黎金海,黃 雁,譚 茵,張志佳,陶移文,廖思燕
(1.廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué) a.藥學(xué)院;b.附屬第三醫(yī)院,廣東 廣州 510182)
·研究論文·
新型藤黃酸衍生物的合成及其抗腫瘤活性*
黎金海1a,1b,黃 雁1a,譚 茵1a,張志佳1a,陶移文1a,廖思燕1a
(1.廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué) a.藥學(xué)院;b.附屬第三醫(yī)院,廣東 廣州 510182)
以藤黃酸(1)為原料,分別與HBr和有機(jī)胺反應(yīng),合成了9個(gè)新型的藤黃酸衍生物(2~6),其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,MS和HR-MS表征。采用MTT法測定了2~6對人結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞(RKO)、人肝癌細(xì)胞(HepG-2)和人卵巢腺癌細(xì)胞(OVCAR-3)的體外抗腫瘤活性。結(jié)果表明,藤黃酸(N-丙基對甲苯磺酰胺)酯3,藤黃酸(N-丙基苯丙酰胺)酯4和N-色胺藤黃酰胺6b的抗腫瘤活性顯著高于1;33-羥基轉(zhuǎn)位藤黃酸2的抗腫瘤活性則大大降低。
藤黃酸;衍生物;合成;抗腫瘤活性
藤黃酸(1)是由藤黃科植物藤黃樹分泌的樹脂中提取出來的一種天然化合物[1],具有較高的抗腫瘤活性和良好的細(xì)胞選擇性[2]。1對癌細(xì)胞有選擇性殺滅效果,而對正常的造血系統(tǒng)和白細(xì)胞沒有影響[3-4]。研究表明,1對肝癌[5-6]、白血病[7-8]和骨肉瘤[9]等多種腫瘤細(xì)胞都有抑制作用。
近年來,為得到高效低毒和水溶性好的1的衍生物,研究人員對其進(jìn)行了大量的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)修飾,主要集中在6-羥基,8-羰基和30-羧基等位點(diǎn)。例如,Zhang S L等[10]、 Zhang X J等[11]、 Li等[12]和Sun H P等[13]分別通過對1的32-位,34-位,37-位和39-位進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)修飾,合成了一系列1的衍生物。生物活性研究結(jié)果表明,1的衍生物的抗腫瘤活性顯著強(qiáng)于1;He等[14]通過酯化1的30-羧基,改善了其水溶性,提高了抗腫瘤活性。此外,1的30-羧基可進(jìn)行酯化或酰胺化等多種修飾方式,通過引進(jìn)某些合適的基團(tuán)增強(qiáng)其抗腫瘤活性,而9-位,10-位雙鍵對于1誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡有重要作用,當(dāng)雙鍵被還原或者發(fā)生邁克爾加成后,抗腫瘤活性大大降低[15-16]。
為進(jìn)一步研究結(jié)構(gòu)修飾對1抗癌活性的影響,本文以1為原料,分別與HBr和有機(jī)胺反應(yīng),合成了9個(gè)新型的藤黃酸衍生物(2~6,Scheme 1),其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,MS和HR-MS表征。采用MTT法測定了2~6對人結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞(RKO)、人肝癌細(xì)胞(HepG-2)和人卵巢腺癌細(xì)胞(OVCAR-3)的體外抗腫瘤活性。結(jié)果表明,3,4和6b的抗腫瘤活性顯著高于1,2的抗腫瘤活性則大大降低。
1.1 儀器與試劑
Varian Mercury-Plus 300MHz型核磁共振儀(CDCl3為溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo));MAT-95XP型高分辨質(zhì)譜儀。
1,廣州清平中藥材市場,使用前經(jīng)提純;其余所用試劑均為分析純或化學(xué)純。
1.2 合成
(1)33-羥基轉(zhuǎn)位藤黃酸(2)的合成
在反應(yīng)瓶中加入1500mg(0.8mmol)和乙酸15mL,攪拌使其溶解;緩慢滴加35%氫溴酸溶液1mL,滴畢,于100℃(浴溫)反應(yīng)2h。冷卻至室溫,傾入3倍量的水中,析出乳黃白色固體,用乙醚提取,飽和鹽水洗滌,無水硫酸鈉干燥,旋蒸除去乙醚,殘留物經(jīng)硅膠柱層析[洗脫劑:A=V(石油醚)∶V(乙酸乙酯)=5∶1]純化得乳黃色膠體2344mg,產(chǎn)率為69%;1H NMRδ: 12.96(s,1H,6-OH),7.52(d,J=6.6Hz,1H,10-H),5.55(s,1H,27-H),5.20(d,1H,33-OH),4.76~4.67(m,2H,32-H),4.50(brs,1H,40a-H),4.35(brs,1H,40b-H),4.13(m,2H,34-H),3.89(s,3H,35-H),3.51(s,1H,11-H),2.90(m,2H,26-H),2.71(m,2H,31-H),2.49(d,J=9.6Hz,1H,22-H),2.33(s,1H,21a-H),2.16(m,3H,39-H),2.06(s,3H,29-H),1.75(s,3H,35-H),1.66(s,2H,36-H),1.58(s,1H,20b-H),1.40(s,1H,21a-H),1.32~1.30(m,6H,40,19-H);MSm/z: 646.8{[M+H]+};HR-MSm/z:Calcd for C38H46O9[M]646.3136,found 646.3134。
(2)藤黃酸(N-丙基對甲苯磺酰胺)酯(3)和藤黃酸(N-丙基苯丙酰胺)酯(4)的合成
在反應(yīng)瓶中加入三溴丙胺氫溴酸鹽876mg(4mmol)和二氯甲烷20mL,攪拌使其溶解;滴加三乙胺1.2mL,滴畢,攪拌10min,滴加對甲苯酰氯382mg(2mmol),滴畢,攪拌反應(yīng)4h。滴加0.1mol·L-1鹽酸4mL,滴畢,攪拌15min,析出淡黃色固體,過濾得A(Chart 1)498mg,產(chǎn)率85%。
在反應(yīng)瓶中加入1500mg(0.78mmol),無水碳酸銫400mg(1.36mmol)和DMF 15mL,攪拌使其溶解;攪拌下于室溫反應(yīng)約0.5h,滴加A400mg(1.36mmol)的DMF(15mL)溶液,滴畢,反應(yīng)24h(TLC檢測)。用乙酸乙酯萃取,合并有機(jī)相,用飽和食鹽水(3×40mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鈉干燥,濃縮后經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(洗脫劑: A=3∶1)純化得淡黃色膠體3530mg,收率63%;1H NMRδ: 12.80(s,1H,6-OH),7.69(d,J=7.0Hz,2H,ArH),7.50(d,J=6.7Hz,1H,10-H),7.26(d,J=8.5Hz,2H,ArH),6.61(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,4-H),5.98(t,J=7.6Hz,1H,27-H),5.41(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,3-H),5.01(m,2H,32,37-H),4.77(q,J=7.1Hz,2H,CO2CH2CH2CH2),3.87(m,2H,CO2CH2CH2CH2),3.48(s,1H,11-H),3.29(m,2H,31-H),2.99(m,3H,Ar-H),2.91(m,2H,26-H),2.50(d,J=9.5Hz,1H,22-H),2.41(s,2H,CO2CH2CH2CH2),2.30(m,2H,21-H),2.04(s,2H,36-H),1.73(s,3H,25-H),1.68(s,3H,29-H),1.64(s,2H,20-H),1.62(s,3H,34-H),1.59(s,6H,35,39-H),1.55(m,3H,40-H),1.41(s,3H,24-H),1.26(s,3H,19-H);MSm/z: 840.7{[M+H]+}。
以3-苯丙酰氯[0.2mL(2mmol)]代替對甲苯酰氯,用類似的方法制得B(Chart 1),進(jìn)而合成了淡黃色膠體4518mg,收率63%;1H NMRδ: 12.86(s,1H,6-OH),7.49(d,J=6.9Hz,1H,10-H),7.28~7.17(m,5H,ArH),6.60(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,4-H),6.05(t,J=7.6Hz,1H,27-H),5.40(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,3-H),5.03(m,2H,32,37-H),3.99(m,2H,NH),3.88~3.73(m,2H,CO2CH2CH2CH2),3.48(s,1H,11-H),3.30(m,2H,31-H),3.13~3.08(m,2H,26-H),2.96(t,J=7.6Hz,4H,NHCOCH2CH2),2.62(m,1H,22-H),2.48(s,3H,CO2CH2CH2CH2),2.30(m,2H,21-H),2.01(s,2H,36-H),1.72(s,3H,25-H),1.68(s,3H,29-H),1.67(s,2H,20-H),1.64(s,3H,34-H),1.57(s,6H,35,39-H),1.55(m,3H,40-H),1.41(s,3H,24-H),1.28(s,3H,19-H);MSm/z: 818.7{[M+H]+}。
(3)6a~6f的合成(以6a為例)
在反應(yīng)瓶中加入1500mg(0.8mmol),N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺75mg(HOSu)和干燥CH2Cl220mL,攪拌使其溶解;冰浴(0℃)冷卻,攪拌下加入N,N′-二環(huán)己基二亞胺(DCC),于室溫反應(yīng)1h;過濾,濾液濃縮,干燥后滴加98%環(huán)丙胺5a0.12mL(1.65mmol)的THF(15mL)溶液,滴畢,于室溫反應(yīng)4h。用乙酸乙酯萃取,分出乙酸乙酯層,用飽和食鹽水洗滌,無水硫酸鈉干燥,濃縮后經(jīng)硅膠柱層析[洗脫劑:V(二氯甲烷)∶V(乙酸乙酯)=10∶1]純化得黃色膠體N-環(huán)丙基藤黃酰胺6a。
分別以色胺(5b)、 4-羥基哌啶(5c)、 4-嗎啡啉哌啶(5d)、 4-哌啶基哌啶(5e)和嗎啡啉(5f)代替5a,用類似的方法合成了淡黃色膠體N-色胺藤黃酰胺(6b)、N-(4-羥基哌啶)藤黃酰胺(6c)、N-(4-嗎啡啉哌啶)藤黃酰胺(6d)、N-(4-哌啶基哌啶)藤黃酰胺(6e)、 10,N-二嗎啡啉藤黃酰胺(6f)。
6a:產(chǎn)率48%;1H NMRδ: 12.82(s,1H,6-OH),7.55(d,J=6.7Hz,1H,10-H),6.68(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,4-H),6.76(s,1H,NH),5.46(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,3-H),5.26(t,1H,J=7.5Hz,27-H),5.03(m,2H,32,37-H),3.47(m,1H,11-H),3.30(m,2H,31-H),3.20(m,2H,26-H),2.75~2.53(m,2H,21-H),2.33(d,J=9.6Hz,1H,22-H),2.06(m,2H,36-H),1.96(m,4H,3′,4′-H),1.78(s,3H,25-H),1.73(s,3H,29-H),1.69(s,3H,20-H),1.66(s,3H,34-H),1.60(s,3H,39-H),1.56(s,3H,35-H),1.45(s,3H,40-H),1.35~1.30(m,6H,24,19-H);MSm/z: 684.5{[M+H]+};HR-MSm/z:Calcd for C41H49NO7667.3504,found 667.3499。
6b: 產(chǎn)率50%;1H NMRδ: 12.83(s,1H,6-OH),7.97(s,1H,CONH),7.59(d,J=7.0Hz,1H,10-H),7.39(d,J=7.4Hz,1H,tryptamine-H),7.33(d,J=8.9Hz,1H,tryptamine-H),7.11(m,3H,tryptamine-H),6.99(s,1H,tryptamine-NH),6.65(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,4-H),5.41(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,3-H),5.33(s,1H,27-H),5.03(m,2H,32-H,37-H),3.54(m,1H,CONH),3.48(s,1H,11-H),3.34~3.26(m,2H,31-H),2.98(m,2H,26-H),2.70(m,1H,21a-H),2.47(d,J=9.2Hz,1H,22-H),2.25(m,1H,21b-H),2.04(s,2H,36-H),1.92(s,2H,CONHCH2CH2),1.74(s,3H,25-H),1.70(s,3H,29-H),1.64(s,5H,20,34-H),1.58(s,6H,35,39-H),1.54(m,3H,40-H),1.38(s,3H,24-H),1.17(s,3H,19-H);MSm/z: 771.7{[M+H]+}。
6c: 產(chǎn)率56%;1H NMRδ: 12.81(s,1H,6-OH),7.57(d,J=6.7Hz,1H,10-H),6.69(d,J=10.6Hz,1H,4-H),5.90(s,1H,27-H),5.47(d,J=9.9Hz,1H,3-H),5.08(s,2H,32-H,37-H),4.13(s,1H,4′-OH),3.45(m,1H,11-H),3,31(m,2H,31-H),2.99(m,2H,26-H),2.51(d,J=9.5Hz,1H,22-H),2.35(s,2H,21-H),2.06(m,2H,36-H),1.76(s,6H,25,29-H),1.73(s,6H,20,34-H),1.67(s,6H,35,39-H),1.60~1.57(m,6H,40,24-H),1.46~1.43(m,5H,3′,4′,5′-H),1.39(s,3H,19-H),1.30~1.28(s,3H,19-H);MSm/z: 712.5{[M+H]+};HR-MSm/z:Calcd for C43H53NO8[M]711.3766,found 711.3762。
6d:產(chǎn)率53%;1H NMRδ: 12.85(s,1H,6-OH),7.63(d,J=6.9Hz,1H,10-H),6.68(d,J=10.0Hz,1H,4-H),5.46(d,J=10.1Hz,1H,3-H),5.06(s,2H,32,37-H),3.79(m,4H,morpholino-H),3,44(m,2H,11-H),3.30(s,2H,31-H),2.54(s,2H,22,26-H),2.31(m,4H,morpholino-H),2.12(m,2H,21-H),1.90~1.81(m,4H,piperidine-H),2.06(s,2H,21,36-H),1.75(s,3H,25-H),1.73(m,3H,29-H),1.69(s,3H,20-H),1.66(m,6H,34,39-H),1.60(s,3H,35-H),1.57(s,3H,40-H),1.45(2,3H,24-H),1.38~1.33(m,4H,paperidine-H);MSm/z: 780.5{[M+H]+};HR-MSm/z:Calcd for C47H60N2O8[M]780.4344,found 780.4343。
6e:產(chǎn)率53%;1H NMRδ: 11.90(s,1H,6-OH),7.45(d,J=7.2Hz,1H,10-H),6.66(d,J=10.4Hz,1H,4-H),5.46(t,J=7.9Hz,1H,3-H),5.07(s,2H,32,37-H),3,49(m,2H,11-H),3.30(m,2H,31-H),2.52(s,2H,22,26-H),2.32(m,2H,21-H ),2.08(m,2H,36-H),1.90~1.81(d,J=7.2Hz,4H,piperidine-H),1.75(s,3H,25-H),1.71(m,2H,20-H),1.67(s,6H,29,34-H),1.67(m,6H,34,29-H),1.57(s,9H,39,35,40-H),1.53(s,3H,24-H),1.43~1.28(m,12H,piperidine-H),1.12(m,4H,19-H);MSm/z: 779.5{[M+H]+}。
6f: 產(chǎn)率47%;1H NMRδ: 11.91(s,1H,6-OH),6.64(d,J=12.1Hz,1H,4-H),5.96(d,J=9.1Hz,1H,27-H),5.40(m,1H,3-H),5.05(s,2H,32,37-H),3.66~3.59(m,8H,2′,6′,2″,6″-H),3.28(m,2H,31-H),3.19(s,1H,11-H),3.15(s,1H,26-H),2.76(m,4H,3′,5′-H),2.54(m,2H,22-H),2.44(m,4H,3″,5″-H),2.08(m,4H,21,36-H),1.85~1.80(m,3H,25-H),1.75(s,3H,29-H),1.66(s,3H,20-H),1.56(s,6H,34-H),1.40(s,6H,39-H),1.37(s,3H,35-H),1.32~1.30(m,6H,40,24-H),1.09(s,3H,19-H);MSm/z: 785.5{[M+H]+};HR-MSm/z:Calcd for C46H60N2O9[M]784.4296,found 784.4293。
1.2 體外抗腫瘤活性測定
取培養(yǎng)的對數(shù)生長期貼壁腫瘤細(xì)胞: RKO、 HepG-2和OVCAR-3各一瓶,經(jīng)胰酶消化液消化處理后用DMEN高糖培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清)調(diào)至約105個(gè)·mL-1(臺(tái)盼藍(lán)染色,普通光學(xué)顯微鏡下活細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù));在96孔培養(yǎng)板上每孔加入100μL(約含1.0×104個(gè)腫瘤細(xì)胞)培養(yǎng)液,置于含5%CO2,100%濕度的37℃恒溫箱中培養(yǎng)24h。待測不同濃度化合物用DMEN不完全培養(yǎng)基(不含胎牛血清)溶解,微濾除菌(0.22μm)后用DMEN不完全培養(yǎng)基分別稀釋至濃度為10μmol·L-1,5μmol·L-1,2.5μmol·L-1,1μmol·L-1和0.5μmol·L-1;每組設(shè)5個(gè)平行孔,以100μL不完全培養(yǎng)基作空白對照組。將96孔板在培養(yǎng)箱中溫育24h后每孔加入MTT(溶于不完全培養(yǎng)基)10μL,再溫育4h,吸出上清液,加入DMSO 150μL,振搖,用酶標(biāo)儀于570nm處測定各孔光吸收差值,計(jì)算IC50值。
2.1 合成
1與氫溴酸溶液反應(yīng)的主要產(chǎn)物為2,而非預(yù)期的33-溴代轉(zhuǎn)位藤黃酸。其可能原因是1的32,33-雙鍵在HBr催化作用下與水發(fā)生了親電加成反應(yīng),反應(yīng)符合馬氏規(guī)則,羥基連在33-位上得到2。由2的HR-MS分析可見,其分子量比1多18.01,說明1與一分子水發(fā)生了加成反應(yīng);由2的1H NMR分析可見,δ7.52出現(xiàn)10-H的吸收峰,而在δ5.10~5.00則未出現(xiàn)32,37-烯烴質(zhì)子吸收峰,說明加成反應(yīng)不是發(fā)生在9,10-雙鍵,而是在32,33-或37,38-雙鍵上;此外,2的1H NMR譜圖中未出現(xiàn)1的3-H和4-H互相偶合的烯烴質(zhì)子雙峰,而出現(xiàn)了末端雙鍵的信號(hào),同時(shí)2比1少一個(gè)烯烴質(zhì)子信號(hào),由此推測2應(yīng)為33-羥基轉(zhuǎn)位藤黃酸。
合成3和4時(shí),先用3-氨基-1-丙醇與相應(yīng)的酰氯發(fā)生?;磻?yīng)合成中間體A和B,然后在堿碳酸銫催化下與1反應(yīng)生成3和4。
合成6a~6f時(shí),使用了DCC/HOSU反應(yīng)體系。該反應(yīng)的缺點(diǎn)是反應(yīng)結(jié)束后會(huì)殘留大量副產(chǎn)物N,N′-二環(huán)己基脲(DCU),我們利用DCU難溶于二氯甲烷的性質(zhì),將粗產(chǎn)物反復(fù)用二氯甲烷溶解、過濾后除去DCU。用1-OSU活化酯中間體分別與各種有機(jī)胺反應(yīng)制備1的酰胺衍生物,比用1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亞胺(EDC)/DMAP體系,反應(yīng)效率更高。
合成6f時(shí),除在30-形成酰胺外,9,10-同時(shí)發(fā)生了邁克爾加成,在10-上連上了嗎啡啉基。這一結(jié)果在6f的1H NMR和MS分析中得到驗(yàn)證:δ7.40~7.60未出現(xiàn)10-H烯烴質(zhì)子信號(hào),表明9,10-之間不再是碳碳雙鍵,已經(jīng)發(fā)生了加成反應(yīng);MS實(shí)驗(yàn)值(784.4293)與理論值(784.4296)非常接近。
2.2 體外抗腫瘤活性
2~6的抗腫瘤活性結(jié)果見表1。
表 1 2~6對三種腫瘤細(xì)胞的IC50值Table 1 IC50 of 2~6 against HepG-2,RKO and OVCAR-3
由表1可見: (1)2對RKO,HepG-2和OVCAR-3的抗腫瘤活性大大低于1,說明在32,33-雙鍵上發(fā)生加成反應(yīng),33-接上羥基后會(huì)導(dǎo)致抗腫瘤活性降低;但Wang J X等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)33-氯代轉(zhuǎn)位藤黃酸對人肺癌細(xì)胞(A549)、結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞(HT-29)和人胃癌細(xì)胞(BGC-823)的抗腫瘤活性高于1,而對人肝癌細(xì)胞(Bel7402)的抗腫瘤活性卻大大降低。由此可見,33-接上不同基團(tuán)對1的抗腫瘤活性有不同的影響,接上親脂性基團(tuán)(如鹵素等)比接上親水性基團(tuán)(如羥基等)有利;(2)6a,6c,6d,6e和6f對HepG-2和RKO的抗腫瘤活性與1相似。值得注意的是,6f的9,10-之間不是碳碳雙鍵而是單鍵,但抗腫瘤活性仍高于1,這說明9,10-雙鍵并不是1類似物誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡所必需的。而此前報(bào)道[15-16]的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,1的9,10-無論發(fā)生加氫還原反應(yīng)、雙羥基化反應(yīng)或邁克爾加成反應(yīng)在10-接上環(huán)己基,都會(huì)失去誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡活性。由此可見,9,10-由雙鍵變?yōu)閱捂I后是否還會(huì)保留抗腫瘤活性,可能與10-連接的基團(tuán)種類有關(guān);(3)3,4和6b對RKO和OVCAR-3的抗腫瘤活性顯著強(qiáng)于1,大約是其5~7倍。相對于6a,6c,6d和6e來說,3,4和6b的30-位引入的功能基團(tuán)之間不是直接而是通過一短碳鏈連接,有利于其抗腫瘤活性。
合成了9個(gè)新型的藤黃酸衍生物,并研究了其抗腫瘤活性。構(gòu)效關(guān)系研究結(jié)果對今后工作有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
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SynthesisandAntitumorActivitiesofNovelGambogicAcidDerivatives
LI Jin-hai1a,1b,HUANG Yan1a,TAN Yin1a, ZHANG ZHI-jia1a,TAO Yi-wen1a,LIAO Si-yan1a
(a.School of Pharmaceutical Science;b.The Third Affiliated Hospital,1.Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou 510182,China)
Nine novel Gambogic acid derivatives (2~6)were synthesized by the reaction from Gambogic acid(1)with hydrobromic acid and organic amine,respectively.The structures were characterized by1H NMR,MS and HR-MS.Theinvitroantitumor activities of2~6against RKO,HepG-2and OVCAR-3were investigated by the MTT method.The results showed that (N-propyl-P-toluenesulfonamide)Gambogate(3),(N-propylphenylalaninamide)Gambogate(4)andN-tryptamine Gambogamide(6b)exhibited better antitumor activities than1,while the activity of 30-hydroxygambogellic acid(2)remarkablely declined.
gambogic acid;derivative;synthesis;antitumor activity
2013-09-30;
2014-09-23
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(S2011040000131);廣東省科技計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(20BB031800021)
黎金海(1988-),男,漢族,廣東肇慶人,碩士研究生,主要從事藥物化學(xué)的研究。E-mail: jinyulao110@163.com
黃雁,博士,教授,E-mail: drhuangyan@163.com;譚茵,高級實(shí)驗(yàn)師,E-mail: shwhxsy@gzhmc.edu.cn
O623.624;O623.626
A
1005-1511(2014)06-0753-06