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磺脲類藥物對兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷后適應(yīng)影響的研究

2014-07-18 07:54盛西陵祝玉娟徐文博唐關(guān)敏
心腦血管病防治 2014年2期

盛西陵 祝玉娟 徐文博 唐關(guān)敏

[摘 要] 目的 觀察磺脲類藥物對兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷后適應(yīng)影響及其機(jī)制。方法 將30只新西蘭大白兔隨機(jī)分為5組:(1)假手術(shù)組,僅穿線不作冠狀動脈結(jié)扎;(2)缺血-再灌注組,缺血45分鐘,再灌注2小時;(3)后適應(yīng)組,缺血45分鐘,然后行短暫灌注30秒,缺血30秒,共3次,再行全面的2小時再灌注;(4)格列美脲組,實(shí)驗(yàn)開始時外周靜脈注射格列美脲02mg/kg,其余操作同后適應(yīng)組;(5)格列本脲組,實(shí)驗(yàn)開始時外周注射格列本脲05mg/kg,其余操作同后適應(yīng)組。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時測各組血清肌鈣蛋白含量及心肌梗死面積。結(jié)果 肌鈣蛋白含量假手術(shù)組明顯低于各手術(shù)組,后適應(yīng)組與格列美脲組顯著低于缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<001),而后適應(yīng)組與格列美脲組及缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>005)。心肌梗死面積后適應(yīng)組、格列美脲組明顯低于缺血再灌注組及格列本脲組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<001);后適應(yīng)組與格列美脲組、缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>005)。結(jié)論 格列本脲可消除后適應(yīng)兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用,而格列美脲卻對后適應(yīng)保護(hù)作用無影響。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 心肌缺血再灌注損傷;后適應(yīng);磺脲類

中圖分類號:R5422 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1009_816X(2014)02_0105_03

doi:103969/jissn1009_816x20140206Effects of Sulfonylurea on Myocardial Ischemia_reperfusion Injury in Rabbits. SHENG Xi_ling ,ZHU Yu_juan, XU Wen_bo, et al Department of cardiology, The First Jiaxing Hospital, Zhejiang 314000, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of sulfonylurea on myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits Methods 30 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: (1)sham operation group(coronary artery ligation,CAL); (2) ischemia reperfusion injury group (IRI), ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion for 2 hours; (3) postconditioning (Post C) group, after ischemia for 45 minutes, 30 seconds reperfusion, 30 seconds occlusion of coronary artery and repeated for 3 times, then reperfusion for 2 hours; (4) glimepiride group, IV 02mg/kg of glimepiride through periphery vein, then the same process conducted as Post C group; (5)glibenclamide group, IV 05mg/kg of glibenclamide through periphery vein,then the same process conducted as Post C group The infarct size and the content of cTnI were measured at the end of experiment Results The content of cTnI in sham operation group was significantly lower compared with the other groups The content of cTnI in Post C and Glimepiride group were significantly lower than IRI and glibenclamide groups(P<001) There was no significant difference between Post C and glimepiride group, IRI and glibenclamide group The infarct size of Post C and glimepiride group were significantly smaller compared with the IRI and glibenclamide group; there was no difference between Post C group and glimepiride group, and there was also no difference between IRI group and glibenclamide group Conclusions Postconditioning may provide myocardial protection in rabbits in IRI This effect can be abolished by glibenclamide but not by glimepiridei.

[Key words] Myocardium ischemia_reperfusion injury; Postconditioning; Sulfonylurea

研究表明,預(yù)適應(yīng)可以顯著減輕心肌缺血再灌注損傷,以格列本脲為代表的某些磺脲類藥物可以促進(jìn)KATP通道關(guān)閉而阻斷缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)對缺血心肌保護(hù)作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過建立大白兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷模型,觀察磺脲類藥物對兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷后適應(yīng)影響及探討其機(jī)制。

1 材料和方法

11 材料:

111 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物:健康新西蘭大白兔30只,雌雄不限,由汕頭大學(xué)動物中心提供,體重15~24公斤。

112 主要試劑:羊抗兔心臟肌鈣蛋白試劑盒購自美國ADL公司;格列本脲化學(xué)純、格列美脲化學(xué)純購自意大利Aventis Pharmas SPA公司。2,3,5_氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)購自南京奧多福尼生物科技有限公司。

12 方法:

121 心肌缺血再灌注損傷模型的建立[1,2]:本研究遵循國家實(shí)驗(yàn)動物管理?xiàng)l例及國家實(shí)驗(yàn)動物管理實(shí)施細(xì)則。從兔耳緣靜脈推注戊巴比妥鈉30mg/kg麻醉,切開頸部,氣管插管行人工呼吸,常規(guī)描記Ⅱ?qū)?lián)心電圖。沿胸骨正中切開至胸骨角處,剪開心包暴露心臟,做心包吊床,在左冠狀動脈前降支(LAD)距根部2mm處,用5_0 prolene線穿過心肌淺層,絲線兩端穿過一小膠管,形成閉環(huán)。拉線,紋氏鉗固定造成心肌缺血,松開紋氏鉗造成再灌注,通過縫線遠(yuǎn)端心外膜發(fā)紺表現(xiàn)和心電圖改變作為冠狀動脈結(jié)扎成功指標(biāo)。假手術(shù)組僅穿線,不牽拉;藥物組于實(shí)驗(yàn)開始后靜脈注入藥物,其他各組注入等量生理鹽水。所有動物開胸穿線成功后穩(wěn)定20分鐘再行操作。所有動物均靜脈給予肝素鈉(500u/kg)抗凝。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時,以10%氯化鉀2ml靜脈注射處死動物。

122 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物分組及干預(yù)[3]:30只健康新西蘭大白兔隨機(jī)分為五組,每組6只。(1)假手術(shù)組,不作冠狀動脈結(jié)扎。(2)缺血再灌注組,缺血45分鐘,再灌注2小時。(3)后適應(yīng)組(Postconditioning,PostC)缺血45分鐘,然后行短暫灌注30秒,缺血30秒,共4次,再行全面的2小時再灌注。(4)格列美脲組,實(shí)驗(yàn)開始時外周注射格列美脲02mg/kg,其余操作同后適應(yīng)組。(5)格列本脲組,實(shí)驗(yàn)開始時外周注射格列本脲05mg/kg,再行后適應(yīng)操作。前三組于實(shí)驗(yàn)開始時外周注射與4、5組等量的生理鹽水,實(shí)驗(yàn)開始及結(jié)束時測各組動物血清肌鈣蛋白含量,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時測各組心肌梗死面積。

123 血清肌鈣蛋白(cTnI)測定:各組于實(shí)驗(yàn)開始及結(jié)束后穿刺股靜脈取血1ml。所有樣本均于2500rpm離心10分鐘,收集血清于-80℃保存。收齊標(biāo)本后按照ADL公司肌鈣蛋白檢測試劑盒說明書測定血清肌鈣蛋白。

124 心肌梗死面積測定[2]:采用TTC染色法、稱重法測定梗死面積。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后取左心室稱重,放置-20℃冰箱30min后取出。將心臟沿著長軸均勻切為厚度約1mm薄片。放置于pH74,37℃的2%TTC染色15min,灌注區(qū)染為藍(lán)色,非灌注區(qū)不染色。小心分離,稱重法測量梗死區(qū)占左心室重量,以百分比表示。

13 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理:采用SPSS 160版統(tǒng)計軟件,計量數(shù)據(jù)以(x -±s)表示,各組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行正態(tài)性和方差齊性檢驗(yàn)。多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間比較采用mann_whithey u檢驗(yàn),P<005為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

21 各組間血清肌鈣蛋白含量比較:結(jié)扎冠脈前各組間血清肌鈣蛋白含量無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。再灌注2h后,各手術(shù)組肌鈣蛋白含量較假手術(shù)組明顯升高,后適應(yīng)組與格列美脲組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,缺血再灌注組與格列本脲組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>005),但后適應(yīng)組、格列美脲組與缺血再灌注組、格列本脲組對比較有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<001),見表1。

22 各組間心肌梗死面積比較:心肌梗死面積后適應(yīng)組[(2736±315)%]與格列美脲組[(2917±423)%]差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>005),缺血再灌注組[(3736±282)%]與格列本脲組[(3948±341)%]間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>005),后適應(yīng)組、格列美脲組與缺血再灌注組及格列本脲組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<001)。

3 討論

肌缺血-再灌注損傷是臨床需要解決的重要課題。本世紀(jì)初有學(xué)者提出了后適應(yīng)(postconditioning)的概念,即在再灌注剛開始時進(jìn)行多次、短暫的再灌注,可以起到很好的心肌保護(hù)作用[4,5],也陸續(xù)在大鼠、兔、犬等動物實(shí)驗(yàn)及人體中得到證實(shí),這為防治心肌缺血再灌注損傷的研究提供了新的思路[6,7]。

心肌缺血后適應(yīng)是心臟的一種自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,目前的研究提示后適應(yīng)操作可觸發(fā)心臟釋放內(nèi)源性活性物質(zhì),通過細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)心臟功能,從而提高心肌對隨后較長時間的再灌注損傷的耐受性,對心肌形成保護(hù)作用。其信號傳導(dǎo)途徑及作用環(huán)節(jié)未完全闡明,目前的研究涉及3個基本環(huán)節(jié):觸發(fā)物質(zhì)(內(nèi)源性活性物質(zhì))、中介物質(zhì)(蛋白激酶)和效應(yīng)物質(zhì)(離子通道和保護(hù)蛋白),其中ATP敏感鉀離子通道(KATP)的開放可能在后適應(yīng)中起關(guān)鍵作用,可能是后適應(yīng)終末效應(yīng)器。近年許多證據(jù)提示,心肌線粒體內(nèi)膜KATP通道的開放在后適應(yīng)保護(hù)作用中起關(guān)鍵作用,可減輕線粒體內(nèi)Ca2+超載、減輕細(xì)胞凋亡[4~6]。細(xì)胞膜KATP通道的開放可縮短心肌動作電位時程,而動作電位的縮短也能減少Ca2+內(nèi)流,減輕缺血再灌注損傷所致的細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+超載,促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞功能的恢復(fù),減少ATP消耗,減少心肌耗能,也可減少空間異質(zhì)性,減少折返的發(fā)生,減少心律失常的發(fā)生。多個學(xué)者通過動物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明細(xì)胞膜KATP通道阻斷劑如5_HD等可消除后適應(yīng)的保護(hù)作用,而一些開放藥物可起到類似后適應(yīng)的心肌保護(hù)作用[7]。

本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)磺脲類治療糖尿病藥物格列本脲可消除后適應(yīng)兔心肌缺血再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用,而格列美脲卻對后適應(yīng)保護(hù)作用無影響,其機(jī)理可能與心肌磺脲類受體(sulfonylurea receptor SUR)分布有關(guān)。研究表明,磺脲類藥物通過特異性結(jié)合于胰腺β細(xì)胞膜上的磺脲類受體,使KATP通道關(guān)閉,通過一系列細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號傳遞過程刺激胰島素分泌顆粒向胞外分泌。而磺脲類藥物對KATP通道的作用并非一致,格列本脲對心肌SUR2A、血管SUR2B和胰腺SUR1都有很高的親和力,因此該藥在阻斷胰腺KATP,促進(jìn)胰島素分泌同時,也關(guān)閉了心肌KATP通道,而同類的格列美脲卻無此作用[3,8]。格列美脲與格列本脲類似,均可通過阻斷KATP促進(jìn)胰島素分泌,但該藥不影響心血管KATP通道,所以不影響心肌缺血后適應(yīng)。更有學(xué)者報道格列美脲可激活膦脂酰肌醇3_激酶(PI3K)/Akt信號通路,產(chǎn)生藥物性后適應(yīng)保護(hù)作用[9]。近來臨床也有報道格列本脲相比格列美脲可增加2型糖尿病患者死亡率,其原因是否與格列本脲對后適應(yīng)影響有關(guān)需要進(jìn)一步研究。

心肌后適應(yīng)是機(jī)體內(nèi)源性對缺血再灌注損傷的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,由于其特有的時間特點(diǎn),為臨床應(yīng)用提供了新的思路,具體機(jī)制及最佳操作方法需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。而心血管系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲類藥物是治療2型糖尿病重要的藥物,其對心血管系統(tǒng)影響、安全性及最佳治療方案也值得進(jìn)一步研究。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.

[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.

[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.

[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.

[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.

[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.

[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.

[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.

[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.

心肌后適應(yīng)是機(jī)體內(nèi)源性對缺血再灌注損傷的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,由于其特有的時間特點(diǎn),為臨床應(yīng)用提供了新的思路,具體機(jī)制及最佳操作方法需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。而心血管系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲類藥物是治療2型糖尿病重要的藥物,其對心血管系統(tǒng)影響、安全性及最佳治療方案也值得進(jìn)一步研究。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.

[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.

[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.

[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.

[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.

[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.

[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.

[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.

[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.

心肌后適應(yīng)是機(jī)體內(nèi)源性對缺血再灌注損傷的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,由于其特有的時間特點(diǎn),為臨床應(yīng)用提供了新的思路,具體機(jī)制及最佳操作方法需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。而心血管系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲類藥物是治療2型糖尿病重要的藥物,其對心血管系統(tǒng)影響、安全性及最佳治療方案也值得進(jìn)一步研究。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.

[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.

[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.

[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.

[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.

[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.

[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.

[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.

[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.

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