仲明惟,劉少壯,張光永,王琰珉,張 翔,劉 騰,閆治波,胡三元
(山東大學(xué)齊魯醫(yī)院,山東 濟(jì)南,250012)
世界衛(wèi)生組織預(yù)測(cè),截至2008年,全球14 億成人超重,其中有超過(guò)5 億的肥胖患者[1]。在美國(guó),肥胖成年人的比例為30%[2];2030年此指數(shù)將增加到50%[3]。肥胖問(wèn)題不僅僅出現(xiàn)在成人中,在兒童中同樣存在。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),美國(guó)有17%的肥胖兒童[2],至2030年可能增加到30%[3],其中75%的兒童成年后依然有肥胖的困擾[4]。肥胖對(duì)于2 型糖尿病、高血壓、高血脂、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、心力衰竭、腫瘤、肝臟疾病、睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征、不孕癥、關(guān)節(jié)退行性變、抑郁癥及癡呆等疾病而言,是一個(gè)主要的危險(xiǎn)因素[5-7]。據(jù)2010年統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)成年人超重率為30. 6%,男性、女性分別為31. 5%、29.7%;肥 胖 率 為12. 0%,男 性 與 女 性 分 別 為11. 9%、12.1%,且超重率及肥胖率均呈上升趨勢(shì)[8]。
2 型糖尿病可引起血管并發(fā)癥,使過(guò)早死亡的發(fā)生率顯著增加[9-12]。WHO 預(yù)測(cè)2000~2030年全球人口數(shù)將增加37%,而糖尿病患者將增加114%[12]。國(guó)際糖尿病聯(lián)盟(international diabetes federation,IDF)統(tǒng)計(jì),截至2013年,糖尿病患病人數(shù)為3.82 億,預(yù)計(jì)至2035年將增長(zhǎng)到5.92 億[13]。不可忽視的是,糖尿病的巨大后備軍——糖耐量受損人數(shù)將從2010年的3.44 億增至2030年的4.72 億[14]。IDF 報(bào)告指出80%的糖尿病負(fù)擔(dān)來(lái)自中低收入國(guó)家[13],其中60%來(lái)自亞洲[15]。近年,我國(guó)糖尿病發(fā)病率迅速增加,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2010年我國(guó)≥18 歲的居民糖尿病患病率為9.65%,其中男性為10.24%,女性為9.04%[16]。
1954年,Kremen 與Linner 等報(bào)道了首例空回腸旁路術(shù)(jejunoileal bypass,JIB),此后又出現(xiàn)了多種減重手術(shù),如膽胰轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)(biliopancreatic diversion,BPD)合并/不合并十二指腸轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)(duodenal switch,DS)、可調(diào)節(jié)胃束帶術(shù)(adjustable gastric banding,AGB)、Roux-en-Y 胃旁路術(shù)(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,RYGB)、袖狀胃切除術(shù)(sleeve gastrectomy,SG)等。雖然膽胰轉(zhuǎn)流/十二指腸轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)BPD/DS 較RYGB 具有更好的減肥效果,但其術(shù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥較多[17-19]。Griffen 等進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究顯示,相較RYGB,JIB 具有更高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,且減肥效果弱于RYGB[20]。此外的兩項(xiàng)對(duì)照研究也得到了相似的結(jié)果[21-22]。因此,在20 世紀(jì)80年代,JIB 已很少應(yīng)用于減重手術(shù)中。雖然隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究顯示,術(shù)后5年RYGB 的減重效果明顯優(yōu)于腹腔鏡可調(diào)節(jié)胃束帶術(shù)(laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding,LAGB)[23-24],但鑒于RYGB 較長(zhǎng)的手術(shù)時(shí)間及較高的圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,LAGB 仍被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。近年,有隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究顯示,SG 與RYGB 的短期減重效果相當(dāng)[25-26];而SG 的操作相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,且發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的可能性小。
SG 或腹腔鏡袖狀胃切除術(shù)(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)是限制性減重手術(shù),它最初是為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)手術(shù)患者設(shè)計(jì)的減重手術(shù)的第一步,此后可轉(zhuǎn)為RYGB 等其他術(shù)式。LSG 的中期減重效果優(yōu)于LAGB[27-29],甚至可以與RYGB 相媲美。據(jù)報(bào)道,LSG 的額外體重丟失百分比(% excess body weight loss,%EWL)可達(dá)63%~75%。LSG 術(shù)后2 型糖尿病的緩解率可達(dá)82%~84%[26-27,30-32]。但同其他限制性減重手術(shù)一樣[33-37],LSG 的長(zhǎng)期減重效果或許并不樂(lè)觀。有報(bào)道稱,LSG 術(shù)后5年可出現(xiàn)體重反彈[38-39]。盡管如此,LSG 的效果仍然明顯優(yōu)于其他純限制性減重手術(shù)。因此,我們有理由相信,相對(duì)其他純限制性手術(shù)而言,LSG 具有獨(dú)特的減重及緩解2 型糖尿病的機(jī)制。本文通過(guò)回顧SG 減重及緩解2型糖尿病機(jī)制的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),對(duì)其減重及緩解2 型糖尿病的機(jī)制進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。
有報(bào)告顯示,在大鼠靜脈或腦室內(nèi)予以胃促生長(zhǎng)素(Ghrelin)后,胃酸分泌、胃動(dòng)力呈劑量依賴性增加[40-41],從而促進(jìn)了攝食的增加及食欲的增強(qiáng)。研究顯示,2 型糖尿病患者血漿中Ghrelin 水平低于正常水平[42]。目前,Ghrelin 的生理作用尚未完全解釋清楚。LSG 術(shù)后可引起Ghrelin 的下降[25-26,43-46]。但在其他的限制性減重手術(shù)中Ghrelin 表現(xiàn)為無(wú)明顯變化甚至升高[47-53]。有對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),分別檢測(cè)LSG、LAGB 術(shù)后1 個(gè)月及12 個(gè)月血中Ghrelin 的濃度,LSG術(shù)后患者血中Ghrelin 的濃度明顯下降,而LAGB 術(shù)后血中Ghrelin 的濃度是上升的,且這種上升與體重的減輕是呈比例的[45]。這種血中Ghrelin 濃度的差異可能是LSG 減重效果優(yōu)于LAGB 的原因之一。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中也有相似結(jié)果,大鼠SG術(shù)后Ghrelin 濃度明顯降低,而AGB 術(shù)后Ghrelin 的濃度升高。此研究還認(rèn)為,LSG 術(shù)后Ghrelin 的敏感性是升高的,而AGB 術(shù)后Ghrelin 的敏感性無(wú)明顯變化[46]。另有LSG 與RYGB 的對(duì)比研究表明,雖然兩種術(shù)式的減重效果相當(dāng),但LSG 術(shù)后空腹Ghrelin 水平是降低的,而RYGB 術(shù)后空腹Ghrelin 水平無(wú)明顯變化。LSG 與其他的限制性減重手術(shù)相比,它切除了胃底。而胃底是Ghrelin 分泌的主要部位。LSG 術(shù)中完全胃底切除是非常重要的。研究表明,胃底的不完全切除可作為單一因素影響LSG 術(shù)后Ghrelin 水平的升高、體重的反彈,甚至需再次手術(shù)切除膨脹的胃底[54]。
雖然LSG 未對(duì)腸道進(jìn)行操作,但LSG 術(shù)后某些腸道激素的水平還是發(fā)生了變化。目前認(rèn)為,腸道激素的變化在RYGB 術(shù)后體重減輕及2 型糖尿病緩解的機(jī)制中具有重要作用。同樣,在其他的減重手術(shù)包括LSG 術(shù)中,腸道激素的變化對(duì)于體重減輕及2 型糖尿病的緩解可能也起到了非常重要的作用。
酪酪肽(peptide YY,PYY)是一種可抑制食欲的腸道激素,可抑制嚙齒類動(dòng)物、靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物及人類的攝食[55]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LSG 術(shù)后1 周可觀測(cè)到餐后PYY 水平的升高[25]。而LSG 術(shù)后餐后PYY 水平的升高至少可持續(xù)到術(shù)后12 個(gè)月[26,56],且其升高水平與RYGB 術(shù)后相當(dāng)[25-26,56]。胰高血糖素樣肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是30 個(gè)氨基酸的多肽,是目前所知最強(qiáng)的葡萄糖依賴型的胰島素分泌促進(jìn)激素。GLP-1 是隨食物在腸道的消化吸收過(guò)程而分泌的,食物刺激腸道后,腸道L 細(xì)胞分泌GLP-1,糖類、脂類刺激作用最強(qiáng),正常人餐后5~30 min 內(nèi),血漿中GLP-1 的濃度顯著上升[57]。GLP-1 可促進(jìn)胰島素的生物合成與分泌,刺激胰島β細(xì)胞的增殖與分化,抑制胰島細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制胰高血糖素分泌,抑制餐后胃排空等作用[58-61]。LSG 術(shù)后同樣可觀測(cè)到餐后GLP-1 水平的升高,但這種升高并不如RYGB 術(shù)后明顯[25-26]。目前這些腸道激素水平升高的機(jī)制尚未明確。
1994年,F(xiàn)riedman 等對(duì)肥胖的研究作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了瘦素——一種肥胖相關(guān)基因的產(chǎn)物,而這種物質(zhì)在肥胖與2 型糖尿病的發(fā)展中具有重要作用[62]。瘦素(leptin)主要由脂肪細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,通過(guò)與下丘腦內(nèi)特異受體結(jié)合來(lái)減少神經(jīng)肽Y(NPY)的表達(dá),從而調(diào)節(jié)食欲與能量代謝。Leptin可增強(qiáng)骨骼肌內(nèi)葡萄糖的攝取與氧化,減少肝糖原的輸出。在肥胖、糖尿病個(gè)體中,血液leptin 水平明顯增加,可能由于存在leptin 抵抗的原因。此時(shí)高水平的瘦素并未發(fā)揮降低體重、血糖的作用。目前認(rèn)為,在肥胖患者中,高水平的瘦素并不能抑制食欲,對(duì)于食欲的抑制還依賴于瘦素的敏感性[63]。目前在人體實(shí)驗(yàn)中,均發(fā)現(xiàn)SG 術(shù)后leptin 水平降低[64]。但有報(bào)道稱,在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中雖然leptin 的水平也降低,但在下丘腦瘦素、黑皮質(zhì)素-4 受體的表達(dá)及腹膜內(nèi)瘦素敏感性中,并未觀察到相應(yīng)的改變[65],提示瘦素抵抗可能并未得到改善。
目前很多研究結(jié)果支持這種SG 術(shù)后相關(guān)激素水平的改變有助于減重及2 型糖尿病的緩解,但這些激素的作用機(jī)制及SG 術(shù)后這些激素的改變?cè)蛉孕柽M(jìn)一步探索。
較早的研究認(rèn)為,胃旁路術(shù)后胃排空的速度是減慢的,但這種胃排空的減慢與體重的減輕無(wú)關(guān)[66-67]。目前,我們普遍認(rèn)為,RYGB 及SG 術(shù)后胃排空速度是增加的[68]。胃排空速度的改變與某些胃腸道激素分泌存在相互作用,并對(duì)能量的攝入產(chǎn)生重要影響。
研究表明,胃排空對(duì)于食欲及能量的攝取均有影響[69-72]。雖然從直覺(jué)上而言,快速胃排空應(yīng)導(dǎo)致食欲增強(qiáng),但事實(shí)上,胃排空的速度對(duì)于食欲控制是一個(gè)復(fù)雜過(guò)程。當(dāng)食物進(jìn)入胃并隨后排入腸道時(shí),胃的膨脹、營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)刺激小腸的物理及化學(xué)感受器、胃腸道分泌的各種激素等多種因素共同參與食欲及飽腹感的調(diào)節(jié),從而控制能量的攝入,抑制餐后進(jìn)食行為[73-74]。胃的膨脹可通過(guò)刺激胃的張力感受器,并將信號(hào)傳入大腦,從而完成對(duì)食欲的調(diào)節(jié)[75-76]。胃竇的膨脹及飽腹感的聯(lián)系是非常緊密的[77-78]。此外,進(jìn)食量與上一餐的胃殘留內(nèi)容物的量是呈反比的[79]。
這些研究表明,加速胃排空,降低胃內(nèi)張力可能導(dǎo)致過(guò)多的食物攝入。然而,除了胃的膨脹外,營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入小腸對(duì)于食欲及飽腹感也至關(guān)重要[80]。營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入小腸后可刺激多種腸肽的釋放,這些腸肽釋放入血并間接地通過(guò)迷走神經(jīng)抑制食欲[81-82]。進(jìn)食后,位于十二指腸、空腸的I 細(xì)胞可釋放膽囊收縮素(cholecystokinin,CCK)[83],而主要位于末端小腸的L 細(xì)胞可釋放GLP-1、PYY。GLP-1、PYY 對(duì)于食物的攝取均有雙相反應(yīng)[82]。營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)對(duì)十二指腸的刺激很有可能產(chǎn)生一種或幾種神經(jīng)和/或體液信號(hào),這些信號(hào)作用于遠(yuǎn)端小腸,刺激GLP-1 與PYY 的早期釋放[84-87]。而隨后才是營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)直接作用于末端小腸從而導(dǎo)致GLP-1 及PYY 的分泌[82-88]。餐后早期,快速的胃排空與血漿CCK[89-90]、GLP-1[85,91]、PYY[90-92]水平直接相關(guān)。
進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí),GLP-1 的釋放對(duì)于胃排空的速度而言存在一個(gè)閾值[85]。雖然GLP-1、PYY、CCK 的釋放會(huì)抑制胃排空[93],但這種胃排空抑制的途徑對(duì)于刺激腸道控制攝食而言并不是必需的[74,94],而是很有可能直接作用于飽腹感中樞[74,94-95]。相反,Ghrelin 可加快胃排空速度[96]。Ghrelin 可促進(jìn)胃排空,而快速的胃排空與較低的Ghrelin 濃度有關(guān)[97-98],較低的Ghrelin 濃度反過(guò)來(lái)又與食欲的降低有關(guān)[97]。這些研究表明,胃排空速度減慢可能會(huì)在增加并延長(zhǎng)胃膨脹的同時(shí),延遲或減少CCK、GLP-1、PYY 的釋放。這樣雖然胃膨脹所引起的飽腹感會(huì)增加,但傳入大腦的腸道飽脹信號(hào)卻會(huì)降低[99]。食糜較快的從胃小囊中排出被認(rèn)為在RYGB 術(shù)后厭食相關(guān)的神經(jīng)體液調(diào)節(jié)中起了重要作用[91,100-101]。而SG 術(shù)后胃排空速度同RYGB 術(shù)后一樣也是加快的[68]。研究認(rèn)為,SG 雖然未造成十二指腸的曠置,但加速的胃排空可能參與了術(shù)后GLP-1[102]及PYY[58]等分泌的增加。SG 作為一種減重手術(shù),其中期減重效果優(yōu)于LAGB[27-29],甚至可與RYGB 相媲美。LSG 術(shù)后2 型糖尿病的緩解率可達(dá)82%~84%[26-27,30-32],并具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但截至目前,SG 的減重及緩解2 型糖尿病的機(jī)制尚未明確。本課題組目前正從事SG 后減重及2 型糖尿病緩解機(jī)制的相關(guān)研究。我們認(rèn)為,SG 術(shù)后胃腸道動(dòng)力學(xué)及相關(guān)激素水平的改變可能分別作為其減重及2 型糖尿病緩解機(jī)制的一部分,也可能在二者相互作用的基礎(chǔ)上共同參與到減重及2 型糖尿病緩解的機(jī)制中。今后的研究應(yīng)進(jìn)一步闡釋其胃腸道動(dòng)力、相關(guān)激素改變的原因及這些改變具體是通過(guò)何種途徑作用的。通過(guò)進(jìn)一步的研究,我們希望給肥胖及2 型糖尿病的治療帶來(lái)新的啟示,甚至進(jìn)一步揭示肥胖與2 型糖尿病的發(fā)病原因,以指導(dǎo)肥胖及2 型糖尿病的預(yù)防。
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