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柱花草菠蘿皮混合青貯發(fā)酵品質(zhì)研究

2014-09-24 06:39王堅(jiān)李雪楓
熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)工程 2014年3期

王堅(jiān)+李雪楓(等)

摘 要 研究柱花草菠蘿皮不同比例混合青貯發(fā)酵品質(zhì)。試驗(yàn)設(shè)4個(gè)處理,分別為100 %柱花草單獨(dú)青貯(CK)、70 %柱花草+30 %菠蘿皮(SP1)、60 %柱花草+40 %菠蘿皮(SP2)、50 %柱花草+50 %菠蘿皮(SP3),青貯30 d后開窖取樣,測(cè)定青貯飼料發(fā)酵品質(zhì)。結(jié)果表明:與對(duì)照組相比,柱花草與菠蘿皮混合青貯顯著提高了乳酸含量,顯著降低了pH值、丁酸和氨態(tài)氮/總氮,提高了發(fā)酵品質(zhì);各混合組隨菠蘿皮混合比例增大,乳酸增多,pH值和丁酸降低;SP2、SP3處理組pH值、乙酸、丙酸、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸和氨態(tài)氮/總氮無顯著差異。從發(fā)酵品質(zhì)和菠蘿皮利用角度出發(fā),50 %菠蘿皮和柱花草混合青貯是可行的。

關(guān)鍵詞 柱花草 ;菠蘿皮 ;混合青貯 ;發(fā)酵品質(zhì)

中圖分類號(hào) S543+.9

Fermentation Quality of Mixed Silages

of Stylosanthes guianensis and Pineapple Peel

WANG Jian1,3) LI Xuefeng2) ZHOU Hanlin3) HUAN Shuqian1)

WANG Zhiyong1) ZHANG Ying1)

(1 College of Agriculture,Hainan University,Haikou,Hainan 570228;

2 College of Environment and Plant Protection,Hainan University,Haikou,Hainan 570228;

3 Tropical Grassland and Animal Science Institute,CATAS,Danzhou,Hainan 571737)

Abstract Fermentation quality of mixed silages of Stylosanthes guianensis and pineapple peel was studied. Treatments were combinations of S. guianensis with pineapple peel at the following ratios: 100 : 0 (CK, 100% S. guianensis), 70 : 30 (SP1), 60 : 40 (SP2) and 50 : 50 (SP3) (fresh weight basics). The silos were open on 30 days after ensiling and the fermentation quality was measured. The results showed that, all mixed silages were well preserved. The mixed silages significantly increase lactic acid and decreased pH value, butyric acid contents and AN/TN as compared with control. The LA content increased and pH value, butyric acid contents decreased with the ratio of pineapple peel increasing. There were no significant differences pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid, volatile fatty acids contents and AN/TN between SP2 and SP3. In conclusion from the present study, that mixing 50% S. guianensis and 50% pineapple peel are recommended for fermentation quality utilization efficacy.

Key words Stylosanthes guianensis ; pineapple peel ; mixed ensilage ; fermentation quality

在熱帶亞熱帶地區(qū),畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)所需飼草料往往受干旱季節(jié)的限制,為維持畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)一年四季正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)免受飼草料缺乏的影響,青貯飼料的制作和利用是解決此限制的一種好途徑[1,2]。熱研2號(hào)柱花草[Stylosanthes guianensis(Aubl)Sw.cv.Reyan No.2]是一種優(yōu)良熱帶豆科牧草,其具有耐高溫,蛋白質(zhì)含量高、產(chǎn)量高,耐酸性,耐瘠薄而在熱帶亞熱帶地區(qū)廣泛種植[3,4]。雨季柱花草生長迅速,產(chǎn)量高;但旱季生長緩慢,產(chǎn)量低,造成飼草料供求不足,為確保柱花草全年都可利用,可通過調(diào)制成青貯飼料予以保存。熱帶牧草通常具有較低的可溶性糖,在青貯發(fā)酵時(shí)未能給乳酸菌提供充足的發(fā)酵底物產(chǎn)生乳酸,導(dǎo)致較差的發(fā)酵品質(zhì);與含水溶性碳水化合物豐富的材料混合,可以補(bǔ)充發(fā)酵底物,提高發(fā)酵品質(zhì)[5]。菠蘿皮是菠蘿罐頭生產(chǎn)的副產(chǎn)品,長期以來,被認(rèn)為是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品廢棄物而大量丟棄或填埋,導(dǎo)致環(huán)境污染。菠蘿皮水溶性碳水化合物含量較高[6],有研究表明添加菠蘿皮可提高或改善青貯飼料的發(fā)酵品質(zhì)[7]。目前,有關(guān)菠蘿皮與柱花草混合青貯研究報(bào)道較少,本試驗(yàn)研究了菠蘿皮和柱花草混合青貯發(fā)酵品質(zhì),為柱花草的青貯加工和菠蘿皮的利用提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 青貯原料

柱花草為種植于海南大學(xué)儋州實(shí)驗(yàn)基地?zé)嵫?號(hào)柱花草,于2012年7月20日刈割,此時(shí)為營養(yǎng)生長期。菠蘿皮為水果市場(chǎng)新鮮收集。青貯容器為實(shí)驗(yàn)室青貯罐,容積為250 mL塑料瓶。

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)設(shè)4個(gè)處理,分別為柱花草單獨(dú)青貯(對(duì)照組,CK)、70 %柱花草與30 %菠蘿皮混合青貯(SP1)、60 %柱花草與40 %菠蘿皮混合青貯(SP2)、50 %柱花草與50 %菠蘿皮混合青貯(SP3),以上均為鮮重計(jì)。青貯30 d后分別打開青貯罐,取樣分析,每個(gè)處理3次重復(fù)。

1.3 青貯飼料的調(diào)制

將青貯材料用鍘刀切短至2 cm左右,按試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)分別稱取材料,充分混勻,然后裝填到實(shí)驗(yàn)室青貯罐中,每罐180 g,壓實(shí)后蓋上內(nèi)外蓋,膠帶密封,室溫保存。

1.4 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與分析方法

30 d青貯后分別打開青貯罐,取出青貯飼料充分混勻,從中取出35 g樣品,放入200 mL的廣口三角瓶中,加入70 mL水,置于4 ℃冰箱內(nèi)浸提24 h。然后通過2層紗布和濾紙過濾,將濾液保存于50 mL的塑料瓶置于-20 ℃冰箱中冷凍保存待測(cè)。濾液用來測(cè)定pH值、乳酸(lactic acid, LA)、氨態(tài)氮(ammonia nitrogen,AN)、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)。將剩余部分的青貯飼料收集起來烘干稱重,測(cè)定干物質(zhì)(dry matter, DM)、總氮(total nitrogen,TN)以及水溶性碳水化合物(water soluble carbohydrate,WSC)。其中:干物質(zhì)65 ℃烘干60 h測(cè)定;pH值用PB-21 pH計(jì)測(cè)定;乳酸采用對(duì)羥基聯(lián)苯法測(cè)定[8];氨態(tài)氮采用苯酚-次氯酸鈉比色法測(cè)定[9];水溶性碳水化合物采用蒽酮-硫酸比色法測(cè)定[10];采用高效液相色譜儀(LC2000)測(cè)定揮發(fā)性脂肪酸,包括乙酸(acetic acid,AA)、丙酸(propionic acid, PA)與丁酸(butyric acid, BA,測(cè)定條件:色譜條件為采用COMOSIL5C18-PAD色譜柱(4.6 mm×250 mm)進(jìn)行二元梯度洗脫,流動(dòng)相A為20 mmol/L NaH2PO4(H3PO4調(diào)pH 2.65),B為甲醇;流速1 mL/min、柱溫30 ℃、檢測(cè)波長215 nm、進(jìn)樣體積20 μL,柱溫140 ℃,汽化室溫度180 ℃,氫氣檢測(cè)器溫度220 ℃。總氮含量采用凱氏定氮法測(cè)定[11]。中性洗滌纖維和酸性洗滌纖維采用Van Soest分析法測(cè)定[12]。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 15.0軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差分析和Duncan多重比較。

2 結(jié)果與討論

青貯材料的化學(xué)成分見表1。柱花草的干物質(zhì)含量、中性洗滌纖維和酸性洗滌纖維含量高于菠蘿皮的含量;菠蘿皮的粗蛋白含量約為柱花草的6倍,水溶性碳水化合物約為柱花草的10倍。柱花草菠蘿皮混合青貯發(fā)酵品質(zhì)見表2。

根據(jù)Catchpoole等[13]的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),優(yōu)質(zhì)的青貯飼料應(yīng)該具有pH≤4.2,乳酸含量3 %-13 %DM,丁酸含量<0.2 %DM,氨態(tài)氮/總氮<11 %DM,SP2、SP3混合組pH值均低于4.2,乳酸含量分別為65.28和72.13 g/kg DM,檢測(cè)不到丁酸的產(chǎn)生,氨態(tài)氮/總氮<60 g/kg TN,盡管SP1組pH>4.2,但其較低的氨態(tài)氮/總氮(35.17 g/kg DM),說明菠蘿皮的混合提高了青貯的發(fā)酵品質(zhì)。SP1、SP2和SP3組的干物質(zhì)含量顯著低于對(duì)照組,是由于菠蘿皮的干物質(zhì)含量低于柱花草,故混合后干物質(zhì)含量隨菠蘿皮比例的加大干物質(zhì)降低。豆科牧草緩沖能高,水溶性碳水化合物低,這些特性使得豆科牧草單獨(dú)青貯難以成功[5],Wang等[14]報(bào)道牧草成功青貯理論上所需的最低水溶性碳水化合物含量為60-70 g/kg DM。對(duì)照組的水溶性碳水化合物含量(35.52 g/kg DM)遠(yuǎn)低于理論最低的需要量,不能滿足乳酸菌的生長,故有較差的發(fā)酵品質(zhì),較高的pH(4.94)、丁酸(5.14 g/kg DM)和氨態(tài)氮/總氮(111.28 g/kg TN)也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。隨菠蘿皮比例增大,pH值下降,特別是當(dāng)菠蘿皮比例達(dá)40 %以上后pH值顯著下降到4.2以下(P<0.05),這是因?yàn)椴ぬ}皮混合后,水溶性碳水化合物含量增多,增加了乳酸菌的發(fā)酵底物,顯著促進(jìn)了乳酸生成(p<0.05),降低了pH值。青貯中乙酸的生成主要有2種途徑[15],一是異型乳酸發(fā)酵,一是乳酸異化生成,與對(duì)照組相比,混合組的乙酸含量顯著降低,乳酸/乙酸值高,說明菠蘿皮混合后主要是同型乳酸發(fā)酵。與對(duì)照組相比,混合組的丁酸、總揮發(fā)性脂肪酸含量和氨態(tài)氮/總氮值顯著降低,這是由于菠蘿皮混合后,乳酸菌發(fā)酵底物充足,快速產(chǎn)生乳酸,降低pH值,抑制了丁酸菌和其它有害微生物的活性[16]。氨態(tài)氮/總氮值是衡量青貯發(fā)酵品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo),它客觀上反映了蛋白質(zhì)被微生物分解程度[17]?;旌辖M的氨態(tài)氮/總氮值顯著低于對(duì)照組(p<0.05),說明菠蘿皮的混合能減少蛋白質(zhì)的損失。隨菠蘿皮比例增加AN/TN增加,SP2、SP3組顯著高于SP1組,可能是由于這兩組菠蘿皮比例較高,菠蘿蛋白酶分解自身蛋白質(zhì)的緣故。

3 結(jié)論

柱花草由于水溶性碳水化合物含量低單獨(dú)青貯不易成功,與菠蘿皮混合青貯后增加了乳酸菌的發(fā)酵底物,顯著提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值、丁酸和氨態(tài)氮/總氮,提高了青貯飼料的發(fā)酵品質(zhì)。綜合發(fā)酵品質(zhì)和菠蘿皮最大利用角度考慮,與柱花草混合青貯菠蘿皮比例可以達(dá)到50 %。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] Rodriguez A A,Rust S R, Yokota M T. Fermentation characteristics of Johnson grass ensiled at two regrowth periods with silage additives[J].Tropical Agriculture, 1998, 75(4):457-461.

[2] Yokota H, Ohshima M, Kim J H. et al. Lactic Acid production in napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)silage[J]. J.Japan Grass.Sci.1995,41(3):207-211.

[3] 蔣侯明,何朝族,李居正,等.熱帶優(yōu)良豆科牧草—熱研2號(hào)柱花草的選育及推廣[J].熱帶作物研究,1992(1):62-67.

[4] 易克賢.我國熱帶牧草產(chǎn)業(yè)化的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、前景與對(duì)策[J].熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2001,21(4):30-34.

[5] McDonald P, Henderson A R, Herson S J E. The Biochemistry of Silage (2nd edition)[M]. Marlow, UK: Chalcombe Publication, 1991.

[6] Jetana T, Suthikrai W, Usawang S, et al. The effects of 23 concentrate added to pineapple (Ananas comosus Linn. Mer.) waste silage in differing 24 ratios to form complete diets on digestion, excretion of urinary purine derivatives and 25 blood metabolites in growing male Thai swamp buffaloes[J]. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009, 26(41):449-459.

[7] 陳明霞,劉秦華,張建國.飼料稻新材料的特性及添加物對(duì)其青貯品質(zhì)的影響[J].草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2011,20(5):201-206.

[8] Barker S B, Summerson W H. The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material[J]. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 1941, 138: 535-554.

[9] Weatherbum M W. Pheno-hypochlorite reaction for determinations of ammonia[J]. Annual of Chemistry, 1967, 39:971-974.

[10] Owen V N, Albreeht K A, Muck R E, et al. Protein degradation and fermentation characteristic of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrate[J]. Crop Science, 1999(6):1 873-1 880.

[11] AOAC. Official methods of analysis[M]. Association of Official and Analytical Chemists 14 Ed. Arlington, Virginia, 1984.

[12] Van Soest P J, Robertson J B, Levis B A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,4(10):3 583-3 579.

[13] Catchpoole V R, Henzell E F. Silage and silage making from tropical herbage species[J]. Herbage Abstracts, 1971, 41:2 132-2 139.

[14] Wang J, Wang J Q, Zhou H, et al. Effect of addition of previously fermentation juice prepared from alfalfa on fermentation quality and protein degradation of alfalfa silage[J]. Animal feed science and technology, 2009,151:280-290.

[15] 原現(xiàn)軍,余成群,李志華,等.西藏青稞秸稈與多年生黑麥草混合青貯發(fā)酵品質(zhì)的研究[J].草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2012,21(4):325-330.

[16] Henderson N. Silage additives[J]. Animal feed science and technology, 1993, 45:35-36.

[17] 蔣 慧,張 玲,馬金萍,等.枯黃期駱駝刺與稻草混貯對(duì)青貯飼料品質(zhì)的影響[J].草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2011,20(2):109-116.

[2] Yokota H, Ohshima M, Kim J H. et al. Lactic Acid production in napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)silage[J]. J.Japan Grass.Sci.1995,41(3):207-211.

[3] 蔣侯明,何朝族,李居正,等.熱帶優(yōu)良豆科牧草—熱研2號(hào)柱花草的選育及推廣[J].熱帶作物研究,1992(1):62-67.

[4] 易克賢.我國熱帶牧草產(chǎn)業(yè)化的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、前景與對(duì)策[J].熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2001,21(4):30-34.

[5] McDonald P, Henderson A R, Herson S J E. The Biochemistry of Silage (2nd edition)[M]. Marlow, UK: Chalcombe Publication, 1991.

[6] Jetana T, Suthikrai W, Usawang S, et al. The effects of 23 concentrate added to pineapple (Ananas comosus Linn. Mer.) waste silage in differing 24 ratios to form complete diets on digestion, excretion of urinary purine derivatives and 25 blood metabolites in growing male Thai swamp buffaloes[J]. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009, 26(41):449-459.

[7] 陳明霞,劉秦華,張建國.飼料稻新材料的特性及添加物對(duì)其青貯品質(zhì)的影響[J].草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2011,20(5):201-206.

[8] Barker S B, Summerson W H. The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material[J]. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 1941, 138: 535-554.

[9] Weatherbum M W. Pheno-hypochlorite reaction for determinations of ammonia[J]. Annual of Chemistry, 1967, 39:971-974.

[10] Owen V N, Albreeht K A, Muck R E, et al. Protein degradation and fermentation characteristic of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrate[J]. Crop Science, 1999(6):1 873-1 880.

[11] AOAC. Official methods of analysis[M]. Association of Official and Analytical Chemists 14 Ed. Arlington, Virginia, 1984.

[12] Van Soest P J, Robertson J B, Levis B A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,4(10):3 583-3 579.

[13] Catchpoole V R, Henzell E F. Silage and silage making from tropical herbage species[J]. Herbage Abstracts, 1971, 41:2 132-2 139.

[14] Wang J, Wang J Q, Zhou H, et al. Effect of addition of previously fermentation juice prepared from alfalfa on fermentation quality and protein degradation of alfalfa silage[J]. Animal feed science and technology, 2009,151:280-290.

[15] 原現(xiàn)軍,余成群,李志華,等.西藏青稞秸稈與多年生黑麥草混合青貯發(fā)酵品質(zhì)的研究[J].草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2012,21(4):325-330.

[16] Henderson N. Silage additives[J]. Animal feed science and technology, 1993, 45:35-36.

[17] 蔣 慧,張 玲,馬金萍,等.枯黃期駱駝刺與稻草混貯對(duì)青貯飼料品質(zhì)的影響[J].草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2011,20(2):109-116.

[2] Yokota H, Ohshima M, Kim J H. et al. Lactic Acid production in napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)silage[J]. J.Japan Grass.Sci.1995,41(3):207-211.

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