王會(huì)貞
一、作業(yè)評(píng)語必須符合學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平
作業(yè)評(píng)語是寫給學(xué)生看的,所以一方面所使用的語言應(yīng)該與學(xué)生的語言水平相當(dāng),并能符合學(xué)生的個(gè)性心理發(fā)展需求。另一方面要做到循序漸進(jìn),由易到難,能夠起到“跳一跳,摘到桃子”的作用,也就是說學(xué)生通過上下文的猜測(cè)或借助于詞典就能理解。例如:It's very clever of you to do so./You've done a good job./You are doing wonderfully!/It's nice of you to write this way./Wonderful!Your English is very good and your answers are correct./I'm sure you can do your work better next time.等等。
二、作業(yè)評(píng)語要有助于學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的理解和記憶
語言的學(xué)習(xí)在于運(yùn)用,所以教師在寫評(píng)語時(shí)應(yīng)運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識(shí),以使學(xué)生能加強(qiáng)理解和記憶。例如:You have improved a lot.I am proud of you./That's great.Please never give up trying.Success comes through hard work and constant effort./No pains,no gains.I hope you will make more progress in the future./What good work!You are the pride of our class./Work harder,and you will make more progress./The harder you work,the sooner you will improve./Come on!I am sure you will catch up soon.利用所學(xué)過的短語、句型和時(shí)態(tài)給學(xué)生寫評(píng)語就能取得很好效果,可以幫助學(xué)生鞏固和運(yùn)用語言。
三、評(píng)語有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情
學(xué)生有被尊重、被表揚(yáng)、被認(rèn)可的需要。在完成作業(yè)過程中,希望得到教師的表揚(yáng)和鼓勵(lì),這是學(xué)生精神上的需求。如果精神上的需求長(zhǎng)久得不到滿足,他們就會(huì)產(chǎn)生消極的學(xué)習(xí)情緒,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生厭學(xué)情緒。因此,需求是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)行為的動(dòng)力之一。需求的滿足直接影響學(xué)生積極性的發(fā)揮,要充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的積極性,對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行有效地鼓勵(lì)是教育的策略之一。激勵(lì)就是激發(fā)鼓勵(lì)。一般地講,激勵(lì)就是以某種刺激為引誘,調(diào)動(dòng)人的主動(dòng)性、積極性和創(chuàng)造性。教師的評(píng)語就是刺激學(xué)生的誘因。學(xué)生有不同的性格,有不同的需求,那么激勵(lì)的方法也不同。教師針對(duì)不同的學(xué)生及其作業(yè),在不同場(chǎng)合所作的評(píng)語可激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情,讓優(yōu)等生更上一層樓,使中等生改正缺點(diǎn)、發(fā)揚(yáng)優(yōu)點(diǎn),使暫時(shí)落后的學(xué)生能克服畏懼心理,樹立信心。所以,對(duì)優(yōu)等生的作業(yè)表揚(yáng)中要有指正,教師可通過評(píng)語向他們提出更高要求。例如:
Excellent.You haven't made any mistakes,but do try to make your handwriting neater./It's good to be correct.It's also important to be creative.
對(duì)中等生的作業(yè)要慎重評(píng)價(jià),在評(píng)語中要多督促.。因?yàn)檫@一類學(xué)生往往就缺少那么一點(diǎn)“推動(dòng)力”,如推一推就上去了,松一松便下來了。如:
You'd better be more careful!Pay more attention to the tenses.
Work harder and then you'll make much progress!
有些學(xué)生比較馬虎,經(jīng)常犯拼寫錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)于這類不大不小的問題,一個(gè)個(gè)批改不僅費(fèi)力而且沒有必要,但也不能視而不見,提出要求是良方。如:
Your work is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes.
(Try to spell you r words correctly.Avoid misspelling?。?/p>
適當(dāng)?shù)亟o一則相關(guān)的諺語也未嘗不可。如:
Keep it up.Remember that little by little one goes far.
A stitch in time saves nine.
每一個(gè)學(xué)生都希望得到教師的特別關(guān)注,而學(xué)困生更是如此。對(duì)于學(xué)困生的作業(yè)要多點(diǎn)激勵(lì),經(jīng)常得到教師作業(yè)評(píng)語的學(xué)生,能從其中感受到教師真誠而獨(dú)特的愛,從而會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種獨(dú)特的情感動(dòng)力,促使成績(jī)進(jìn)步;另外溫和地指出錯(cuò)誤的同時(shí),也要指出他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)及時(shí)給予鼓勵(lì)。如:
Tim,I've found your handwriting is better than before.Thank you!
Bob,you've made so many mistakes but do better next time.
Billy,I think you can do better if you work a little harder.
Jenny,be a careful girl and you'll make greater progress.一份學(xué)困生的作業(yè)中可能有各種各樣的語法錯(cuò)誤,但是主要內(nèi)容也許很好或書法很不錯(cuò),如被全部地劃叉或判為零分,這就如同倒洗澡水把孩子也一起倒掉了一樣。而評(píng)語則可以起到去粗取精之功用。如:
I find you're good at expressing yourself.Avoid making too many mistakes in grammar./You meant well,but try to make your sentences correct.endprint
中學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中,最大的難題就是動(dòng)詞及其用法。他們往往混用時(shí)態(tài),在敘述的時(shí)候更是如此。如:“It's Sunday morning.Father was taking Sandy to a park nearby their home.Sue stays a t home with mother.She was doing her homework...”這一段文字雖然時(shí)態(tài)混亂,但是內(nèi)容不錯(cuò),簡(jiǎn)單地否定或肯定都是不對(duì)的,輕則使學(xué)生茫然不知所措,重則挫傷他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性。比較好的方法是向他們提出要求。如:
Pay much attention to tenses!(Don't confuse one tense with another!If you take your story as a past event,use the PAST TENSE all the way;if you make your story seem to be taking place now,use the PRESENT TENSE.You can't use tense sat random?。?。
四、作業(yè)評(píng)語可以體現(xiàn)和促進(jìn)師生感情的交流
我們要充分利用作業(yè)評(píng)語加深師生情感交流。評(píng)語言辭懇切,切中要害;或熱情鼓勵(lì)、或委婉告誡......始終使學(xué)生保持清醒的頭腦、強(qiáng)烈的興趣、昂揚(yáng)的斗志,激勵(lì)并堅(jiān)定他們“青出于藍(lán)而勝于藍(lán)”的信念。通過評(píng)語,教師盡可把祝福、問候、關(guān)切、激勵(lì)、真誠、信任之情化作甘甜的泉水,去滋潤(rùn)學(xué)生的心田,引起師生教與學(xué)的共鳴,達(dá)到教與學(xué)兩者的和諧與統(tǒng)一。如:
(1)學(xué)期開始,對(duì)于差生的作業(yè)評(píng)語中應(yīng)多幾分激勵(lì)。
Jenny,you've made some silly mistakes in your homework.A new term begins now.I want you t o work harder than last term just from the beginning.Cheer up!A good beginning makes a good ending.
(2)甚至某個(gè)學(xué)生在課堂上不注意聽講,而自尊心比較強(qiáng),不宜在課堂上馬上指出的,教師也可以在作業(yè)評(píng)語中提出勸告和建議。
Kelly,you don't know how to do these exercises.In fact,they aren't so difficult.The reason is that you didn't listen carefully in class!
(3)學(xué)生因?yàn)榭荚嚥患案袷バ判模處熅鸵皶r(shí)地在試卷上寫上一些激勵(lì)的話,讓他們從心靈深處感受到老師的真誠的關(guān)愛:
I am sorry to see that you didn't pass the exam.I hope you are not too disappointed.I want to cheer you up with the saying“Failure is the mother of success”.I hope to see much improvement in your future studies.
(4)在節(jié)假日或?qū)W生生日前,教師可以給予學(xué)生一些祝愿語,讓他們感到來教師對(duì)他們細(xì)致的關(guān)注和真切地感受到教師對(duì)他們的尊重:
Merry Christmas!/Happy New Year!/Enjoy yourself in the coming holidays!/Happy birthday1/Many happy returns!
五、作業(yè)評(píng)語形式要豐富多彩
作業(yè)評(píng)語不僅僅是對(duì)作業(yè)本身進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),也可以包括學(xué)習(xí)和生活的各個(gè)方面,它的語言形式更是豐富多彩,千變?nèi)f化,教師可以利用學(xué)生已學(xué)的單詞、短語、句型、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣或篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等,也可以用即將接觸的語言。這不僅可以評(píng)價(jià)作業(yè),而且能幫助學(xué)生鞏固和運(yùn)用語言。endprint