一下,于是一步步把Fortunato帶入了自己的陷阱。兩人走在路上時(shí),F(xiàn)ortunato問起Montresor家族的徽章(family coat of arms),Montresor回答說,是一條蛇,被一只腳踩在腳下,而蛇的牙齒咬在那只腳的腳踝處,(A huge human foot d’or[金的], in a field azure(天藍(lán)色的); the foot crushes a serpent rampant[狂暴的] whose fangs are imbedded[插入] in the heel.)圖案下方有拉丁文的motto,“Nemo me impune lacessit”意為“no one attacks me with impunity”。不知Montresor的祖先,徽章的設(shè)計(jì)者,是把自己看作那只腳,還是那條蛇;不過根據(jù)蛇的性情,我寧愿相信是后者。 犯我者必受罰,哪怕這懲罰意味著我亦必死,又有何妨。當(dāng)然,抱著必死的決心,而能如故事開篇所說,“punish with impunity”,便是更高一籌了。
蛇也許不可愛,但它至少是可敬畏的。