韓明霞
引述別人的話一般有兩種方式,一種是原封不動(dòng)地引用他人的原話,把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi),這叫做直接引語;另一種是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述他人的話,不用引號(hào),叫做間接用語。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),間接引語中的人稱代詞、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、主謂語序、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語等往往要作相應(yīng)的變化,而有時(shí)卻不需要變化。現(xiàn)將這些“變”與“不變”的情況作一歸納。
一、“變”的情況
1. 人稱的變化
(1)直接引語中的主語是第一人稱時(shí),間接引語中的主語應(yīng)變?yōu)榈谌朔Q。
例如:
He said, “I like reading newspapers.”
(他說:“我喜歡看報(bào)。”)
→He said he liked reading newspapers.
(他說他喜歡看報(bào)。)
(2)直接引語中的主語是第二人稱時(shí),如果原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的,則間接引話中的主語應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱:但若原話是針對第三者說的,則間接引語的主語應(yīng)為第三人稱。
例如:
“You should do your homework carefully,” the teacher said to me.
(老師對我說:“你應(yīng)該認(rèn)真做作業(yè)。”)
→The teacher said to me that l should do my homework carefully.
(老師對我說我應(yīng)該認(rèn)真做作業(yè)。)
“You mustnt play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
(警察對孩子們說:“不準(zhǔn)在街上踢球。”)
→The policeman said to the boys that they mustnt play football in the street.
(警察對孩子們說他們不準(zhǔn)在街上踢球。)
(3)人稱的變化還包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的相應(yīng)變化。
例如:
He said, “l(fā) have lost my pen.”
(他說:“我把鋼筆弄丟了?!保?/p>
→He said that he had lost his pen.
(他說他把鋼筆弄丟了。)
She said “The book on the desk is mine.”
(她說“桌子上的書是我的?!保?/p>
→She said that the book on the desk was hers.
(她說桌子上的書是她的。)
2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
(1)如果直接引語是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)換成由連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,在口語中that 常被省略。
例如:
She says, “l(fā) am going to visit my uncle.”
(她說:“我將去看我的叔叔?!保?/p>
→She said that she was going to see her uncle.
(她說她將去看她的叔叔。)
(2)如果直接引語是一般疑問句、選擇疑問句或反意疑問句,將它們變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),應(yīng)變成由連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,該賓語從句的語序應(yīng)為陳述語序。
例如:
He asked, “Has she come?”
(他問:“她已經(jīng)來了嗎?”)
→He asked if she had come.
(他問她是否已經(jīng)來了。)
Her brother asked, “Does the teacher know it or not?”
(她弟弟問:“老師知道這件事嗎?”)
→Her brother asked whether the teacher knew it or not.
(他弟弟問老師是否知道這件事。)
(3)如果直接引語是特殊疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),仍用原來的疑問詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句,從句中要用陳述語序。
例如:
He asked, “When will we arrive in Shanghai?”
(他問:“我們什么時(shí)候到達(dá)上海?”)
→He asked when they would arrive in Shanghai.
(他問他們什么時(shí)候到達(dá)上海。)
He asked, “What grade are you in?”
(他問:“你在哪個(gè)年級(jí)?”)
→He asked what grade I was in.
(他問我在哪個(gè)年級(jí)。)
(4)如果直接引語是祈使句,將其變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)意義上的需要,選用“ask / tell / order / advise / request + 賓語 + 帶to的不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
He says to us, “Be quite.”
(他說:“保持安靜。”)
→He asked us to be quiet.
(他讓我們保持安靜。)
“Dont go out,” she says to me.
(她對我說:“別出去?!保?
→She told me not to go out.
(她告訴我不要出去。)
3. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)時(shí),間接引語中的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)需作以下變化:
(1)將直接引語中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^去時(shí)。
例如:
He said, “This book is yours.”
(他說:“這本書是你的?!保?/p>
→He said that book was mine.
(他說那本書是我的。)
(2)將直接引語中的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
例如:
The teacher said, “The children are reading a text.”
(老師說:“孩子們正在讀課文?!保?/p>
→The teacher said the children were reading a text.
(老師說孩子們正在讀課文。)
(3)將直接引語中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)。
例如:
He said, “I have read the book.”
(他說:“我已經(jīng)看過這本書了?!保?/p>
→He said he had read the book.
(他說他已經(jīng)看過這本書了。)
(4)將直接引語中的一般將來時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去將來時(shí)。
例如:
He said, “Ill wait for you outside the school gate.”
(他說:“我將在校門外等你?!保?/p>
→He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.
(他說他將在校門外等我。)
(5)將直接引語中的一般過去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)。
例如:
She said, “I bought the book yesterday.”
(她說:“我昨天買了這本書。”)
→She said she had bought the book the day before.
(她說她前一天買了這本書。)
4. 其他變化
直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),其中的時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語以及某些對比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞也要作相應(yīng)的變化,如:yesterday變?yōu)閠he day before, here變?yōu)閠here, come變?yōu)間o, this變?yōu)閠hat, these變?yōu)閠hose等。
例如:
He said, “I will stay here.”
(他說:“我將呆在這兒?!保?/p>
→He said that he would stay there.
(他說他將呆在那兒。)
“I bought these flowers for you,” she said.
(她說:“這些花是我為你買的。”)
→She said she bought those flowers for me.
(她說這些花是她為我買的。)
二、“不變”的情況
1.如果說話人引述自己的話,人稱代詞便不必變化。
例如:
I said, “I have been to Beijing.”
(我說:“我去過北京?!保?/p>
→I said I had been to Beijing.
(我說我去過北京。)
2. 主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí),直接引語中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)在間接引語中不變。
例如:
He asks, “Where do you come from?”
(他問:“你是哪里人?”)
→He asks where I come from.
(他問我是哪里人。)
3. 直接引語中比較具體的時(shí)間狀語,在間接引語中可以不變,謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)也不變。
例如:
“It happened in 2008,” he said.
(他說:“那件事發(fā)生在2008年?!保?/p>
→He said it happened in 2008.
(他說那件事發(fā)生在2008年。)
4. 如果直接引語敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、自然現(xiàn)象、諺語、格言等,那么,直接引語中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在間接引語中不變。
例如:
The boy asked, “Does water boil at 100℃?”
(男孩問:“水是否在100℃沸騰?”)
→The boy asked if water boils at 100℃.
(男孩問水是否在100℃沸騰。)
The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
(老師說:“地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)?!保?/p>
→The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.
(老師說地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。)
5. 如果是在當(dāng)時(shí)或當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述,那么,時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語以及某些對比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞等也可不變。
例如:
He said, “I came here three days ago.”
(他說:“我是三天前來到這兒的。”)
→He said he came here three days ago.
(他說他是三天前來到這兒的。)