第一部分:同位語
一、同位語與其他從句的辨析
1. 同位語。當兩個指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置時,若其中一個句子成分是用于說明或解釋另一個句子成分的,那么用于起說明或解釋作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位語。
如:Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 勞拉·邁爾,BBC的記者,要求采訪。
Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個人是誰?
We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我們有兩個孩子,一個男孩和一個女孩。
引導(dǎo)同位語的詞有下列幾種情況:
1) 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語。如:
She has great concern for us students. 她對我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
2) 不定式用作同位語。如:
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達了發(fā)起總攻的命令。
(to start the general attack與the order同位)
3) ing分詞用作同位語。如:
Hes getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個開卡車的差事。 (driving a track 與a job同位)
4) 形容詞用作同位語。如:
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書,古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。
5) none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語。如:
We none of us said anything. 我們誰也沒說話。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
當然,同位語也可以是句子,即同位語從句。下列詞后面常接同位語從句:fact, news, hope, thought, desire, proposal, doubt, truth, suggestion, question, problem, order, belief, fear, plan, rumor, opinion, possibility, advice, story, notice 等。同位語從句常由引導(dǎo)詞that, whether和特殊疑問詞等引導(dǎo)。如:
The belief that the company will make a great achievement is shared by everyone.
They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.
2. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。
1) 意義的不同。
同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的,它與被修飾詞語通常可以劃等號;而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的,它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來;如:
They have received the news that he will come here. 他們收到了一個消息,這個消息說他要來這里。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come,故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句)
They have received the news that he told us. 他們收到了他告訴我們的消息。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的,故that從句為定語從句)
2) 引導(dǎo)詞的不同。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞是that, which, who, whom, whose, as, where, when, why等, 而what, how, if, whatever 等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,但不引導(dǎo)定語從句。
3) 引導(dǎo)詞功能上的不同。
that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時本身無詞義,它不充當句子成分,但不可以省略,也不可用which 來替換;而that引導(dǎo)定語從句時,它作為關(guān)系代詞,要么充當定語從句的主語,要么充當定語從句的賓語,充當賓語時可以省略,有時還可以用which來引導(dǎo)。如上例 that he told us中的that就充當told的賓語。
4) 被修飾詞語的區(qū)別。
同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限,通常有word, probability, hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。 另外,when和where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時,通常只修飾表示時間和地點的名詞,而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句時卻不一定;又如why引導(dǎo)定語從句,它通常只修飾名詞the reason,而它引導(dǎo)同位語從句時則不一定。如:
Ill never forget the days when I lived there. 我永遠不會忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語從句)endprint
We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我們不明白這個問題,為什么這是最好的選擇。(同位語從句)
3. 由whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句不可以用if替換。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須回答這個問題,是否同意這個問題。
另外,where, when, why, how, who, what等在引導(dǎo)同位語從句時,一般只用于I have no idea結(jié)構(gòu)中,其實,這種類型的同位語從句應(yīng)該列入賓語從句的范疇,因為I have no idea意思就是I dont know...;如:
I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.
4. 分離同位語從句。
同位語從句一般接在被解釋的名詞后面,但有時因謂語太短而分開。如:
A story goes that Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. 句中的 “... Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.” 是主語A story的同位語。由于該同位語較長而謂語較短,為保持句子平衡,謂語動詞goes放在了主語與同位語從句之間,造成同位語從句與主語的分隔。
第二部分:巧析英語長難句
從2014年和前幾年英語高考試題來著,英語長難句越來越多,對學(xué)生英語能力水平的考查呈上升趨勢。長難句由于其結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜, 語句難懂等原因, 在學(xué)習(xí)過程中給大部分學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)帶來了極大的阻礙。其實只要擺正心態(tài)并掌握一定的方法, 長難句還是較容易解決的。其實,再長的句子都可以回歸為簡單句。而英語中最常見的簡單句的類型就是:主語+謂語+賓語或主語+系動詞+表語。所謂長句只是在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上把句子加長,比較常見的有如下幾種情形:
1. 在主語的中心語上嵌套一個定語從句或者同位語從句;如:
Students who go abroad for further study often should have the ability to live independently. 這個句子的主語中心語是students, 主語之后是一個定語從句。
Reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted fortyfive miles south of London. 這個句子的主語中心語是reports, 中心語之后又嵌套了一個同位語從句,這個句子的特殊之處在于,由于主語部分太長,為了平衡句子,把整個句子的謂語放在了主語部分之前,主語的中心語之后。
2. 整個主語部分由一個句子充當,即主語從句;如:
That the ancient Egyptians actually sailed to South America remains uncertain.這個句子的主語是一個由that引導(dǎo)的完整的句子。
3. 在賓語的中心語上嵌套一個定語從句或者同位語從句;如:
I cherish the dream that one day I will be amply and justifiably rewarded as long as I work ceaselessly. 這個句子的賓語中心語是dream,賓語中心語與之后跟的是一個同位語從句。希望這個句子能成為每一位讀者的信條。
4. 整個賓語部分由一個句子充當,即賓語從句;如:
The workers claimed that their legal rights should be guaranteed.本句是由一個句子充當了主句的賓語。
5. 以狀語修飾主句謂語動詞或者修飾整個句子,通常狀語由副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式或者一個句子(狀語從句,非限制性定語從句)來充當;
Reconstructed with the aid of the money and enthusiasm of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Colonial Williamsburg is not only a brilliant example of an American style in historical monuments. 這個句子由分詞引起前置狀語,真正的主干是逗號之后的部分。
6. 插入語。插入語往往是對句子中的某一個詞,某一個概念做一個補充說明。插入語的位置比較靈活,但它有明顯的標志:即用兩個逗號隔開或者兩個破折號隔開;如:
Can deception—pretending that something is true when it is not—sometimes have good results?
這個句子在主語和謂語之間插入了一部份內(nèi)容,它客觀上影響了句子的理解。這一部分插入語的作用是對主語做出了進一步的解釋。
鞏固練習(xí)
一、翻譯下列句子
1. 他們比賽獲勝的消息很快傳遍了整個學(xué)校。endprint
2. 將軍下達了戰(zhàn)士們立即過河的命令。
3. 我們將討論運動會是否會如期舉行的問題。
4. 采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。
5. 這個是對還是錯要看結(jié)果。
6. 我們聽到消息說我們隊贏了。
7. 他們表示希望她接受這筆獎金。
8. 允許婦女參加這個協(xié)會的決議通過了。
二、分析典型長難句
1. This chance discovery ended a 12day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure—a 120page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan—“a woman who knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.
2. The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Years Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face...
3. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology (納米技術(shù)) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.
4. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began. 牛頓被證明是一位很有才華的科學(xué)家,他處于一個魔術(shù)終結(jié)科學(xué)開啟的歷史時期,他也有普通人所特有的弱點。
參考答案
一、
1. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
2. The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.
3. Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.
4. The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.
5. The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.
6. We heard the news that our team had won.
7. They expressed the wish that she accept the award.
8. The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
二、
1.分析:第一句的主語為James Green, the librarian,謂語為told,第一個賓語為the magazine “American Libraries”,第二個賓語為賓語從句,此賓語從句的主語為This chance discovery,謂語即ended,后面賓語的中心詞為a 12day search.
2.分析:The alarm had been raised為主句,because 引導(dǎo)一個原因狀語從句,原因狀語從句里又包含了一個由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
3.分析:主語為Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark,主語中心詞為Donald Louria,謂語為said,said后面都是省略了that的賓語從句,賓語從句的主語為advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology,主語中心詞為advances,謂語為make,it為形式賓語,真正的賓語為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
4.簡析:夾雜兩個定語從句。
(作者:康傳桂,海安縣李堡中學(xué))endprint