李文正,焦亞先,左銀輝,3,宋鑫穎,邱楠生
1中國石油大學(xué)(北京)油氣資源與探測國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 102249
2中國石油杭州地質(zhì)研究院,杭州 310023
3成都理工大學(xué)能源學(xué)院,成都 610059
沉積盆地的形成與演化是深部巖石圈地球動(dòng)力學(xué)過程的淺部響應(yīng),盆地?zé)釟v史可以為揭示深部動(dòng)力學(xué)過程提供時(shí)間和空間上的連續(xù)信息.此外,盆地內(nèi)油氣的生成、運(yùn)移和成藏受盆地的熱演化控制;通過對(duì)沉積盆地的熱史研究,可以為油氣的成藏機(jī)理、分布及資源評(píng)價(jià)提供理論依據(jù),指導(dǎo)油氣資源的勘探與開發(fā).
盆地內(nèi)構(gòu)造演化對(duì)地溫場有重要影響作用,快速劇烈的構(gòu)造作用可使盆地內(nèi)出現(xiàn)熱異常,很多學(xué)者對(duì)此做了大量研究(何麗娟等,1998;王良書等,2002;姚伯初等,2004;邱楠生等,2004;米立軍等,2009).巖漿侵入和斷裂活動(dòng)可造成地溫場局部高異常,盆地下伏巖石圈強(qiáng)烈拉張及構(gòu)造活動(dòng)造成的高異常甚至可覆蓋整個(gè)盆地(He et al.,2002);而裂后快速沉積會(huì)對(duì)盆地淺部溫度場起到抑制作用,造成盆地內(nèi)溫度場的非穩(wěn)態(tài)分布、溫度降低,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致大地?zé)崃鹘档?但是,以往的研究往往忽略了這部分異常對(duì)盆地內(nèi)部熱演化造成的影響,這無疑降低了熱演化約束深部動(dòng)力學(xué)的準(zhǔn)確性.本文利用瞬時(shí)熱傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制對(duì)快速沉降的渤中坳陷進(jìn)行熱流校正,消除了熱異常影響.并在此基礎(chǔ)上,探討其地質(zhì)意義,以期為深部演化提供更準(zhǔn)確的熱約束.
渤中坳陷位于華北斷塊的東部,東臨膠遼斷隆,是渤海灣盆地陸上三大坳陷(濟(jì)陽坳陷、黃驊坳陷、遼河坳陷)向海域延伸的匯合區(qū)域(米立軍和段吉利,2001),面積約19800km2.渤中坳陷內(nèi)構(gòu)造格局凸凹相間,由3個(gè)凹陷(廟西凹陷、渤中凹陷和渤東凹陷)和4個(gè)凸起(渤東低凸起、渤南低凸起、廟西北凸起和廟西南凸起)組成(周心懷等,2010),NNE向郯廬走滑斷裂帶穿過渤海灣盆地東南隅——橫穿渤中坳陷(圖1).縱觀渤海灣盆地全局地質(zhì)發(fā)展史,從晚元古代至今大體經(jīng)歷了四個(gè)不同性質(zhì)的階段:中晚元古代至古生代的區(qū)域穩(wěn)定沉積階段、中生代的隆起褶皺階段、古近紀(jì)的斷裂發(fā)育階段和新近紀(jì)至今的區(qū)域坳陷階段.古近紀(jì)以來渤中坳陷發(fā)生了劇烈的斷陷拉張,拉張量大,地殼減薄量大(朱偉林等,2009;侯貴廷等,2001;肖國林和陳建文,2003;湯良杰等,2008;漆家福等,1995,2004).與此同時(shí)渤海灣盆地進(jìn)入了快速沉降期.其沉積中心不斷地遷移,逐漸從盆地邊緣遷移到盆地中心的渤中坳陷(郭興偉等,2007;徐杰等,2004;任鳳樓等,2008).本區(qū)新生界地層從下而上依次為:孔店組(Ek)、沙河街組(Es)、東營組(Ed)、館陶組(Ng)、明化鎮(zhèn)組(Nm)及平原組(Qp).其主力烴源巖層主要為沙河街組和東營組,沙河街組烴源巖處于生烴高峰期,是優(yōu)質(zhì)高效的烴源巖;而東營組烴源巖成熟度相對(duì)較低(龐雄奇等,2009;鄒華耀等,2010;姜福杰等,2010;高喜龍等,2004).
多年來,隨著油氣勘探開發(fā)的進(jìn)行,積累了大量的地溫資料,這為熱史的研究提供了基礎(chǔ).不少學(xué)者對(duì)渤中坳陷進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)今地溫場及熱歷史的研究(王良書等,2002;胡圣標(biāo)等,1999,2001;肖永衛(wèi)等,2001;邱楠生等,2007,2009;陳墨香等,1984,1988;龔育齡,2003;龔育齡等,2003;付明希等,2004;He and Wang,2003;Hu et al.,2007).研究結(jié)果表明,渤海灣盆地背景熱流值較高(~63mW·m-2),統(tǒng)計(jì)前人的研究成果及公布的大地?zé)崃鲾?shù)據(jù)結(jié)果表明(圖2),濟(jì)陽坳陷現(xiàn)今大地?zé)崃髦底罡撸s65.6mW·m-2,黃驊坳陷和遼河坳陷大地?zé)崃髦祹捉嗤ā?3.7mW·m-2),遠(yuǎn)離盆地中心的冀中坳陷與臨清坳陷熱流值分別為61.2mW·m-2和60.4mW·m-2,而位于盆地東部中心、被構(gòu)造活動(dòng)帶(郯廬斷裂)橫穿的渤中坳陷熱流值僅為60.9mW·m-2,屬于低熱流區(qū).
熱量的傳遞方式有傳導(dǎo)、對(duì)流和輻射三種方式.沉積盆地中的熱量傳遞主要以傳導(dǎo)和對(duì)流進(jìn)行,又以傳導(dǎo)為主.地表熱流是由地幔供熱及地殼生熱兩部分組成的,在漫長的地質(zhì)演化過程中,溫度場時(shí)刻變化,盆地的沉積沉降都是動(dòng)態(tài)的(尤其是快速沉降的盆地),因此必須考慮物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)這部分動(dòng)能.根據(jù)能量守恒定律可得瞬時(shí)熱傳導(dǎo)方程(Incropera and DeWitt,1996)
在一些穩(wěn)定的克拉通盆地內(nèi),如果沉積沉降速率很小時(shí),一般可忽略物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)(ρCpV·ΔT)造成的影響.但當(dāng)沉積速率大于250m/Ma時(shí),“熱毯”效應(yīng)會(huì)很明顯(Wangen,1995),此時(shí)必須考慮物質(zhì)的動(dòng)能及熱傳遞的效率.而對(duì)于渤中坳陷新生代沉積速率研究表明,大多數(shù)時(shí)期沉積速率超過250 m/Ma,甚至超過500m/Ma(朱偉林等,2009).因此,熱校正尤顯重要.
本文采用瞬時(shí)熱傳導(dǎo)方程來進(jìn)行熱異常校正,計(jì)算過程中所需的巖石熱物理參數(shù)皆為前人實(shí)測值(見表1),V為地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期,不同時(shí)期的沉降速率,而地層巖石熱容沿用一般文獻(xiàn)取值,新生界地層取900J/(kg·K),基底取820J/(kg·K).
通過此方程,利用巖石熱物理參數(shù),便可對(duì)由快速沉積引起的低熱流現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行校正.保持坳陷內(nèi)基底處熱流值恒定,且坳陷停止沉積和沉降,在現(xiàn)今地溫場的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)坳陷內(nèi)地層進(jìn)行熱數(shù)值模擬.當(dāng)?shù)販貓霾浑S時(shí)間變化(假設(shè)變化率≤5%),則說明地溫場已達(dá)到了平衡,此時(shí)的地溫場稱為平衡態(tài)地溫場.
表1 渤中坳陷新生界巖石熱物理參數(shù)Table 1 The thermophysical parameters of rocksin Cenozoic in Bozhong depression
本文在渤中坳陷選取了3口典型井(BZ6-1-1、PL7-1-1及BN5井)進(jìn)行熱流校正,這3口井分別位于坳陷中心、低凸起及斜坡帶上(圖1).3口井的構(gòu)造沉降情況如圖3a,位于沉降中心的BZ6-1-1井明顯比其他兩口井沉降量大.BZ6-1-1井自沙河街組時(shí)期至今一直處于快速沉降,構(gòu)造沉降量超過4000m;BN5井與PL7-1-1井在東營組時(shí)期進(jìn)入快速沉降,但其沉降速率與BZ6-1-1井相比相對(duì)較低.
圖1 渤中坳陷熱模擬井位及大地?zé)崃鞣植紙D(據(jù)王良書等(2002)和邱楠生等(2009)繪制)Fig.1 Sketch map of heat flow and locations of thermal modeling wells in Bozhong depression(The map are plotted based on Wang et al.,2002and Qiu et al.,2009)
圖2 渤海灣盆地各坳陷熱流平均值柱狀圖Fig.2 The histogram of the average heat flow in different depression in Bohai Bay Basin
圖3 典型井構(gòu)造沉降演化及熱流校正結(jié)果Fig.3 The evolution of tectonic subsidence and results of thermal correction modeling
以位于坳陷中心的BZ6-1-1井為例,新生界沉積超過1萬米,不同地質(zhì)時(shí)期其沉積速率及沉降速率不同(圖3a),該井的大地?zé)崃髦禐?6.6mW·m-2(邱楠生等,2009).利用瞬時(shí)熱傳導(dǎo)方程,保持前新生界基底處熱流值恒定,建立相應(yīng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型,并模擬地溫場隨時(shí)間的變化情況.熱平衡模擬結(jié)果表明(圖3b),隨著時(shí)間的推移地表熱流值在逐漸升高,速度先快后緩,大約10Ma內(nèi)熱流值快速升高,此后緩慢升高.經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間后,熱流值基本不再變化,約為66.4mW·m-2,這比校正前熱流值高了近10mW·m-2.
同理,又校正了PL7-1-1和BN5兩口井,結(jié)果如圖3b,兩者的趨勢與BZ6-1-1井相似.對(duì)于PL7-1-1井在現(xiàn)今61.2mW·m-2的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行熱模擬,結(jié)果表明熱流值約為67.1mW·m-2時(shí),地溫場不再發(fā)生變化,此時(shí)熱流值比校正前高了5mW·m-2;對(duì)于BN5井,當(dāng)?shù)販貓霾辉僮兓瘯r(shí),大地?zé)崃髦祻?2mW·m-2變?yōu)榱?8.6mW·m-2.
分析上述模擬結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),3口井的地溫場都在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)發(fā)生變化,可推斷出在快速沉積的渤中坳陷,現(xiàn)今的地表熱流值(~60.9mW·m-2)還未達(dá)到平衡態(tài),是趨向平衡態(tài)的一個(gè)過程值,是不能反映盆地深部熱狀況的.造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是快速沉積及較低的巖石熱物理性質(zhì),導(dǎo)致渤中坳陷現(xiàn)今這種內(nèi)“熱”外“冷”的保溫杯現(xiàn)象.熱流校正結(jié)果顯示3口井校正后熱流值約為67.4mW·m-2,比校正前高5~10mW·m-2.
一般來說,對(duì)于地溫場漸趨平衡的地區(qū),熱流值在縱向上從淺到深是逐漸降低的.而快速沉積會(huì)對(duì)盆地淺部溫度場起到抑制作用,造成盆地內(nèi)溫度場的非穩(wěn)態(tài)分布、溫度降低,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致熱流的縱向分布不符合上述規(guī)律.
對(duì)于渤中坳陷,沉積速率對(duì)熱流值的抑制作用表現(xiàn)如何,導(dǎo)致其現(xiàn)今的地溫場未平衡?以下將利用表1數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行熱模擬,說明這一關(guān)系.
圖4為基底沉降速率是100m/Ma時(shí),以80mW·m-2為初始地表熱流值,模擬時(shí)間為4Ma,不同沉積速率和時(shí)間下模擬的熱流縱向分布關(guān)系圖.結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)沉積速率為100m/Ma與200m/Ma時(shí)(圖4a,4b),熱流值隨深度變化呈近線性關(guān)系,基底與地表熱流值相差約2.5~3.0mW·m-2,與實(shí)際情況相符.但當(dāng)沉積速率大于300m/Ma時(shí),沉積速率對(duì)熱流的抑制作用較為突出.一方面,熱流隨深度不再呈線性關(guān)系變化;另一方面,雖然地層厚度增大(4~5km),地表熱流值與基底熱流值相差卻越來越小(相差0.5~1.0mW·m-2)(圖4d,4e),甚至基底熱流值大于地表熱流值,地溫場異常較為突出(圖4e).
因此,在快速沉積的盆地,地溫場未平衡是存在的.對(duì)于渤中坳陷,當(dāng)沉積速率超過300m/Ma時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致地溫場的異常擾動(dòng),熱平衡被破壞,造成低熱異常,且沉積速率越大,熱異常越明顯,這與Wangen(1995)得到的沉積速率界限超過250m/Ma相符.不同沉積盆地的沉積速率界限不同,還與沉積物巖石熱物理參數(shù)及沉降速率相關(guān),當(dāng)沉積速率一定時(shí),沉降速率越大,熱異常越顯著.
圖4 不同沉積速率模擬的熱流縱向分布關(guān)系對(duì)比(沉降速率為100m/Ma)Fig.4 The vertical distribution of the heat flow modeling results in the different sedimentation rates and the same subsidence rate of 100m/Ma
對(duì)于渤海灣盆地而言,新生代以來其沉積中心是不斷變遷的,盆地內(nèi)其他各坳陷在演化過程中,是否也出現(xiàn)過地溫場未平衡,還有待進(jìn)一步分析.
現(xiàn)今熱狀態(tài)未達(dá)到平衡并非是渤中坳陷所獨(dú)有的現(xiàn)象.南海盆地現(xiàn)今平均熱流值高達(dá)78.3mW·m-2(何麗娟等,1998),而南海南部大曾母盆地平均熱流值更高達(dá)97mW·m-2(姚伯初等,2004).南海盆地晚期深部強(qiáng)烈拉張引發(fā)的熱異常至今未恢復(fù),新生代的新構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)引發(fā)的巖漿、斷裂活動(dòng)形成的附加熱流是南海盆地現(xiàn)今熱異常的根本原因(米立軍等,2009).位于中國西部的柴達(dá)木盆地中、新生界沉積較厚,而現(xiàn)今熱流值較高,平均52.6±9.6mW·m-2,現(xiàn)今地溫分布異常的根本原因是盆地第三紀(jì)末(N32)以后發(fā)生的新構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)、地下水活動(dòng)和巖漿活動(dòng)(邱楠生等,2004).在地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期,一些構(gòu)造活動(dòng)強(qiáng)烈的盆地或坳陷(凹陷),地溫場一直處于平衡-破壞相互演化的過程.如渤海灣盆地黃河口凹陷在距今40—30Ma時(shí)屬于快速沉降階段,而后沉降緩慢(圖3a)(湯良杰等,2008);相應(yīng)地,沉積速率除了在40—30Ma時(shí)較大外,其余較低(~100m/Ma)(徐佑德,2009).根據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)-瞬時(shí)固體熱傳導(dǎo)方程,利用上述其臨區(qū)渤中坳陷的巖石熱物理參數(shù),模擬結(jié)果表明黃河口凹陷在館陶組末期(~15Ma)時(shí),地溫場就已達(dá)到平衡.黃河口凹陷在沙河街組沉積時(shí)期為地溫梯度50~40℃/km,逐漸降低至現(xiàn)今33℃/km(邱楠生等,2007).當(dāng)時(shí)較高的地溫梯度是盆地?cái)嗔牙瓘埖慕Y(jié)果,隨后進(jìn)入穩(wěn)定熱沉降階段,地溫場逐漸平衡.盆地?zé)釟v史可為淺部和深部動(dòng)力學(xué)過程提供連續(xù)的約束信息,而在反映動(dòng)力學(xué)過程時(shí),盆地?zé)釥顟B(tài)必須是平衡的、穩(wěn)定的,必須在剔除由構(gòu)造事件引起的熱異常(如巖漿噴發(fā)、斷裂活動(dòng),快速的隆升或沉降等)之后,才能用來準(zhǔn)確地揭示淺部和深部動(dòng)力學(xué)連續(xù)演化的信息.
溫度是烴源巖的演化最主要的控制因素,盆地內(nèi)地溫場的變化直接影響烴源巖的成熟度.圖5為渤中坳陷BZ22-1-1井熱平衡前(實(shí)線a)后(實(shí)線b)的鏡質(zhì)體反射率(Ro)擬合與實(shí)測值結(jié)果.在現(xiàn)今地溫場下,實(shí)測Ro值與擬合值吻合得較好(實(shí)線a),現(xiàn)今Ro值亦未超過1.3%;實(shí)線b為熱平衡恢復(fù)后的擬合結(jié)果,Ro擬合值明顯的比實(shí)測值偏高,烴源巖成熟度變高,大量生烴期可能發(fā)生提前.這充分地說明了渤中坳陷低熱流異常對(duì)烴源巖成熟的影響.
郯廬斷裂帶橫穿渤中坳陷(圖1),其活動(dòng)對(duì)兩邊分布的烴源巖的成熟度演化具有控制作用(肖永衛(wèi)等,2001).深部地質(zhì)特征研究表明,古近紀(jì)晚期郯廬斷裂帶的深切使得底部巖漿上涌(薄景山等,1997),使得地層經(jīng)歷一次熱流高峰(70~90mW·m-2)(Hu et al.,2001),這為烴源巖的演化提供了大量的熱源,促進(jìn)了烴源巖在東營組沉積時(shí)期及館陶組沉積期的快速演化(Zuo et al.,2011).古近紀(jì)以來,隨著渤海灣盆地快速拉張斷裂成盆,渤中坳陷逐漸成為拉張斷裂中心及沉降中心.渤中坳陷接受了大量沉積,一方面使得地層埋深增大,各烴源巖層溫度升高,加速成熟度演化;且劇烈的拉張使得地殼減薄,深部熱源不斷高效地對(duì)地層進(jìn)行“烘烤”,熱量充足,使得新生界沉積的烴源巖層快速演化.另一方面,快速的沉積堆積了大量的“冷”的物質(zhì),不斷地消耗著來自深部的熱量,是否也抑制著烴源巖成熟度的演化?使得東營組大部分烴源巖成熟較低?
圖5 渤中坳陷BZ22-1-1井?dāng)M合(實(shí)線)和實(shí)測(·)鏡質(zhì)體反射率比較a,b線分別為熱校正前后的鏡質(zhì)體反射率擬合結(jié)果.Fig.5 The comparison between fitted(the solid line)and measured Ro values(·)of well BZ22-1-1 aand b show the results of fitted Ro values before and after thermal correction.
地?zé)釋W(xué)中把以熱傳導(dǎo)為主的巖石圈層與以熱對(duì)流為主的下伏軟流層之間的界面定義為“熱”巖石圈界面,即熱巖石圈厚度指以熱傳導(dǎo)方式進(jìn)行傳熱的固體巖石圈層(Morgan,1984).根據(jù)一維熱傳導(dǎo)方程即可得到地溫隨深度變化的分布曲線,其與上地幔干玄武巖固相線或地幔絕熱線的交點(diǎn)即為“熱”巖石圈厚度.
Ti下=Ti上+(qi上·Zi)/Ki-(Ai·Zi2)/(2 Ki),式中,i為構(gòu)造層層數(shù),取自然數(shù);Zi為第i層的厚度,km;Ti上、Ti下分別為第i構(gòu)造層上、下界面的溫度,℃;Ai為第i層的巖石生熱率,μW·m-3;Ki為第i層巖石熱導(dǎo)率,W/(m·K).
對(duì)于地幔絕熱線,本文取T1=1200+0.5Z和T2=1300+0.4Z這兩條絕熱線分別作為“熱”巖石圈底面溫度的上限和下限(Artemieva and Mooney,2001).實(shí)際計(jì)算過程的參數(shù)見表2.其中沉積蓋層以下,上地殼生熱率采用指數(shù)衰減模型:A=A0×exp(-Z/D)(Ketcham,1996),D為放射性元素富集的特征厚度,A0為近地表生熱率,取1.24μW·m-3.此外,計(jì)算“熱”巖石圈厚度還需要地表熱流值,地表溫度一般取15℃。
表2 渤中坳陷各構(gòu)造層巖石生熱率和熱導(dǎo)率Table 2 Rock heat production rate and thermal conductivity of each tectonic layer in Bozhong depression
以上述熱模擬的3口井(BZ6-1-1、PL7-1-1及BN5井)現(xiàn)今實(shí)測平均熱流值,根據(jù)一維熱傳導(dǎo)方程,利用表2中的參數(shù),計(jì)算得到這3口井的“熱”巖石圈厚度分別為100、84、82km.相應(yīng)地利用校正后的熱流值(66.4、67.1、68.6mW·m-2),計(jì)算得到的巖石圈厚度卻基本相同,分別為72、71及68km(圖6為BZ6-1-1井校正前后的“熱”巖石圈厚度的情況),也就是說渤中坳陷“熱”巖石圈真實(shí)的厚度推測約70km,或者更低.修正后的“熱”巖石圈厚度與地球物理學(xué)家利用地震反射波偏移成像技術(shù),對(duì)渤海灣地區(qū)巖石圈厚度進(jìn)行研究,所揭示出的華北克拉通東部巖石圈厚度60~80km相符(Chen et al.,2006,2009;陳凌等,2010),亦與 Xu(2007)利用巖石捕虜體得出華北克拉通東部現(xiàn)代巖石圈的厚度小于80km,減薄中心巖石圈厚度約50km相一致.校正前后巖石圈厚度相差13~28km,這對(duì)于渤中地區(qū)本來就很薄的巖石圈來說,無疑是一個(gè)重要信息,對(duì)于我們研究地殼深部成因具有深刻的影響意義.
圖6 BZ6-1-1井熱流校正前(a)后(b)“熱”巖石圈厚度對(duì)比Fig.6 The comparison of thermal lithosphere thickness before(a)and after(b)thermal correction in BZ6-1-1well
渤中坳陷古近紀(jì)以來快速的沉積導(dǎo)致其地層現(xiàn)今未達(dá)到熱平衡,造成了渤中坳陷現(xiàn)今內(nèi)“熱”外“冷”的保溫杯現(xiàn)象.通過對(duì)坳陷內(nèi)3口典型井的熱數(shù)值模擬,得到校正后的平均熱流值約為67.4mW·m-2,比現(xiàn)今高5~10mW·m-2.利用校正后的熱流值計(jì)算得到的渤中坳陷的“熱”巖石圈的平均厚度為70km,比校正前的厚度(82~100km)減少了13~28km,這一結(jié)果與利用地球物理及地幔包體得到的巖石圈厚度吻合.未達(dá)到熱平衡狀態(tài)的熱流值,不能揭示其深部熱動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài),所以在用沉積盆地?zé)釥顟B(tài)約束地球深部作用時(shí),必須剔除淺部影響,如快速沉積、巖漿上涌等作用,這樣才能更準(zhǔn)確地反映出地球深部熱狀況,為其提供時(shí)間和空間上的連續(xù)信息.致謝 本文的研究過程中,得到了中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所黃芳和劉瓊穎的大力幫助,在此表示衷心的感謝.
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