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利尿劑對老年高血壓患者血壓血鉀尿酸及三酰甘油的影響

2014-08-08 05:01賈靜濤
中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2014年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:生化指標(biāo)利尿劑高血壓

賈靜濤

[摘要] 目的 探究利尿劑對老年高血壓患者血壓、血鉀、尿酸及三酰甘油的影響,為該病臨床治療積累相關(guān)實(shí)踐性經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 方法 選取本院心內(nèi)科于2010年1月~2012年12月收治的102例高血壓患者,根據(jù)服用降壓藥物的不同進(jìn)行分組,分為利尿劑組(50例)和非利尿劑組(52例)。同時(shí)選取同期來院門診或復(fù)查的老年高血壓者(未服用降壓藥或自行停藥1個(gè)月以上者),設(shè)為對照組。 結(jié)果 3組的血壓、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和LVEF差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);利尿劑組、非利尿劑組的收縮壓、舒張壓均低于對照組(P<0.05),利尿劑組的血鉀低于非利尿劑組、對照組(P<0.05),尿酸和三酰甘油均高于非利尿劑組、對照組(P<0.05);繼續(xù)服用利尿劑組的血鉀低于停服利尿劑組,血尿酸高于停服利尿劑組(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 老年高血壓患者服用利尿劑與非利尿劑的降壓效果相當(dāng),但長期服用會(huì)增高低血鉀、高尿酸及高血脂發(fā)生率,因此,醫(yī)生應(yīng)指導(dǎo)服用利尿劑患者定期來院檢測上述指標(biāo),并針對異常數(shù)值給予早期干預(yù)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 高血壓;利尿劑;非利尿劑;生化指標(biāo)

[中圖分類號] R544.1[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A[文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)05(b)-0077-04

The influence of diuretic on blood pressure,serum potassium,uric acid and triacylglycerol in elderly patients with hypertension

JIA Jing-tao

Department of Cardiology,the Ninth People′s Hospital of Nanyang City in Henan Province,Nanyang 473065,China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the influence of diuretic on blood pressure,blood potassium, uric acid and triacylglycerol in elderly patients with hypertensive,and accumulating related practical experience of the clinical treatment of disease. Methods 102 cases with hypertension in department of cardiology in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2012 were selected and divided into the diuretic group (n=50) and the non diuretic group (n=52) according the different of antihypertensive drugs applied.At the same time,the elderly patients with hypertension (not taking antihypertensive drugs or to stop the drug on their own for more than 1 month) were selected as the control group. Results There was no statistical difference of blood pressure,body mass index,creatinine,TC,HDL-C,LDL-C and LVEF among the three groups (P>0.05);systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the diuretic group and the non diuretic group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05),and blood potassium of the diuretic group was lower than that in the non diuretic group and the control group (P<0.05),and uric acid and triglyceride of the diuretic group were higher than those in the non diuretic group and the control group (P<0.05);blood potassium of the continue taking the diuretic group was lower than that in the stop taking diuretic group,and blood uric acid of the continue taking the diuretic group was higher than in the stop taking diuretic group (P<0.05). Conclusion The hypotensive effect is almost the same of taking diuretics and non diuretic in elderly patients with hypertensive,but the long-term taking can increase the incidence rate of low blood potassium,high uric acid and high blood fat,therefore, the doctor should guide patients taking diuretics to detect regularly the indexes above-mentioned to the hospital,and give early intervention in the abnormal value.

[Key words] Hypertension;Diuretic;Non diuretic;Biochemical index

隨著近年來老齡化人口的增多,心腦血管疾病發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)逐年攀升趨勢,其中高血壓是心內(nèi)科的常見病種,且極易誘發(fā)心腦血管事件,進(jìn)而威脅其生命安全[1]。早期降壓治療是臨床上治療該病的基本原則,其中利尿劑是較為常用的降壓藥物,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)亦指出[2],利尿劑雖在降壓療效方面與新型降壓藥相當(dāng),且能有效降低心肌梗死、腦卒中等不良事件的發(fā)生率,但若長期應(yīng)用噻嗪類利尿劑會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)低鉀血癥,進(jìn)而抵消該藥所帶來的臨床益處[3]。由于高齡患者對利尿劑的耐受性更差[4],所以,了解利尿劑與非利尿劑降壓藥對患者血生化指標(biāo)方面的影響性差異,能夠更好地為臨床用藥提供循證依據(jù)。本研究收集102例高齡高血壓患者,探究不同治療方案對患者各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)影響的差異。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取本院心內(nèi)科于2010年1月~2012年12月收治的102例高血壓患者,其中男性62例,女性40例,年齡66~82歲,平均(71.6±2.3)歲。所有患者入院當(dāng)天均常規(guī)測量血壓,若收縮壓>140 mm Hg和(或)舒張壓>90 mm Hg,則為高血壓,診斷參照人民衛(wèi)生出版社第7版《內(nèi)科學(xué)》教材中關(guān)于該病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患者收縮壓>150 mm Hg和(或)舒張壓>95 mm Hg,或正在服用降壓藥者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患者存在痛風(fēng)、血清肌酐>150 μmol/L者、心功能(NYHA)Ⅳ級或LVEF<40%、肝硬化、自身免疫性疾病、惡性腫瘤等患者。根據(jù)患者服用降壓藥物的不同進(jìn)行分組,其中利尿劑組共50例,男30例,女20例,年齡為(69.5±2.1)歲,輕度高血壓10例,中度高血壓27例,重度高血壓13例;非利尿劑組共52例,男32例,女20例,年齡為(73.7±2.4)歲,輕度高血壓12例,中度高血壓25例,重度高血壓13例。選取同期來院復(fù)診的高血壓患者,設(shè)為對照組,共54例,男31例,女23例,年齡為(72.8±2.3)歲,輕度高血壓13例,中度高血壓26例,重度高血壓15例。3組患者在性別、年齡及血壓程度方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 利尿劑組本組患者給予氫氯噻嗪、吲達(dá)帕胺或含氫氯噻嗪的復(fù)方降壓藥物,服用時(shí)間為6個(gè)月。具體給藥方法:口服用藥,吲達(dá)帕胺(湖北絲寶藥業(yè)有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20073839)2.5 mg/d,氫氯噻嗪(北京賽科藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20080206)15 mg/d。對本組患者出院后隨訪12個(gè)月,并要求患者每2個(gè)月來院復(fù)查1次,記錄繼續(xù)服藥者和停服藥物者具體情況。

1.2.2 非利尿劑組本組患者給予不含利尿劑成分的降壓藥物,具體藥物包含美托洛爾(常州四藥制藥有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H32025169)、依那普利(辰欣藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20083605)。美托洛爾用藥方案:100~200 mg/次,一日兩次的療效相當(dāng)于阿替洛爾100 mg/次,1次/d,在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定后立即使用。依那普利用藥方案:口服5 mg/次,1次/d,以后隨血壓反應(yīng)調(diào)整劑量至10~40 mg/d,分2~3 次服用。

1.2.3 對照組本組患者未服用任何降壓藥或自行停用降壓藥物至少達(dá)1個(gè)月以上。

1.3 觀察項(xiàng)目

記錄3組患者的體質(zhì)指數(shù)、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LVEF、血壓、血鉀、血尿酸及三酰甘油。血生化指標(biāo)均采用全自動(dòng)生化分析儀進(jìn)行檢測(型號BS200);利用超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查LVEF,即用3.0 MHz探頭頻率,記錄LVEF。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 3組患者各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的比較

3組的血壓、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和LVEF差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。

表1 3組患者各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的比較(x±s)

2.2 3組患者血壓、血鉀、尿酸及三酰甘油的比較

利尿劑組、非利尿劑組的收縮壓和舒張壓均低于對照組(P<0.05);利尿劑組的血鉀低于非利尿劑組、對照組(P<0.05),尿酸和三酰甘油均高于非利尿劑組、對照組(P<0.05)(表2)。

表2 3組患者血壓、血鉀、尿酸及甘油三酯指標(biāo)比較(x±s)

與對照組比較,*P<0.05;與非利尿劑組比較,#P<0.05

2.3 繼續(xù)服用利尿劑組與停服利尿劑組血鉀和血尿酸的比較

繼續(xù)服用利尿劑組血鉀值低于停服利尿劑組,血尿酸值高于停服利尿劑組(P<0.05)(表3)。

表3 繼續(xù)服用利尿劑組與停服利尿劑組血鉀和血尿酸的比較(x±s)

3 討論

高血壓好發(fā)于中老年人群,且隨著年齡的增長,收縮壓出現(xiàn)升高,而舒張壓則出現(xiàn)下降趨勢,最終導(dǎo)致脈壓隨之升高[5]。高齡人群是高血壓好發(fā)人群,致病機(jī)理主要是由于老齡人腎素分泌不斷減少,導(dǎo)致血容量相對增多,進(jìn)而引起血壓升高的臨床現(xiàn)象[6]。隨著近年來,醫(yī)務(wù)人員對高血壓研究的不斷深入,高血壓并發(fā)重要靶器官(心、腦、腎等)的損害已經(jīng)引起患者及醫(yī)生的極大重視[7]。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[8],高血壓并發(fā)心、腦血管不良事件的發(fā)生率是正常人群的5~6倍,尤其對于心功能不全的發(fā)生率更為明顯。血壓持續(xù)升高會(huì)大大增加左心室后負(fù)荷,進(jìn)而引起左心室腔擴(kuò)大、心室肌肥厚,最終可出現(xiàn)心室向心性肥厚而引起心功能收縮不全,誘發(fā)心血管不良事件[9]。此外,高血壓會(huì)引起顱腦血管痙攣收縮,導(dǎo)致腦組織局部血供不足,使患者出現(xiàn)頭暈、耳鳴等癥狀,而隨著血壓突發(fā)性升高,會(huì)引起腦基底動(dòng)脈破裂導(dǎo)致腦損害癥狀,危及患者生命安全[10],因此,重視老年高血壓的早期干預(yù)對患者病情控制及預(yù)后康復(fù)具有重大的臨床價(jià)值。目前在臨床上應(yīng)用較廣的降壓藥物主要包括利尿劑、鈣通道拮抗劑、交感神經(jīng)抑制劑及腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)抑制劑。據(jù)美國心臟學(xué)會(huì)公布基于原發(fā)性高血壓老齡患者10年病死率的研究數(shù)據(jù)表明[11],利尿劑在老年高血壓患者中的應(yīng)用較為普遍,而該藥能明顯有效降低心腦血管事件和總病死率,并可改善患者的認(rèn)知水平;氯噻酮對長期心血管疾病的預(yù)后并不遜于氨氯地平、多沙唑嗪及賴諾普利,但亦有文獻(xiàn)指出[12],長期服用利尿劑可導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)低鉀血癥,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)乏力、頭暈、眼花、心律失常等不良反應(yīng)。筆者在綜合國內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)本次研究,旨在進(jìn)一步探討利尿劑與非利尿劑在降壓有效性及用藥安全性方面的差異,并豐富臨床數(shù)據(jù),利于醫(yī)務(wù)人員開展實(shí)踐性用藥。

由于老齡人群常合并多種基礎(chǔ)性疾病,且個(gè)體之間均有所差異,并會(huì)對研究結(jié)果中血鉀及血尿酸值產(chǎn)生影響,導(dǎo)致偏倚的出現(xiàn),而在本次研究中,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已剔除可能對結(jié)果各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)產(chǎn)生影響的情況,包括惡性腫瘤、痛風(fēng)、慢性腎功能不全及進(jìn)食過少等,從而保證結(jié)果的可信性和可靠性。另外,3組的血壓、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、肌酐、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和LVEF差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),這亦保證組間資料的可比性。經(jīng)過不同降壓藥物的臨床干預(yù),研究結(jié)果顯明,利尿劑組、非利尿劑組在收縮壓和舒張壓方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),且兩組的血壓均低于對照組,說明兩種藥物在降壓效果方面相當(dāng),與相關(guān)研究報(bào)道相符[13],而利尿劑組的血鉀低于非利尿劑組、對照組(P<0.05),尿酸和三酰甘油均高于非利尿劑組、對照組(P<0.05),這表明利尿劑的安全性尚不及非利尿劑組。由于利尿劑(噻嗪類)大多數(shù)為基于保鈉排鉀原理,導(dǎo)致大量鉀離子經(jīng)尿液排出體外,使其血鉀水平降低誘發(fā)電解質(zhì)紊亂;該藥還會(huì)進(jìn)一步干擾腎小管排泄尿酸,誘發(fā)痛風(fēng)臨床癥狀;長期用藥可升高三酰甘油水平,誘發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[14]。對服用利尿劑患者展開為期6個(gè)月的追蹤隨訪,其中29例患者繼續(xù)服用利尿劑,21例停服利尿劑,而期間未服用任何降壓藥物,結(jié)果顯示,后者血鉀水平高于前者(P<0.05),血尿酸水平低于前者(P<0.05),說明停服利尿劑能夠改善機(jī)體鉀離子水平及血尿酸,不良實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)具有可逆性。

雖然利尿劑在老齡高血壓患者臨床治療中具有牢固的醫(yī)學(xué)地位,但如何科學(xué)、合理地使用并最大程度地減輕利尿劑可能誘發(fā)的低價(jià)血癥需要引起醫(yī)生關(guān)注[15],因?yàn)槔騽┰跍p少血容量的同時(shí),還會(huì)誘發(fā)低血鉀及高尿酸血癥,因此,在給予小劑量藥物時(shí),可適當(dāng)采取補(bǔ)鉀措施[16],即可聯(lián)合給予血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑,它可減少血管緊張素Ⅰ 轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檠芫o張素Ⅱ,達(dá)到擴(kuò)張血管,降低外周阻力的目的,最為重要的是該藥具有保鉀效應(yīng)[17],故利尿劑聯(lián)合血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑可強(qiáng)化降壓效果,并降低低鉀血癥發(fā)生率。另外,利尿劑可導(dǎo)致血尿酸升高,據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[18],血尿酸是相關(guān)疾病的獨(dú)立預(yù)測危險(xiǎn)因素,因此,對于服用利尿劑患者,醫(yī)生需叮囑患者定期來院復(fù)查相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),及時(shí)給予針對性干預(yù)。

綜上所述,老齡高血壓患者給予利尿劑治療,能達(dá)到較為滿意的降壓效果,但可能會(huì)并發(fā)低鉀血癥及高尿酸血癥。臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)重視患者的用藥安全性,并要求患者進(jìn)行定期復(fù)診,密切關(guān)注其血鉀及血尿酸水平。長期服用利尿劑者,最好聯(lián)合應(yīng)用血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑,它可降低利尿劑所致的低鉀血癥發(fā)生率。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Lisy K.Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of loop diuretics for primary hypertension[J].J Cardiovasc Nurs,2014,29(3):205-206.

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[4]Leal GN,de Paula AC,Morhy SS,et al.Advantages of early replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis typeⅥ:echocardiographic follow-up of siblings[J].Cardiol Young,2014,24(2):229-235.

[5]De Vecchis R,Esposito C,Ariano C.Efficacy and safety assessment of isolated ultrafiltration compared to intravenous diuretics for acutely decompensated heart failure:a systematic review with meta-analysis[J].Minerva Cardioangiol,2014,62(2):131-146.

[6]Tamargo J,Segura J,Ruilope LM.Diuretics in the treatment of hypertension.Part 2:loop diuretics and potassium-sparing agents[J].Expert Opin Pharmacother,2014,15(5):605-621.

[7]Zwiers AJ,Cransberg K,van Rosmalen J,et al.Loop diuretics are an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with pre-emptive continuous hemofiltration[J].Intensive Care Med,2014,40(4):627-628.

[8]Wen D,Cornelius RJ,Sansom SC.Interacting influence of diuretics and diet on BK channel-regulated K homeostasis[J].Curr Opin Pharmacol,2014,15C:28-32.

[9]Jiang X,Castelao JE,Yuan JM,et al.Hypertension,diuretics and antihypertensives in relation to bladder cancer[J].Carcinogenesis,2010,31(11):1964-1971.

[10]Persell SD.Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States,2003-2008[J].Hypertension,2011,57(6):1076-1080.

[11]McAdams DeMarco MA,Maynard JW,Baer AN,et al.Diuretic use,increased serum urate levels,and risk of incident gout in a population-based study of adults with hypertension:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort study[J].Arthritis Rheum,2012,64(1): 121-129.

[12]Slagman MC,Waanders F,Vogt L,et al.Elevated N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels predict an enhanced antihypertensive and anti-proteinuric benefit of dietary sodium restriction and diuretics,but not angiotensin receptor blockade,in proteinuric renal patients[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,2012,27(3):983-990.

[13]Svensson-F?覿rbom P,Wahlstrand B,Almgren P,et al.A functional variant of the NEDD4L gene is associated with beneficial treatment response with β-blockers and diuretics in hypertensive patients[J].J Hypertens,2011,29(2):388-395.

[14]Grossman E,Verdecchia P,Shamiss A,et al.Diuretic treatment of hypertension[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(Suppl 2):S313-S319.

[15]Jordan J,Yumuk V,Schlaich M,et al.Joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension:obesity and difficult to treat arterial hypertension[J].J Hypertens,2012,30(6):1047-1055.

[16]Kato J,Yokota N,Tamaki N,et al.Comparison of combination therapies,including the angiotensin receptor blocker olmesartan and either a calcium channel blocker or a thiazide diuretic,in elderly patients with hypertension[J].Hypertens Res,2011,34(3):331-335.

[17]Kuehlein T,Laux G,Gutscher A,et al.Diuretics for hypertension—an inconsistency in primary care prescribing behaviour[J].Curr Med Res Opin,2011,27(3):497-502.

[18]Václavík J,Sedlák R,Plach?倀 M,et al.Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT):a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial[J].Hypertension,2011,57(6):1069-1075.

(收稿日期:2014-04-15本文編輯:許俊琴)

[14]Grossman E,Verdecchia P,Shamiss A,et al.Diuretic treatment of hypertension[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(Suppl 2):S313-S319.

[15]Jordan J,Yumuk V,Schlaich M,et al.Joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension:obesity and difficult to treat arterial hypertension[J].J Hypertens,2012,30(6):1047-1055.

[16]Kato J,Yokota N,Tamaki N,et al.Comparison of combination therapies,including the angiotensin receptor blocker olmesartan and either a calcium channel blocker or a thiazide diuretic,in elderly patients with hypertension[J].Hypertens Res,2011,34(3):331-335.

[17]Kuehlein T,Laux G,Gutscher A,et al.Diuretics for hypertension—an inconsistency in primary care prescribing behaviour[J].Curr Med Res Opin,2011,27(3):497-502.

[18]Václavík J,Sedlák R,Plach?倀 M,et al.Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT):a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial[J].Hypertension,2011,57(6):1069-1075.

(收稿日期:2014-04-15本文編輯:許俊琴)

[14]Grossman E,Verdecchia P,Shamiss A,et al.Diuretic treatment of hypertension[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(Suppl 2):S313-S319.

[15]Jordan J,Yumuk V,Schlaich M,et al.Joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension:obesity and difficult to treat arterial hypertension[J].J Hypertens,2012,30(6):1047-1055.

[16]Kato J,Yokota N,Tamaki N,et al.Comparison of combination therapies,including the angiotensin receptor blocker olmesartan and either a calcium channel blocker or a thiazide diuretic,in elderly patients with hypertension[J].Hypertens Res,2011,34(3):331-335.

[17]Kuehlein T,Laux G,Gutscher A,et al.Diuretics for hypertension—an inconsistency in primary care prescribing behaviour[J].Curr Med Res Opin,2011,27(3):497-502.

[18]Václavík J,Sedlák R,Plach?倀 M,et al.Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT):a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial[J].Hypertension,2011,57(6):1069-1075.

(收稿日期:2014-04-15本文編輯:許俊琴)

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