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巧用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,理清段落結(jié)構(gòu)

2014-11-20 05:41:40吳濤
中學課程輔導高考版·學生版 2014年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:過渡性連詞段落

一、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語用法小結(jié)

要使句子與句子以及段落與段落之間的意思互相連接,就需要有關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的使用是語言連貫性得以實現(xiàn)的最常用手段。關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的恰當使用,可使得文章流暢、自然,易于理解。高考試題對關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的考查滲透在各個題型里。在高考中考生如能抓住句中或段落中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,則可以有效而快速地理解句子以及文章。沒有這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的段落或文章,層次不清,結(jié)構(gòu)松散,讀者看到的只是零散句子的堆積,看不清相互聯(lián)系,造成理解障礙。這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞語幫助讀者推斷出文章接下來將會發(fā)生什么。寫作時,考生如能恰當使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,可為自己的文章增色許多,從而獲得閱卷老師的青睞。不同的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語表示句子的不同關(guān)系。中學階段應該掌握的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語可以歸納如下:

1. 表示時間順序的過渡性詞語:first(ly), to begin with, to start with, second(ly), at first, in the beginning, for the first time, next, then, later, in the end, finally, at last, after a while, since then, meanwhile, immediately, suddenly, all of a sudden, now, at present, soon, soon after that, afterwards, up to now, before long, from then on, sooner or later等。如2010年江蘇卷書面表達部分范文:

Now, Id like to make some suggestions on English teaching and learning in our school. Firstly, we should be given more opportunities to use what weve learned in order to have a better grasp of it. Secondly, I hope our teachers can recommend more interesting books and magazines and give us more free time to read them. Finally, I suggest we have more English activities, such as English contests and festivals.

2. 表示目的的過渡性詞語:in order to, so as to, that, so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that等。如:

Cathy had quit her job when her son was born she could stay home and raise her family. (2014年浙江卷15)

A. now thatB. as if

C. only ifD. so that

[答案] D。now that既然,as if 好像,only if只要,so that以便。這里是so that引導目的狀語從句。句意:當Cathy的兒子出生的時候,她就放棄了自己的工作,以便待在家里照顧家人。根據(jù)句意選D。

3. 表示因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞語:because, as, since, for, thanks to, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, one reason is that..., another reason is that...等。如:

Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, plants can spread to new places. (2014年北京卷21)

A. soB. or

C. forD. but

[答案] A。本題考查的連詞都是常見的連詞。so于是(強調(diào)上下文因果關(guān)系);or或者;for由于,因為(起補充說明作用);but但是(表示轉(zhuǎn)折);句意:一些動物把種子從一個地方帶到另外一個地方,于是植物就傳播到了新的地方生長了。上下文之間是因果關(guān)系。故選A。

4. 表示讓步關(guān)系的過渡性詞語:as, though, even if / though, who (what, when, where)—ever / no matter who (what, when, where)等。如:

Lessons can be learned to face the future, history cannot be changed. (2014年江蘇21)

A. thoughB. as

C. sinceD. unless

[答案] A。本題考查的是狀語從句的連詞辨析。though盡管;as隨著,因為;since自從,既然;unless除非,如果……不……;句意:盡管歷史不能改變,但是為了面對未來我們還是要從歷史中學會教訓。根據(jù)句意可知上下文之間存在著轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以使用though表示讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折。故A正確。

5. 表示條件關(guān)系的過渡性詞語:if, unless, as / so long as, on condition that等。

You will never gain success you are fully devoted to your work. (2014年湖南卷26)

A. whenB. because

C. afterD. unless

[答案] D。本題考查狀語從句。題干意為:除非你全身心地投入到你的工作中,否則你就不會獲得成功。所填詞引導條件狀語從句,意思是“除非,如果不”,故選D。

6. 表示并列關(guān)系的過渡性詞語:and, or, as well as, both... and..., neither... nor..., not only... but also..., either... or..., not... but...等。如:

Give me a chance, Ill give you a wonderful surprise. (2014年天津卷1)

A. ifB. or

C. andD. while

[答案] C。本題考查的是“祈使句+連詞+陳述句”的特殊句式。該句型相當于:If條件句+主句;本句相當于:If you give me a chance, Ill give you a wonderful surprise. 句意:給我一個機會,我就會給你一個驚喜。故C正確。在變成條件句時,如果是一個肯定句,就使用連詞and;如果是一個否定句,就使用or;如:Hurry up, or you will be late.相當于:If you dont hurry up, you will be late.

7. 表示遞進關(guān)系的過渡性詞語:whats more, furthermore, moreover, besides, whats worse, to make matters worse, worse still, on the one hand..., on the other (hand)...等。如:

Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence. , it could just put you in debt. (2014年江西卷25)

A. In other wordsB. All in all

C. As a resultD. On the other hand

[答案] D。本題考查的是介詞短語辨析。A.“換句話說”,屬于列舉事實的過渡性詞語;B.“總的說來”;C.“結(jié)果是”;D.“另一方面”屬于遞進關(guān)系的過渡性詞語。句意:自己做生意也許是獲得經(jīng)濟獨立的一個很好的方法,另一方面,它也可能讓你負債。根據(jù)句意說明這是一件事情的兩個方面,所以D項符合上下文串聯(lián)。

8. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系的過渡性詞語:but, yet, however, while, nevertheless, whereas, on the contrary, at the same time (不過,然而)等。如:

Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery another man, also intelligent, fails.(2013全國卷32)

A. sinceB.if

C. asD. while

[答案] D。該題考查并列連詞。根據(jù)句意,前后兩句話為兩種情況的對比:“為什么一個人會做出一個重要的發(fā)現(xiàn),而另一個人,也很聰明,但是失敗了”。并列連詞while表示對比,故選D。

9. 表示起始關(guān)系的過渡性詞語:first of all, above all, according to, so far, as far as, to begin with, in my opinion等。如:迄今為止,她還沒有去過歐洲。

(1) She hasnt been to Europe so far.

(2) She hasnt been to Europe up to now.

(3) She hasnt been to Europe up to this time.

10. 表示列舉事實的過渡性詞語:for example / instance, such as, take... for example, that is to say, as follows, in other words等。如:許多偉人從貧困中崛起,例如林肯和愛迪生。

(1) Many great men have risen from poverty—Lincoln and Edison, for example.

(2) Many great men have risen from poverty, for example, Lincoln and Edison.

(3) Many great men have risen from poverty, for instance, Lincoln and Edison.

11. 表示空間順序的過渡性詞語:on the right / left, on one side of, on the other side of, at the top / foot / end of, in the middle of, in (the)front of, at the back of等。如:園子中間有一顆樹。

(1) There is a tree in the middle of the garden.

(2) There is a tree in the centre of the garden.

12. 表示總結(jié)的過渡性詞語:in short, in brief, in a word, on the whole, in general, generally speaking等。如:一般而言,語言是用來交際的。

(1) In general, language is for communication.

(2) Generally speaking, language is for communication.

二、段落的構(gòu)成要素

一篇文章必須具有明確的主題(topic),而作為文章的一個段落,則必須是該主題的某個要點或側(cè)面,即有明確的段落中心。

為幫助同學們學習和使用這一方法,使段落主題明確,中心突出,下面分別舉例介紹主題句、發(fā)展句和結(jié)論句。

1. 主題句(Topic sentences)

主題句(topic sentence)是將主題作概括性的陳述,而不提供具體的細節(jié)。主題句一般位于句首,開門見山提出主題,隨后輔以細節(jié)或舉例加以說明或論證。請看一個段落:

How can you protect your hearing? Experts suggest turning down the volume and reducing the amount of time you spend listening to music on a portable player. A recent poll(民意調(diào)查) in the US found that 51% of high school students and 37% of adults have experienced at least one symptom of hearing loss. Most students said they used their portable music players for less than an hour at a time. And 59% of students said that they played music at a high volume. Experts say more research is needed to prove a direct link between portable music and hearing loss. They think, however, that these players are leading to hearing problems. So, for your own sake, turn down the volume and reduce your time in enjoying portable music as much as possible.

該段落很有特色,第一句How can you protect your hearing是個引言,用問題導入話題,可看出全段所表達的中心——如何保護你的聽力,這就是主題句;第三句到第七句用一些數(shù)據(jù)和專家的觀點來支撐主題句的觀點;第八句重新點題,強調(diào)了中心思想。

主題句在句首是常見的,但有時也可出現(xiàn)在段中或出現(xiàn)在段落的末尾。請看下面這個段落:

People in the western world do not eat such healthy foods. They eat too much fat and sugar and dont take enough exercise. Because of this, they put on weight very easily. Their diet contains a lot of fat in the form of potato crisps, potato chips, butter, cream and chocolate. They eat a lot of sugar in the form of cakes, soft drinks, sweets and so on. The result is that many of them become fat. And some have bad teeth. In some parts of Britain, one person in ten, by the age of thirty, has no teeth left!

該段落的主題句出現(xiàn)在段中。其中的第一、二句話不是主題句,而是展示兩個原因(過渡),第三句Because of this, they put on weight very easily提出主題。最后,用幾個句子(擴展句)說明所攝取的糖、脂肪的來源及其后果。

值得一提的是,并非所有的段落都有主題句。有的段落就沒有主題句,不過其所有的句子都有一個共同的指向,都是圍繞一個中心來寫,也就是說所有的句子都為一個中心服務(wù)。

2. 擴展句 (Supporting sentences)

擴展句指圍繞主題句進行論證、說明、解釋的句子,是支撐主題的細節(jié),又叫支撐句或支持句。請看下面這個片段:

Most students of our school, including me, are against the construction of a chemical works near our school. We think it will do us great harm than good. The drinking water will be polluted.

這個段落展開不夠。該段落談?wù)摰氖恰胺磳υ趯W校附近建造化工廠”的問題,但是后面的說明太單薄,不夠具體全面,特別是根據(jù)“在學校附近修建化工廠”,理應簡單談?wù)勑藿ɑS對學校的影響。請看下文:

Most students of our school, including me, are against the construction of a chemical works near our school. Although the works will make a lot of money for our city, we think it will do us great harm than good. The drinking water will be polluted, and this will do great harm to the people and animals around it. Also it will make a lot of noise, which will disturb the atmosphere of the study. We need quiet places to study. Last, the air over the city will be polluted, too. We will never be able to breathe fresh air. How can we live here any longer?

這樣發(fā)展句分三個層次來談?wù)摗胺磳υ趯W校附近修建化工廠”的原因:先點明“弊大于利”,然后從其所帶來的水污染、噪音污染和空氣污染三個方面進行說明,最后以一個強有力的問句結(jié)尾,發(fā)人深思。因此,這個片段就更充實、具體,說理更透徹。

說明主題的方式有很多,但不論是哪一種方式擴展細節(jié),都必須為主題服務(wù),能夠突出主題。

3. 結(jié)論句 (Concluding sentences)

結(jié)論句又叫總結(jié)句,它標志著一個段落的結(jié)束,自然應位于一個段落的結(jié)尾。結(jié)論句可用來重述主題,提供問題的解決方式,對未來進行預測,提出問題讓讀者去思考,或?qū)θ蝺?nèi)容加以概括。結(jié)論句之前常常會出現(xiàn) therefore, in short, in a word, briefly speaking, to sum up等詞語。請看下面一個段落:

Last Friday, I booked a table near the window for dinner in your hotel, as I was going to treat my two American friends to a typical Chinese meal. But Im quite disappointed with your service. We went there at the time as arranged, but the waiter told us there were no seats available. After about one and a half hours, we were asked to share a table with an old couple. The food was not delicious and some dishes were too salty. Ill appreciate it if you can look into the case.

該段落是先敘述一件事,然后以 Ill appreciate it if you can look into the case. 結(jié)尾,即“通過提出自己的想法”作為結(jié)論句,本段的寫作目的躍然紙上。

但并非所有的段落都有結(jié)論句,有的也可采用自然結(jié)束的方式。如:

Roads were washed away in the peak area. Tons of mud and rocks crashed down on the houses below. 64 people died in the flood and more than 2,500 lost their homes. For some time after the flood, helicopters flew to help the people there. Tractors and trucks worked hard to clear away the big rocks and earth. Many people sent money and necessities of life to the people attacked by the flood and helped them rebuild their hometown.

該段就是以自然的方式結(jié)束的。該段落先寫這一地區(qū)遭受的自然災害,然后用3句話寫抗災情況。該段落沒有主題句,也沒有結(jié)論句。

(作者:吳濤,南京市第三高級中學)

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