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自身免疫性胰腺炎診治新進(jìn)展

2014-08-08 21:18段春蘭張愛(ài)民
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2014年13期

段春蘭+張愛(ài)民

[摘要] 自身免疫性胰腺炎是由免疫炎癥介導(dǎo),以腹部不適、梗阻性黃疸等為主要臨床表現(xiàn)的特殊類型的胰腺炎。其以胰腺腫大、胰管不規(guī)則狹窄為特征,常伴有血清IgG4升高、高球蛋白血癥及自身抗體陽(yáng)性。根據(jù)病理學(xué)特征分為1型和2型,對(duì)糖皮質(zhì)激素治療敏感。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 自身免疫性胰腺炎;診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);激素治療

[中圖分類號(hào)] R657.5+1[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2014)05(a)-0189-03

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune pancreatitis

DUAN Chun-lan ZHANG Ai-min

Department of Gastroenterology,the First Hospital Affiliated to Baotou Medical College,Baotou 014010,China

[Abstract] Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a special type of pancreatitis and it is mediated by immune inflammatory,abdominal discomfort, obstructive jaundice is the main clinical manifestations of AIP,and it is characterized by the swelling of the pancreas and the irregular stenosis of pancreatic duct,it often accompanied by elevated serum IgG4,hypergammaglobulinemia and positive autoantibodies.According to the pathological features,it is divided into type 1 and type 2,it is sensitive to glucocorticoid therapy.

[Key words] Autoimmune pancreatitis;Diagnostic criteria;Hormone therapy

自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis,AIP)是IgG4相關(guān)性疾病(IgG4-related disease,IgG4-RD)在胰腺的局部表現(xiàn),有獨(dú)特的臨床、影像學(xué)和組織病理學(xué)特點(diǎn)。除胰腺受累外,還可累及膽管、淚腺、涎腺、腹膜后、腎、肺等。Sarles等[1]于1961 年首先對(duì)本病進(jìn)行了報(bào)道,但“自身免疫性胰腺炎”的概念直到1995年才由Yoshida等[2]正式提出。在2001年,AIP被作為慢性胰腺炎的一種獨(dú)立分型而存在[3]。由于AIP易被誤診為胰腺癌而導(dǎo)致不必要的手術(shù),近年來(lái)逐漸引起重視。現(xiàn)將AIP的診斷及治療進(jìn)展綜述如下。

1 流行病學(xué)

AIP在全球范圍散在分布,目前以日本報(bào)道最多,韓國(guó)、歐美也有報(bào)道。據(jù)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,AIP發(fā)病率相對(duì)較低,男女患者比例約為2∶1,平均發(fā)病年齡大于55歲[4]。2004年,我國(guó)唐令詮等[5]首次報(bào)道1例AIP患者,該患者有組織學(xué)證據(jù)且對(duì)潑尼松等糖皮質(zhì)激素反應(yīng)良好,提示我國(guó)也存在AIP。近年來(lái)關(guān)于AIP的報(bào)道逐漸增多,我國(guó)大陸[6]和臺(tái)灣地區(qū)[7]都有報(bào)道。

2 發(fā)病機(jī)制

AIP的發(fā)生與自身免疫相關(guān)[8],可合并多種免疫性疾病,如干燥綜合征、炎癥性腸病、原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎、原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化和自身免疫性肝炎等。免疫學(xué)異常包括高球蛋白血癥、IgG4升高, 抗核抗體、抗碳酸酐酶抗體、類風(fēng)濕因子、抗淀粉酶α-2A 抗體[9]、抗乳鐵蛋白抗體等自身抗體陽(yáng)性。AIP患者胰腺組織及外周血中CD4+及CD8+T 細(xì)胞顯著增加,說(shuō)明AIP 的發(fā)生與細(xì)胞、體液免疫有關(guān)[10]。研究[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),人類白細(xì)胞抗原HLA DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401是日本人群AIP的易感基因,推測(cè)該病有遺傳因素的參與。有實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,幽門螺桿菌在AIP的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中亦起一定作用。同時(shí)AIP患者高水平的循環(huán)免疫復(fù)合物可能通過(guò)激活補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)而導(dǎo)致組織器官損傷。

3 分型及臨床特點(diǎn)

AIP起病隱匿,根據(jù)病理學(xué)特征分為1型和2 型。目前全球所報(bào)道AIP以1型為主。1型病例以男性為主,與IgG4相關(guān),病理表現(xiàn)為間質(zhì)纖維化,淋巴漿細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),故亦稱淋巴漿細(xì)胞硬化性胰腺炎(LPSP)。常伴有胰腺外損害,如腹膜后纖維化或硬化性膽管炎等。2 型病例性別無(wú)明顯差異,最大的不同點(diǎn)在于伴有粒細(xì)胞上皮的損害,因而亦稱特發(fā)性導(dǎo)管中心性胰腺炎(IDCP)[12]。

AIP的臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,可能因上腹痛、黃疸等癥狀而就診[13-14],有65%~83%[15]的病例表現(xiàn)為梗阻性黃疸,輕微腹痛,通常無(wú)急性胰腺炎表現(xiàn);糖尿病在AIP患者中的發(fā)生率可高達(dá)50%[16];實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查示血清IgG4升高、高球蛋白血癥及自身抗體陽(yáng)性;B超或CT顯示胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)彌散性增大,呈臘腸樣改變;磁共振胰膽管造影術(shù)上可看到主胰管彌漫性變細(xì)[17];MRCP或ERCP示主胰管多發(fā)的不規(guī)則狹窄,可伴有膽管狹窄,呈硬化性膽管炎表現(xiàn);胰腺活檢可見(jiàn)胰腺?gòu)浡粤馨蜐{細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),組織間隙纖維化, 腺泡萎縮,并可累及腹膜后胰腺組織;胰腺外分泌功能可逆性受損,可繼發(fā)糖尿病;對(duì)激素治療有效。

4 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及比較

歐美及亞洲均有各自的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[18]。2002年,日本胰腺學(xué)會(huì)首先提出AIP的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),此后韓國(guó)Kim標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[19]、美國(guó)HISORt標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[20]相繼出現(xiàn)。于2008年推出亞洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[21],成為AIP研究發(fā)展的一個(gè)新起點(diǎn)。2011年,國(guó)際胰腺學(xué)會(huì)整合各國(guó)對(duì)AIP的診斷意見(jiàn),再次發(fā)布國(guó)際診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[22]。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變化既反映了人們對(duì)AIP認(rèn)識(shí)、研究的發(fā)展史,又為AIP的臨床診治提供了更為明確的依據(jù),如表1所示。 表1 國(guó)際共識(shí)中1型AIP診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)5 治療

口服糖皮質(zhì)激素是是治療AIP 的首選藥物,一般采取口服潑尼松30~40 mg/d,或按照0.6 mg/(kg·d)選擇劑量。起始劑量治療2~4周后,應(yīng)結(jié)合臨床癥狀、影像學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),如效果較好可逐漸減量,以每1~2周減少5 mg為宜,再根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)采用5 mg/d劑量維持。小劑量的激素維持治療可減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā),但不能完全阻止復(fù)發(fā)。據(jù)報(bào)道[23]AIP的復(fù)發(fā)率為17%(6%~26%)。對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)患者,一般都推薦使用原初始劑量或高于原初始劑量的糖皮質(zhì)激素進(jìn)行治療[24]。硫唑嘌呤(AZA)、6-巰基嘌呤(6-MP)或霉酚酸酯 (MMF)等免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑可用于激素治療無(wú)效的患者。另有學(xué)者[25]報(bào)道,熊去氧膽酸對(duì)AIP也有治療作用。對(duì)于合并膽管感染或懷疑惡性腫瘤的患者,必須行外科手術(shù)治療。

6 小結(jié)

綜上所述,由于AIP的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,發(fā)病率較低(占慢性胰腺炎發(fā)病的1.86%~6.6%[26-27]),人們對(duì)AIP的認(rèn)識(shí)尚有限,易誤診為胰腺癌,所以聯(lián)合診斷非常重要。相信隨著我國(guó)對(duì)AIP診治經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷豐富,人們對(duì)該病的了解將更加全面和系統(tǒng)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Sarles H,Sarles JC,Muratore R,et al.Chronic inflammatorysclerosis of the pancreas—an autonomous pancreatic disease?[J].Am J Dig Dis,1961,6:688-698.

[2]Yoshida K,Toki F,Takeuchi T,et al.Chronic pancreatitis causedby an autoimmune abnormality.Proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Dig Dis Sci,1995,40(7):1561-1568.

[3]Etemad B,Whitcomb DC.Chronic pancreatifis:diagnosis,classification,and new genetic developments[J].Gastroenterology,2001,120(3):682-707.

[4]Okazaki K.Autoimmune pancreatitis is increasing in Japan[J].Gastroenterology,2003,125(5):1557-1558.

[5]唐令詮,馮昌寧,蔣智敏.原發(fā)性自身免疫性胰腺炎1例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].胰腺病學(xué),2004,4(1):41-42.

[6]Song Y,Liu QD,Zhou NX,et al.Diagnosis and management of autoimmune pancreatitis:experience from China[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(4):601-606.

[7]Tseng CW,Tsai JJ,Chen CC.Abdominal aortitis associatedwith autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,7(1):e3-e4.

[8]馮麗.自身免疫相關(guān)胰腺炎[J].國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)消化疾病分冊(cè),2005,25(1):46-48.

[9]Endo T,Takizawa S,Tanaka S,et al.Amylase alpha-2A autoantibodies:novel marker of autoimmune pancreatitis and fulminanttype 1 diabetes[J].Diabetes,2009,58(3):732-737.

[10]Uchida K,Okazaki K,Konishi Y,et al.Chnical analysis of autoimmune-related pancreatitis [J].Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(10):2788-2794.

[11]Ota M,KatsuyamaY,Hamano H,et al.Two critical genes (HLA-DRB1 and ABCF1)in the HLA region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Immunogenetics,2007,59(1):45-52.

[12]Kl■ppel G,Detlefsen S,Chari ST,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis:the clinicopathological characteristics of the subtype with granulocytic epithelial lesions[J].J Gastroenterol,2010,45(8):787-793.

[13]劉全達(dá),周寧新.自身免疫性胰腺炎診治的研究進(jìn)展[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2007,87(20):1438-1440.

[14]譚曄,方金洲,楊正漢.自身免疫性胰腺炎影像特征的顯示:MRI與CT對(duì)照[J].中華放射學(xué)雜志,2009,43(8):835-839.

[15]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Autoimmune pancreatitis:proposal of IgG4-related sclerosing disease[J].J Gastroenterol,2006,41(7):613-625.

[16]Finkelberg DL,Sahani D,Deshpande V,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355 (25):2670-2676.

[17]Fukumori K,Shakado S,Miyahara T,et al.Atypical manifestations of pancreatitis with autoimmune phenomenon in an adolescent female[J].Intern Med,2005,44(8):886-891.

[18]呂紅,錢家鳴.自身免疫性胰腺炎不同診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的探討[J].胃腸病學(xué)雜志,2009,14(1):4-6.

[19]KimKP,KimMH,KimJC,et al.Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune chronic pancreatitisrevisited[J].World J Gastroenterol,2006,12(16):2487-2496.

[20]Chari ST,Smyrk TC,LevyMJ,et al.Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis:theMayoClinicexperience[J].ClinGastroenterol Hepatol,2006, 4(8):1010-1016.

[21]OtsukiM,ChungJB,Okazaki K,et al.Asian diagnostic criteriafor autoimmunepancreatitis: consensus of the Japan-Korea symposium on autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2008,43(6):403-408.

[22]Shimosegawa T,Chari ST,F(xiàn)rulloni L,et al.International consensusdiagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis:guidelines of the International Association of pancreatology[J]. Pancreas,2011,40(3):352-358.

[23]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Prognosis of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2007,42(Suppl 18):S59-S62.

[24]Takayama M,Hamano H,Ochi Y,et al.Recurrent attacks of autoimmune pancreatitis result in pancreatic stone formation[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2004,99(5):932-937.

[25]Tsubakio K,Kiriyama K,Matsushima N,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid[J].Intern Med,2002,41(12):1142-1146.

[26]Dite P,Novotny I,Trna J,et al.Autoimmnue pancreatitis[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gast roenterol,2008,22(1):131-143.

[27]Zamboni G,Luttges J,Capelli P,et al.Histopathological features of diagnostic and clinical relevance in autoimmune pancreatitis:a study on 53 resection specimens and 9 biopsy specimens[J].Virchows Arch,2004,445(6):552-563.

(收稿日期:2014-03-28本文編輯:許俊琴)

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Sarles H,Sarles JC,Muratore R,et al.Chronic inflammatorysclerosis of the pancreas—an autonomous pancreatic disease?[J].Am J Dig Dis,1961,6:688-698.

[2]Yoshida K,Toki F,Takeuchi T,et al.Chronic pancreatitis causedby an autoimmune abnormality.Proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Dig Dis Sci,1995,40(7):1561-1568.

[3]Etemad B,Whitcomb DC.Chronic pancreatifis:diagnosis,classification,and new genetic developments[J].Gastroenterology,2001,120(3):682-707.

[4]Okazaki K.Autoimmune pancreatitis is increasing in Japan[J].Gastroenterology,2003,125(5):1557-1558.

[5]唐令詮,馮昌寧,蔣智敏.原發(fā)性自身免疫性胰腺炎1例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].胰腺病學(xué),2004,4(1):41-42.

[6]Song Y,Liu QD,Zhou NX,et al.Diagnosis and management of autoimmune pancreatitis:experience from China[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(4):601-606.

[7]Tseng CW,Tsai JJ,Chen CC.Abdominal aortitis associatedwith autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,7(1):e3-e4.

[8]馮麗.自身免疫相關(guān)胰腺炎[J].國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)消化疾病分冊(cè),2005,25(1):46-48.

[9]Endo T,Takizawa S,Tanaka S,et al.Amylase alpha-2A autoantibodies:novel marker of autoimmune pancreatitis and fulminanttype 1 diabetes[J].Diabetes,2009,58(3):732-737.

[10]Uchida K,Okazaki K,Konishi Y,et al.Chnical analysis of autoimmune-related pancreatitis [J].Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(10):2788-2794.

[11]Ota M,KatsuyamaY,Hamano H,et al.Two critical genes (HLA-DRB1 and ABCF1)in the HLA region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Immunogenetics,2007,59(1):45-52.

[12]Kl■ppel G,Detlefsen S,Chari ST,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis:the clinicopathological characteristics of the subtype with granulocytic epithelial lesions[J].J Gastroenterol,2010,45(8):787-793.

[13]劉全達(dá),周寧新.自身免疫性胰腺炎診治的研究進(jìn)展[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2007,87(20):1438-1440.

[14]譚曄,方金洲,楊正漢.自身免疫性胰腺炎影像特征的顯示:MRI與CT對(duì)照[J].中華放射學(xué)雜志,2009,43(8):835-839.

[15]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Autoimmune pancreatitis:proposal of IgG4-related sclerosing disease[J].J Gastroenterol,2006,41(7):613-625.

[16]Finkelberg DL,Sahani D,Deshpande V,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355 (25):2670-2676.

[17]Fukumori K,Shakado S,Miyahara T,et al.Atypical manifestations of pancreatitis with autoimmune phenomenon in an adolescent female[J].Intern Med,2005,44(8):886-891.

[18]呂紅,錢家鳴.自身免疫性胰腺炎不同診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的探討[J].胃腸病學(xué)雜志,2009,14(1):4-6.

[19]KimKP,KimMH,KimJC,et al.Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune chronic pancreatitisrevisited[J].World J Gastroenterol,2006,12(16):2487-2496.

[20]Chari ST,Smyrk TC,LevyMJ,et al.Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis:theMayoClinicexperience[J].ClinGastroenterol Hepatol,2006, 4(8):1010-1016.

[21]OtsukiM,ChungJB,Okazaki K,et al.Asian diagnostic criteriafor autoimmunepancreatitis: consensus of the Japan-Korea symposium on autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2008,43(6):403-408.

[22]Shimosegawa T,Chari ST,F(xiàn)rulloni L,et al.International consensusdiagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis:guidelines of the International Association of pancreatology[J]. Pancreas,2011,40(3):352-358.

[23]Kamisawa T,Okamoto A.Prognosis of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].J Gastroenterol,2007,42(Suppl 18):S59-S62.

[24]Takayama M,Hamano H,Ochi Y,et al.Recurrent attacks of autoimmune pancreatitis result in pancreatic stone formation[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2004,99(5):932-937.

[25]Tsubakio K,Kiriyama K,Matsushima N,et al.Autoimmune pancreatitis successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid[J].Intern Med,2002,41(12):1142-1146.

[26]Dite P,Novotny I,Trna J,et al.Autoimmnue pancreatitis[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gast roenterol,2008,22(1):131-143.

[27]Zamboni G,Luttges J,Capelli P,et al.Histopathological features of diagnostic and clinical relevance in autoimmune pancreatitis:a study on 53 resection specimens and 9 biopsy specimens[J].Virchows Arch,2004,445(6):552-563.

(收稿日期:2014-03-28本文編輯:許俊琴)

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Sarles H,Sarles JC,Muratore R,et al.Chronic inflammatorysclerosis of the pancreas—an autonomous pancreatic disease?[J].Am J Dig Dis,1961,6:688-698.

[2]Yoshida K,Toki F,Takeuchi T,et al.Chronic pancreatitis causedby an autoimmune abnormality.Proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis[J].Dig Dis Sci,1995,40(7):1561-1568.

[3]Etemad B,Whitcomb DC.Chronic pancreatifis:diagnosis,classification,and new genetic developments[J].Gastroenterology,2001,120(3):682-707.

[4]Okazaki K.Autoimmune pancreatitis is increasing in Japan[J].Gastroenterology,2003,125(5):1557-1558.

[5]唐令詮,馮昌寧,蔣智敏.原發(fā)性自身免疫性胰腺炎1例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].胰腺病學(xué),2004,4(1):41-42.

[6]Song Y,Liu QD,Zhou NX,et al.Diagnosis and management of autoimmune pancreatitis:experience from China[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(4):601-606.

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(收稿日期:2014-03-28本文編輯:許俊琴)

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