葛祥英 牟傳龍 周懇懇 梁 薇
(1.中國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局成都地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心 成都 610081;2.國(guó)土資源部沉積盆地與油氣資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 成都 610081)
對(duì)于中國(guó)南方晚奧陶世沉積環(huán)境及巖相古地理,前人曾經(jīng)做過(guò)相對(duì)較多的研究工作并取得了相應(yīng)成果[1~18],20世紀(jì)80年代以前均被認(rèn)為赫南特期湘西北地區(qū)是抬升隆起,不存在觀音橋組的沉積,但在后期的地層勘測(cè)工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)在桃源九溪一帶五峰組頂部尚有一層厚約15~20 cm的棕黃色泥灰?guī)r,富含腕足類(lèi)和三葉蟲(chóng)[19,20],與鄂西、黔北及川東南等地的觀音橋組可對(duì)比,對(duì)于該地區(qū)赫南特期的沉積相及巖相古地理,前人并未做過(guò)系統(tǒng)研究。在經(jīng)歷了五峰期黑色筆石頁(yè)巖沉積之后出現(xiàn)了這樣一套淺水介殼沉積并且沉積時(shí)間極短,僅2 Ma年左右,而其后志留紀(jì)魯?shù)て谠缙谟珠_(kāi)始沉積龍馬溪組黑色筆石頁(yè)巖相,為何在兩套黑色頁(yè)巖中會(huì)出現(xiàn)短暫繁榮的淺水介殼沉積?其成因又是如何?筆者通過(guò)對(duì)研究區(qū)晚奧陶世沉積相及古地理的詳細(xì)研究,結(jié)合華南大地構(gòu)造背景及古氣候等因素對(duì)上述問(wèn)題做出了相應(yīng)的解釋。
湖南地區(qū)的奧陶系,以生物—環(huán)境為主要依據(jù),同時(shí)結(jié)合巖性、構(gòu)造等方面的特點(diǎn),分為了湘西北區(qū)、湘中區(qū)和湘南區(qū)(圖1),其中湘西北區(qū)又分為八面山小區(qū)和武陵山小區(qū)[1]。多年以來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外許多地質(zhì)學(xué)家針對(duì)奧陶紀(jì)地層進(jìn)行了大量的研究工作,建立了較為準(zhǔn)確的牙形石和筆石帶生物地層對(duì)比標(biāo)志[21~26]。上奧陶統(tǒng)分為桑比階、凱迪階和赫南特階。凱迪階以筆石Diplacanthograptus caudatus帶之底為底界,其早期上限與湘西北和川東南的“臨湘組”、湘中“南石沖組”、湘南“城步組”、贛北“黃泥崗組”、黔北“澗草溝組”的上限基本一致,晚期以筆石D.complanatus帶為底界,分別對(duì)應(yīng)于湘西北、湘中、黔北、川東南及贛北地區(qū)的“五峰組”、湘南“天馬山組”的底界。赫南特階以筆石Normalograptus extraordinarius帶之底為底界,分為N.extraordinarius和N.persculptus兩個(gè)亞帶,并大致對(duì)應(yīng)于湘西北、黔北、川東南“觀音橋組”、贛北“新開(kāi)嶺組”(表1)。
五峰組在湘西北、湘中地區(qū)均有沉積,主要由灰黑色—黑色粉砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖組成,在松桃、秀山一帶主要為砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及含碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖。沉積厚度自湘西北向南部湘中地區(qū)逐漸增大。生物以浮游的筆石和三葉蟲(chóng)(圓尾蟲(chóng)類(lèi)和球接子類(lèi))為主,
硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖中普遍有放射蟲(chóng)發(fā)育。
表1 湖南及鄰區(qū)上奧陶統(tǒng)地層劃分及對(duì)比(據(jù)湖南省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局,1988;陳旭等,2000,2006,2011)Table 1 Stratigraphic correlation of the Upper Ordovician in Hunan province and its adjacent area(after Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Hunan Province,1984;Chen Xu,et al.,2000,2006,2011)
圖1 湖南省地層分區(qū)圖(湖南省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局,1988)Fig.1 The map of stratigraphic subregions in Hunan province(after Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Hunan Province,1988)
天馬山組沉積于湘南地區(qū),巖性主要為青灰色—深灰色中厚層狀淺變質(zhì)巖屑石英砂巖、長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖夾砂質(zhì)板巖、板巖或成互層,厚度在600~1 000 m以上,在寧遠(yuǎn)、新田一帶厚達(dá)3 000 m。生物以浮游的筆石為主,與湘西北地區(qū)的五峰組為同期異相沉積。
觀音橋組僅發(fā)現(xiàn)于湘西北武陵山小區(qū)的桃源九溪剖面中,但在其鄰區(qū)鄂西宜昌、黔北桐梓—遵義、黔東北綦江—秀山、川東南一帶均有分布。該組位于五峰組之上,主要為棕黃色的泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r沉積,厚度在15~20 cm左右,地層中富含小達(dá)爾曼蟲(chóng)和赫南特貝等化石。
蘇水沖組為天馬山組之上的一段地層,目前僅在東安大廟口謝家灣一地見(jiàn)有本組出露,其巖性下部為灰色厚層砂巖夾灰綠色砂質(zhì)板巖,中部為灰黑色、黑色薄層具紋帶砂質(zhì)板巖夾砂巖,向上板巖含碳質(zhì)逐漸增多。本組厚度僅53 m左右[1,19]。生物化石主要以浮游的筆石為主,與湘西北觀音橋組為同期異相沉積。
通過(guò)對(duì)湖南地區(qū)及鄰區(qū)30多個(gè)地層剖面點(diǎn)的調(diào)查研究,并結(jié)合前人的研究成果,根據(jù)沉積地層的巖石學(xué)特征、沉積構(gòu)造特征及古生物特征變化,將該區(qū)劃分為局限淺海相、潮坪相、深水盆地相、陸棚邊緣—斜坡相(圖2)。
圖2 湖南晚奧陶世凱迪晚期沉積相對(duì)比圖Fig.2 The sedimentary facies correlation diagram of the Late Katian in the Late Ordovician in Hunan
局限淺海相,顧名思義,是指被多個(gè)邊緣隆起所圍限的半封閉的淺海環(huán)境,沉積水深大概在水下10~60 m的范圍。該沉積相主要發(fā)育在湘西北地區(qū),從構(gòu)造演化上來(lái)講,湘西北地區(qū)屬于穩(wěn)定的揚(yáng)子克拉通沉積區(qū),凱迪期以前揚(yáng)子區(qū)主要為淺水陸表海碳酸鹽沉積,凱迪后期隨著加里東構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生,揚(yáng)子與華夏兩陸塊不斷地?cái)D壓碰撞,華南構(gòu)造開(kāi)始反轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)入前陸盆地沉積演化階段[16,27],黔中隆起、雪峰隆起等前陸隆起隆出水面,揚(yáng)子陸塊由碳酸鹽臺(tái)地沉積轉(zhuǎn)為隆后盆地[27],湘西北地區(qū)沉積了五峰組及其頂部的觀音橋組,五峰組為黑色碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖和硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖互層(圖版Ⅰ-A),沉積厚度僅0.5米到十幾米。該套碳硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖互層中發(fā)育筆石,且以雙筆石科為主,多生活于 BA3的水體深度環(huán)境中[3,28],另外硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖中見(jiàn)放射蟲(chóng)發(fā)育,放射蟲(chóng)作為海洋微體古生物中的一個(gè)重要類(lèi)群,被廣泛的用于重建古海洋、古氣候、古環(huán)境和古溫度變化的研究[29~32],對(duì)于華南地區(qū)古生代放射蟲(chóng)過(guò)去一直被認(rèn)為是深海沉積的標(biāo)志,而且許多學(xué)者從五峰組海平面上升速率、沉積速率及古生態(tài)組合認(rèn)定其屬典型的深海遠(yuǎn)洋沉積[33],但是國(guó)內(nèi)外許多專(zhuān)家通過(guò)研究現(xiàn)代放射蟲(chóng)的生態(tài)特征[30,34,35]指出放射蟲(chóng)的發(fā)育并不完全限于深海環(huán)境,在淺海區(qū)也有分布,方一亭等[36]通過(guò)稀土元素分析指出五峰組碳硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖中的∑Ce/∑Y與La/Lu比值多與東海淺海大陸架沉積物的值域相近,屬同一個(gè)體系中,并且所測(cè)試的五峰組的筆石頁(yè)巖的鎂鋁含量比值也處在張士三[37]所提出的海陸過(guò)渡環(huán)境的高值和海水沉積環(huán)境的低值范圍內(nèi),側(cè)面說(shuō)明五峰組形成于淡化了的淺海海域中,另外構(gòu)造角度來(lái)講如前所述的湘西北地區(qū)是在淺水碳酸鹽臺(tái)地上形成的隆后盆地,在這里將其定為半深?!詈O喑练e也不太合適,觀音橋組沉積的棕黃色的硅質(zhì)灰?guī)r、泥灰?guī)r,產(chǎn)特征性赫南特貝動(dòng)物群,赫南特貝動(dòng)物群是一個(gè)地質(zhì)歷史短暫、地理分布廣泛、主要生活在涼、淺水海底的腕足動(dòng)物組合[24~26],該動(dòng)物群常與以 Dalmanitina為主的三葉蟲(chóng)相伴生[38,39],在生態(tài)位置上它相當(dāng)于底棲組合 BA2-3,主要為BA3,水深不超過(guò)60 m,相比于五峰組水體繼續(xù)變淺,總體來(lái)說(shuō)湘西北地區(qū)在晚奧陶世為受到邊緣隆起所圍限的半封閉淺海環(huán)境。
潮坪相主要發(fā)育在黔中隆起周緣松桃、保靖、秀山一帶,晚奧陶世凱迪晚期,隨著揚(yáng)子與華夏兩陸塊的不斷擠壓碰撞,黔中水下隆起開(kāi)始露出水面,隆起邊緣接受到少量碎屑物源,沉積的五峰組以細(xì)粒碎屑巖為主,巖性為灰黃色的砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、頁(yè)巖及粉砂巖,沉積構(gòu)造多為透鏡狀層理和小型的沙紋層理。
深水盆地相是指陸架環(huán)境上發(fā)育的相對(duì)較深的盆地沉積區(qū),通常在60~200 m的深度范圍內(nèi),該沉積相與湘西北局限淺海相相比沉積水體更深,由于并未受到川中、黔中等邊緣隆起的圍限,與外海連通性較好,水體相對(duì)通暢。在研究區(qū)的主要產(chǎn)出層位為湘中地區(qū)“五峰組”。主要為黑色碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖(圖版Ⅰ-B)、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及粉砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖。生物化石以發(fā)育叉筆石Dicellograptus為主,生活水體大致在GA4范圍(60~100 m)[28],見(jiàn)黑白條紋狀的水平層理發(fā)育,在桃江、安化、爐觀等地先后也發(fā)現(xiàn)放射蟲(chóng)發(fā)育[3](圖版Ⅰ-C),沉積厚度約10~70 m不等。
陸棚邊緣—斜坡相指的是淺海陸棚之外向盆地發(fā)育的地形較陡的邊緣斜坡地帶,該相帶由于地形坡度較大,故主要沉積天馬山組、蘇水沖組青灰色中厚層狀淺變質(zhì)巖屑石英砂巖、長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖、砂巖夾砂質(zhì)板巖、碳質(zhì)板巖、板巖韻律(圖版Ⅰ-D,E,F(xiàn))。中晚奧陶世由于兩陸塊的擠壓碰撞,東南側(cè)華夏一帶抬升隆起,構(gòu)成了傾向?yàn)楸蔽鞣较虻男逼聨?砂板韻律中的沙紋層理測(cè)的古流向并繪制玫瑰花圖指示北西方向,表2,圖3),為距離相對(duì)較近的湘南地區(qū)提供了大量的陸源碎屑物源,使得湘南地區(qū)沉積了多套砂板韻律[3,12,40]。單個(gè)韻律厚幾厘米 ~ 幾十厘米,發(fā)育鮑馬序列 AD、BC、CD 組合(圖版 I-G,H),具典型的邊緣—斜坡沉積特征。
圖版Ⅰ說(shuō)明:A.五峰組碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖互層,湖南永順;B.五峰組黑色碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖(+),湖南溆浦;C.五峰組硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖中發(fā)育的放射蟲(chóng),湖南溆浦;D.天馬山組砂板韻律,湖南祁東;E.天馬山組長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖,湖南桂東;F.天馬山組巖屑石英砂巖,湖南桂東;G.鮑馬序列AD段,湖南茶陵;H.鮑馬序列CD段,湖南桂東
表2 湘中湘南地區(qū)各剖面上奧陶統(tǒng)古流向值Table 2 The value of ancient flow of different sections from Late Ordovician in the central and southern Hunan
圖3 湘中湘南地區(qū)上奧陶統(tǒng)天馬山組古流向玫瑰花圖Fig.3 The rose diagram of the ancient flow from Tianmashan Formation of Late Ordovician in the central and southern Hunan
在凱迪期晚期黔中隆起露出水面,在其周緣松桃、懷化一帶為灰黃色砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖的潮坪相沉積,圍繞隆起邊緣呈環(huán)帶展布[41],沉積物粒度自西向東逐漸變細(xì),到湘西北沅陵—桃源一線以北西沉積為五峰組的灰黑色、黑色碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖互層,整個(gè)湘西北地區(qū)由于受到黔中隆起、川中隆起的構(gòu)造圍限此時(shí)應(yīng)為一個(gè)相對(duì)半封閉的局限淺海環(huán)境[2,11,36,42~46],由于其沉積厚度差別很大,在張家界溫塘、永順石堤西一帶僅0.7 m、0.5 m,但在桃源九溪一帶厚度卻達(dá)40 m,沉積厚度的差異是由于沉積基底不平導(dǎo)致的,這也表明了當(dāng)時(shí)湘西北地區(qū)的局限淺海環(huán)境并非為一個(gè)廣闊平緩的基底,而是存在水下相對(duì)隆起區(qū)(圖4,5)。在沅陵—桃源一線以南,洞口—通道—雙峰以北范圍內(nèi)為深水盆地沉積區(qū),主要沉積黑色碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及粉砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖,沉積厚度較湘西北地區(qū)增大,在10~70 m左右。在洞口—通道—雙峰以南為陸棚邊緣—斜坡沉積,由于東南側(cè)華夏陸塊不斷的向北西揚(yáng)子陸塊擠壓碰撞[3~6,47],東南側(cè)隆起不斷抬升,為該沉積區(qū)提供了大量陸源碎屑物,使得本區(qū)沉積了大套的巖屑石英砂巖、長(zhǎng)石石英砂巖夾板巖、砂質(zhì)板巖韻律。
圖4 湖南晚奧陶世凱迪期晚期沉積模式圖Fig.4 The depositional model diagram of the Late Katian of Late Ordovician in Hunan province
圖5 湖南晚奧陶世凱迪期晚期巖相古地理圖Fig.5 The lithofacies paleogeography map of the Late Katian of Late Ordovician in Hunan province
在晚奧陶世凱迪期晚期出現(xiàn)以上古地理格局是華夏陸塊不斷向北西方向推擠擴(kuò)大的結(jié)果,由于華夏陸塊不斷地向揚(yáng)子陸塊擠壓靠攏,揚(yáng)子陸塊的川中、黔中等一些水下隆起開(kāi)始露出水面,湘西北地區(qū)水體加深成為被各古隆起所圍限的局限淺海,沉積黑色筆石頁(yè)巖相。隨著推擠作用的繼續(xù),華南盆地也不斷地向北西方向遷移,湖南地區(qū)盆地中心由最初的湘南地區(qū)向湘中移動(dòng),沉積了黑色碳、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、粉砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖。
在赫南特期,黔中隆起的面積不斷擴(kuò)大,在其周緣依舊為砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、頁(yè)巖等碎屑巖潮坪沉積,龍山—永順—張家界—慈利一線以北露出海面成為湘鄂隆起區(qū)(圖6,7),湘西北地區(qū)沉積水體更加局限,轉(zhuǎn)為沉積厚度僅幾十厘米~幾米的觀音橋組泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r,東南側(cè)由于華夏陸塊碰撞擠壓產(chǎn)生的隆起面積不斷增大,湘南地區(qū)依舊沉積大套的砂板韻律互層且范圍不斷向北西方向擴(kuò)增,而在安化—溆浦—桃江一線與通道—城步—洞口一線之間仍然存在深水盆地沉積區(qū),沉積五峰組黑色碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及粉砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖。
赫南特期湖南地區(qū)整體體現(xiàn)一個(gè)海退過(guò)程,較凱迪期海水深度明顯變淺,是什么導(dǎo)致晚奧陶世末期出現(xiàn)如此大的海退事件呢?又是什么讓全球廣泛分布的赫南特貝動(dòng)物群僅僅出現(xiàn)了2 Ma年如此短暫的繁榮呢?從全球角度上來(lái)看,晚奧陶世時(shí)期,北非、南非、南歐和中歐、西亞等地區(qū)均發(fā)生大陸冰川活動(dòng),冰蓋的擴(kuò)張引起全球海平面大幅度下降,高峰時(shí)期海平面下降幅度50~100 m,一些黑色筆石頁(yè)巖區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)為發(fā)育淺水型赫南特貝動(dòng)物群,但由于生態(tài)環(huán)境、溫度、壓力及水動(dòng)力的劇烈變更,使得赫南特貝動(dòng)物群在短時(shí)間內(nèi)也很快消亡[39,49~53],志留紀(jì)魯?shù)て诒w的消融與海平面的迅速回升,開(kāi)始了早志留世初期大規(guī)模的海侵,整個(gè)揚(yáng)子地區(qū)又開(kāi)始沉積龍馬溪組黑色筆石頁(yè)巖。綜上所述,晚奧陶世赫南特期短暫發(fā)育赫南特貝動(dòng)物群主要是全球性大陸冰川事件導(dǎo)致海退的結(jié)果。
圖6 湖南地區(qū)晚奧陶世赫南特期沉積模式圖Fig.6 The depositional model of the Hirnantian of Late Ordovician in Hunan area
通過(guò)野外多個(gè)剖面的觀察、室內(nèi)分析研究以及前人資料成果的總結(jié)吸收,將湖南地區(qū)晚奧陶世凱迪期晚期—赫南特期沉積相劃分為局限淺海相、潮坪相、深水盆地相、陸棚邊緣—斜坡相。
凱迪期晚期隨著華南兩陸塊擠壓碰撞作用的加劇,川中隆起、黔中隆起等一些邊緣古隆起不斷抬升擴(kuò)大,使得湖南某些地區(qū)海平面相對(duì)上升,湘西北地區(qū)發(fā)育為受各隆起圍限的半封閉的局限淺海環(huán)境,沉積了黑色的碳、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖。兩陸塊的擠壓使得東南側(cè)邊緣隆起抬升為湘南地區(qū)提供了大量陸源碎屑,沉積了大套的砂板韻律,湘中地區(qū)為一深水盆地沉積區(qū),沉積了厚度相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的碳質(zhì)頁(yè)巖、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖及粉砂質(zhì)頁(yè)巖。
赫南特期由于全球性冰川事件的發(fā)生,整個(gè)中上揚(yáng)子地區(qū)發(fā)生大規(guī)模海退,湘西北永順—張家界—慈利一線以北的水下隆起抬升至水面之上成為湘鄂隆起,沅陵、桃源一帶與凱迪晚期相比受到邊緣隆起圍限更甚,加之水體深度的變淺,開(kāi)始沉積厚度僅實(shí)際厘米的觀音橋組泥灰?guī)r,湘中、湘南地區(qū)的沉積格局基本未變。
湘西北及湘中地區(qū)沉積了大范圍的五峰組黑色碳、硅質(zhì)頁(yè)巖,雖然沉積厚度不大,但是整體分布穩(wěn)定且沉積范圍廣,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高,具相當(dāng)大的生烴潛力,是中上揚(yáng)子地區(qū)油氣勘探的重點(diǎn)層位。
致謝 感謝成都地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所陳小煒、康建威、門(mén)玉鵬工程師在野外工作期間給予的幫助及指導(dǎo)。
圖7 湖南地區(qū)晚奧陶世赫南特期巖相古地理圖Fig.7 The lithofacies paleogeography map of the Hirnantian of Late Ordovician in Hunan area
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