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非酒精性脂肪肝伴2型糖尿病患者左室舒張功能的影響

2014-08-30 07:51趙瑜等
心腦血管病防治 2014年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:左室酒精性頸動(dòng)脈

趙瑜等

[摘要]目的探討非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)對(duì)2型糖尿病患者左室舒張功能的影響。方法納入596例2型糖尿病住院患者,進(jìn)行腹部超聲、頸動(dòng)脈超聲、心臟超聲等檢查,以E/A作為評(píng)估左室舒張功能的指標(biāo),分為NAFLD組和非NAFLD組,組內(nèi)或組間差異比較用單因素方差分析或χ2檢驗(yàn),并采用多因素Logistic回歸分析對(duì)可能影響舒張功能的因素進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果2型糖尿病合并NAFLD組的BMI、收縮壓、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、甘油三酯、LDL膽固醇、HbA1c、HOMA_IR、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度顯著高于無(wú)NAFLD組(P<0.05),E/A值顯著低于無(wú)NAFLD組(P<0.05);NAFLD與左室舒張功能減退的相關(guān)性經(jīng)多因素Logistic回歸分析進(jìn)行校正后OR值為1.72(95%CI 1.26~2.75,P<0.05)。結(jié)論在2型糖尿病患者中,NAFLD是左室舒張功能減退的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。

[關(guān)鍵詞]非酒精性脂肪肝;2型糖尿病;左室舒張功能

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R587.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1009_816X(2014)04_0293_03

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the influence of non_alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on left diastolic ventricular function in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods The type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled (n=596), tests like abdomen ultrasound, carotid artery ultrasound, cardiac uhrasonography were cawied out. E/A was used as an index to evaluate the left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and patients were divided into NAFLD group and non_NAFLD group. Using one_way ANOVA or chi_square test as a method to analyze the differences between two groups. Using multi_factor Logistic regression analysis to analyze the factors that may influence the left ventricular diastolic function . P<0.05 considered statistically significant.Results Body mass index, systolic pressure, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterin, HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA_IR), intima_media thickness (IMT) were significantly higher in individuals with NAFLD than in those without NAFLD (P<0.05). Patients with NAFLD had a remarkably lower E/A(0.82±0.18, P<0.05). NAFLD remained independently associated with left ventricular dysfunction in multivariate logistic regression analysis (Odds Ratio 1.72, 95%CI 1.26~2.75, P<0.05). Conclusions NAFLD is an independent risk factor of decline of left ventricle diastole function in type 2 diabetes patients.

[Key words] Non_alcoholic fatty liver disease; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Left ventricular diastolic function

近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),非酒精性脂肪肝(Non_alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患者相較于正常人更易出現(xiàn)心功能減退[1,2]。而糖尿病作為目前高發(fā)的慢性?xún)?nèi)分泌代謝性疾病,與心腦血管疾病關(guān)系密切,本文擬探討非酒精性脂肪肝對(duì)2型糖尿病患者左室舒張功能的可能影響。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料:2012年6月至2013年12月期間在我院住院的2型糖尿病患者,排除高血壓病、缺血性心臟病,服用噻唑烷二酮類(lèi)降糖藥物,過(guò)量酒精攝入(飲酒折合乙醇量<140g/周,女性<70g/周),病毒性肝炎、藥物性肝病、全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)、肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃浴⒆陨砻庖咝愿尾?、甲狀腺功能減退癥等可導(dǎo)致脂肪肝的特定疾病,應(yīng)激狀態(tài),嚴(yán)重的心、肝、腎疾病及其他糖尿病嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥等情況,將其分為合并NAFLD組與無(wú)NAFLD組。2型糖尿病的診斷采用《2010年中國(guó)2型糖尿病防治指南》中的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3];NAFLD的診斷采用《2010年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)非酒精性脂肪性肝病診療指南》中的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。符合條件的2型糖尿病患者共596例,其中男332例(占55.70%),女264例(占44.30%)。符合診斷的NAFLD患者共404例(占67.78%),非NAFLD患者192例(占32.22%)。

1.2方法:記錄其年齡、性別、BMI、血壓情況、吸煙情況、糖尿病病程,丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、血清肌酐、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL_C)、糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c),行頸動(dòng)脈超聲測(cè)雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(記錄較厚的一側(cè)),禁食8~10小時(shí)后行腹部超聲,行心臟超聲檢查測(cè)室間隔厚度、左室后壁厚度、左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑、左室收縮末期內(nèi)徑、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù),二尖瓣口舒張?jiān)缙贓峰速度峰值/二尖瓣口舒張晚期A峰速度峰值(E/A)。以E/A值作為對(duì)左室舒張功能評(píng)價(jià)的依據(jù),E/A<1視為左室舒張功能減退。

1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理:所測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS13.0版統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)量資料用(x-±s)表示,組間差異如符合正態(tài)分布則采用t檢驗(yàn),不符合正態(tài)分布則采用秩和檢驗(yàn),定性資料組間差異用χ2檢驗(yàn)。NAFLD與左室舒張功能的相關(guān)性應(yīng)用多因素Logistic回歸分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組基礎(chǔ)資料與影像學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果比較:見(jiàn)表1。從表1可見(jiàn),較于無(wú)NAFLD的2型糖尿病患者,合并NAFLD患者組的男性患者較多,糖尿病病程相對(duì)較短,平均年齡較小,BMI、收縮壓、HOMA_IR、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、甘油三酯、LDL_C、游離脂肪酸、HbA1c、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度值較高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。血壓、心率、當(dāng)前吸煙狀況、血肌酐水平兩組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。NAFLD組E/A均值<1,且E/A<1患者人數(shù)與無(wú)NAFLD組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑、左室收縮末期內(nèi)徑、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、室間隔厚度、左室后壁厚度兩組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

3討論

NAFLD是指除外過(guò)量飲酒和其他明確的肝損害因素所致的、以彌漫性肝細(xì)胞大泡性脂肪變?yōu)橹饕卣鞯呐R床病理綜合征,它與2型糖尿病擁有共同的危險(xiǎn)因素如過(guò)度的能量攝入、腹型肥胖、胰島素抵抗等[5]。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)也表明,NAFLD可能增加2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制難度、糖尿病慢性并發(fā)癥如心血管疾病和慢性腎臟疾病的發(fā)病率[6]。在臨床工作中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)NAFLD與2型糖尿病常常共同存在,2型糖尿病患者NAFLD患病率可高達(dá)28%~55%[4]。本次研究對(duì)象中NAFLD患者占67.78%,患病率高于文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,可能與住院患者有更嚴(yán)重的代謝紊亂相關(guān)。此外,NAFLD組BMI、收縮壓、HbA1c、甘油三酯、LDL膽固醇、HOMA_IR水平更高,體型、血糖控制、脂代謝情況更差,胰島素抵抗更嚴(yán)重。

心血管疾病是2型糖尿病的主要致殘和致死原因,而頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度與心血管事件密切相關(guān),且對(duì)心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有一定預(yù)測(cè)作用[7]。本研究顯示合并NAFLD的2型糖尿病患者頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度明顯增加,預(yù)示該組人群有更高的心血管意外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Targher[8]等進(jìn)行的前瞻性研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過(guò)5年隨訪(fǎng)后,伴有NAFLD的2型糖尿病患者其發(fā)生冠心病、缺血性腦卒中及心血管相關(guān)性死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加。

心功能減退早期往往表現(xiàn)為心臟舒張功能減退,可通過(guò)心臟多普勒超聲檢測(cè)到,E/A<1可作為評(píng)估左室舒張功能減退的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)[9]。本次研究比較了兩組間左室形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)及左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)均未出現(xiàn)顯著性差異,而合并NAFLD的2型糖尿病患者組E/A均值顯著低于非NAFLD組,存在左室舒張功能減退的患者比例顯著高于非NAFLD組,提示合并NAFLD的患者左室舒張功能減退更嚴(yán)重、患病率更高。糖尿病可引起心臟結(jié)構(gòu)的變化如心肌肥厚、纖維化和脂質(zhì)沉積,即使不患有缺血性心臟病或高血壓的2型糖尿病患者,也可能出現(xiàn)心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變[10]。此外也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪肝可能會(huì)增加心功能減退的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),目前認(rèn)為主要與脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、胰島素抵抗、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等引起心肌代謝異常相關(guān)[1,2]。但在校正了年齡、性別、BMI、收縮壓、血脂、HOMA_IR及HbA1c等多項(xiàng)因素后,NAFLD與左室舒張功能減退仍有較高的相關(guān)性,提示在2型糖尿病患者中NAFLD為左室舒張功能減退的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。其具體機(jī)制目前尚不明確,從病理生理機(jī)制角度出發(fā),可能與NAFLD患者肝臟及脂肪組織釋放CRP、IL_6、TNF_α及其他炎癥因子顯著增多損傷血管內(nèi)皮、影響心肌代謝有關(guān)[11]。

因此,我們認(rèn)為,合并有NAFLD的2型糖尿病患者在尚無(wú)確切心功能不全的臨床癥狀、左室的形態(tài)學(xué)及收縮功能尚基本正常時(shí),已可檢測(cè)到舒張功能不全的特征,此為心功能受損的早期表現(xiàn),故對(duì)于2型糖尿病患者,應(yīng)重視NAFLD的早期診斷和治療,并對(duì)合并有NAFLD的患者及早進(jìn)行心臟功能的評(píng)估。若能在2型糖尿病合并NAFLD患者心臟損害的亞臨床階段采取有效措施防止心臟功能進(jìn)一步受損,對(duì)延緩病情進(jìn)展有重要意義。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Goland S, Shimoni S, Zornitzki T, et al. Cardiac abnormalities as a new manifestation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging assessment[J]. J clinical gastroenterology,2006,40(10):949-955.

[2]Fotbolcu H, Yakar T, Duman D, et al. Impairment of the left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with non_alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Cardiology J,2010,17(5):457-63.

[3]楊文英,紀(jì)立農(nóng),陸菊明,等.2010年中國(guó)2型糖尿病防治指南[M].北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)出版社,2011:1-300.

[4]范建高.非酒精性脂肪性肝病診療指南[J].臨床肝膽病雜志,2010,26(2):120-124.

[5]Larter CZ, Chitturi S, Heydet D, et al. A fresh look at NASH pathogenesis. Part 1: the metabolic movers[J]. J gastroenterology and hepatology,2010,25(4):672-690.

[6]Targher G, Byrne CD. Clinical Review: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel cardiometabolic risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications[J]. J clinical endocrin metabolism,2013,98(2):483-495.

[7]Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima_media thickness a systematic review and meta_analysis[J]. Circulation,2007,115(4):459-467.

[8]Targher G, Bertolini L, Poli F, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of future cardiovascular events among type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Diabetes,2005,54(12):3541-3546.

[9]Galderisi M. Diastolic dysfunction and diabetic cardiomyopathy: evaluation by Doppler echocardiography[J]. J Ameri Cardi,2006,48(8):1548-1551.

[10]Maya L, Villarreal FJ. Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis[J]. J molecul cellular cardiol,2010,48(3):524-529.

[11]Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, et al. Non_alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and important cardiovascular risk factor[J]? European heart J,2012,33(10):1190-200.

(收稿日期:2014_3_21)

[4]范建高.非酒精性脂肪性肝病診療指南[J].臨床肝膽病雜志,2010,26(2):120-124.

[5]Larter CZ, Chitturi S, Heydet D, et al. A fresh look at NASH pathogenesis. Part 1: the metabolic movers[J]. J gastroenterology and hepatology,2010,25(4):672-690.

[6]Targher G, Byrne CD. Clinical Review: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel cardiometabolic risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications[J]. J clinical endocrin metabolism,2013,98(2):483-495.

[7]Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima_media thickness a systematic review and meta_analysis[J]. Circulation,2007,115(4):459-467.

[8]Targher G, Bertolini L, Poli F, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of future cardiovascular events among type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Diabetes,2005,54(12):3541-3546.

[9]Galderisi M. Diastolic dysfunction and diabetic cardiomyopathy: evaluation by Doppler echocardiography[J]. J Ameri Cardi,2006,48(8):1548-1551.

[10]Maya L, Villarreal FJ. Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis[J]. J molecul cellular cardiol,2010,48(3):524-529.

[11]Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, et al. Non_alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and important cardiovascular risk factor[J]? European heart J,2012,33(10):1190-200.

(收稿日期:2014_3_21)

[4]范建高.非酒精性脂肪性肝病診療指南[J].臨床肝膽病雜志,2010,26(2):120-124.

[5]Larter CZ, Chitturi S, Heydet D, et al. A fresh look at NASH pathogenesis. Part 1: the metabolic movers[J]. J gastroenterology and hepatology,2010,25(4):672-690.

[6]Targher G, Byrne CD. Clinical Review: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel cardiometabolic risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications[J]. J clinical endocrin metabolism,2013,98(2):483-495.

[7]Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima_media thickness a systematic review and meta_analysis[J]. Circulation,2007,115(4):459-467.

[8]Targher G, Bertolini L, Poli F, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of future cardiovascular events among type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Diabetes,2005,54(12):3541-3546.

[9]Galderisi M. Diastolic dysfunction and diabetic cardiomyopathy: evaluation by Doppler echocardiography[J]. J Ameri Cardi,2006,48(8):1548-1551.

[10]Maya L, Villarreal FJ. Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis[J]. J molecul cellular cardiol,2010,48(3):524-529.

[11]Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, et al. Non_alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and important cardiovascular risk factor[J]? European heart J,2012,33(10):1190-200.

(收稿日期:2014_3_21)

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