藍(lán)秋艷
在以“教師為中心的”外語課堂教學(xué)上,教師關(guān)心最多的是教學(xué)方法的設(shè)計(jì),而往往忽略了學(xué)生是外語學(xué)習(xí)的主體。要想真正有效的組織外語教學(xué),必須充分考慮學(xué)習(xí)主體的個(gè)性特點(diǎn),因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)的最終結(jié)果起決定性作用的是學(xué)習(xí)者本人,因此,教學(xué)要以學(xué)生為中心,尊重學(xué)生在課堂上獨(dú)特的感受和理解。
首先,教學(xué)要尊重學(xué)生不同的觀點(diǎn)和看法。在教學(xué)過程中既要尊重學(xué)生的獨(dú)特理解和感受,又要為學(xué)生引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主流的價(jià)值觀,使學(xué)生在交流中調(diào)整并形成自己對事物的新的見解,真正體現(xiàn)出學(xué)習(xí)的過程是學(xué)生的自我構(gòu)建的過程。
例如,我們教師在教學(xué)課文“The Swedish Rock Band”的過程中,教師可以先采取看、聽、說領(lǐng)先的方法,再使用閱讀的方法設(shè)計(jì)這一節(jié)課,下面是我在上這一節(jié)課的教學(xué)步驟:
T: Now look at the picture in your books. What are the young people doing?
Ss: Theyre singing and dancing.
T: Youre right. We may say theyre giving a concert.(板書:concert ).Can you see the drum?(板書:drum).Can you beat a drum?(打鼓的動(dòng)作)。
Ss: Yes/No.
T: Whats the girl doing?
Ss: Shes playing the guitar. (板書:guitar)
T: Yes, shes a singer. (板書:singer)You see,(教師將剛才板書的新單詞回顧和小結(jié))this group has their guitar players, drum–beaters and singers, we call them a band.(板書:band)
接著,教師可以提出幾個(gè)問題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)入這一課的閱讀環(huán)節(jié)練習(xí),幾分鐘后,老師檢查學(xué)生的閱讀情況。
T: What was the name of the band in our text?
S1: It was Yesterday.
T: What kind of music did they play?
S2: They played rock music.
T: Do you like music?
S3: Yes. We feel free to dance to the music.
S4: I dont like music, its too noisy.
從以上教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)來看,學(xué)生在解讀課文的過程中產(chǎn)生的對課本所提到的主題音樂的理解是有差異的。
T: Did they play very well that night?
S5: No, they didnt. Because Max broke his leg and some people took him to hospital.
T: Did they sing many songs?
Ss: Yes. T hey sang“Why did you leave me?”,“There was someone in my heart”,“I cant forget the past”,and they also sang a song in Chinese.
T: Good. By the way, do you like singing?
Ss: Yes, very much.
T: Shall we have a small concert today? Ill give you 5 minutes to prepare, you can sing your favorite songs. When youre ready, come to the front to sing for us.(5分鐘后)
T: I think its time to start. Who will be the first one to sing?
S1: Let me try. Ill sing the song of Titanic“My Heart Will Go on”(學(xué)生演唱)
S2: Ill sing the song“Take Me To Your Heart”,but Im afraid I cant remember the words.(學(xué)生演唱)
S3: Im not good at English songs, Ill sing the Chinese song“水手”for you.(學(xué)生演唱)
S4/S5:Well sing“Big Big World.”(學(xué)生演唱)
…
T: How nice! Ive never enjoyed a better concert than this. I hope you can learn more and more English songs. Its a good way for you to learn English. And when you enjoy songs, you enjoy life.
從這一課的教學(xué)過程來看,對于Rock music,學(xué)生在解讀課文的過程中產(chǎn)生的對本課所提到的主題音樂的理解是有差異的,有的學(xué)生喜歡,覺得它自由、放松,符合中學(xué)生活潑好動(dòng)的特點(diǎn);有的學(xué)生不喜歡,覺得它聲音太大太吵。教師在教學(xué)過程中要充分尊重學(xué)生的獨(dú)特感受。
其次,課堂教學(xué)要充分體現(xiàn)出師生在討論問題中的平等性。在教學(xué)中,教師不但要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極參與討論,讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)思考、學(xué)會(huì)表達(dá)、學(xué)會(huì)交流、學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)。
再次,教學(xué)要尊重學(xué)生個(gè)體的差異性。例如,在初二英語第17課中,在我們學(xué)完動(dòng)物名稱后,讓學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)一座動(dòng)物園,既要“寫”的練習(xí),又培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維。教師在教學(xué)第18課時(shí),可將學(xué)生中設(shè)計(jì)得最好的一幅動(dòng)物園設(shè)計(jì)圖向?qū)W生展示:
T: Look at the picture of the zoo. What kind of animals can you see?
Ss: Tiger, dolphin, lion, monkey ...
T: Do they live in the forest?
Ss: No, most of them live in the cages, but some of them can walk in the zoo.
T: Why ?
Ss: Because some of them are dangerous, some are quite friendly.
T: Do you think its good or bad to keep animals in the cages?
S1: Its good because people will be safe in the zoo.
S2: Its wrong because the animals are very unhappy.
S3: Its bad because they wont get enough exercise and may be ill
…
T: How wonderful! We should be kind to animals, do you agree with me?
Ss: Yes, we do.
我們教師通過這樣的教學(xué)方法進(jìn)行課堂設(shè)計(jì),不但尊重了學(xué)生的獨(dú)特理解和感受,而且又引導(dǎo)了一種主流的價(jià)值觀,使學(xué)生在交流中調(diào)整并形成自己對事物的新的見解,真正體現(xiàn)出學(xué)習(xí)的過程是學(xué)生自我構(gòu)建的過程,使學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中得到了如何看待在動(dòng)物園中圈養(yǎng)動(dòng)物的教育啟示。在這樣的教學(xué)過程中,體現(xiàn)出教師充分尊重學(xué)生的理解和感受,通過學(xué)生間的交流進(jìn)行思想上的自我調(diào)整,教師又適時(shí)地為學(xué)生點(diǎn)撥了一個(gè)基本的思想觀點(diǎn):要善待動(dòng)物。
新的課程改革所倡導(dǎo)的英語教學(xué)教學(xué)要珍視學(xué)生獨(dú)特的感受,體驗(yàn)和理解,教學(xué)中要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造學(xué)生與文本對話的機(jī)會(huì),從而達(dá)到不同的學(xué)生從不同的角度認(rèn)識(shí)和理解課文的境界。