王蓬
張騫,漢中人,建元中為郎。是時(shí)天子問匈奴降者,皆言匈奴破月氏王,以其頭為飲器,月氏遁逃,而常怨仇匈奴,無與共擊之。漢方欲事滅胡,聞此言,因欲通使。道必更匈奴中,乃募能使者。騫以郎應(yīng)募,使月氏,與堂邑氏故胡奴甘父俱出隴西。經(jīng)匈奴,匈奴得之,傳詣單于。單于留之,曰:“月氏在吾北,漢何以得往使?吾欲越使,漢肯聽我乎?”留騫十余歲,與妻有子,然騫持漢節(jié)不失。
——《史記·大宛列傳》
Zhang Qian, born in Hanzhong, was an official in the Emperor Han Wus time. The Emperor got to know from a captive of Huns that the Huns defeated the Rouzhi King and used his skull as a wine vessel. The people of Rouzhi ran away. He hated the Huns but could not find an ally to attack the enemy. This information made the Emperor want to get connection with Rouzhi, when the Han Dynasty planned to kill the Huns at that time. It was only through Huns area that could Han people go to Rouzhi, and the imperial court tried to recruit persons who could finish the mission. Zhang Was Chosen and together with the former Huns slave Gan Fu, they went through the west of Longshan Mountains and when they entered the Huns area, they were caught. When it was reported to Khan, the king of Huns, Khan said: “Rouzhi is in the north of our area. Why do the Han envoys go there? If I want to send envoys to Vietnam, will the Han Dynasty agree?” So Zhang Qian was kept there for more than ten years, and suns were born there, but he saved his credentials as an envoy.
Excerpts from Records of the History-Dawan
歷史的呼喚
司馬遷與張騫均為西漢同時(shí)代人,盡管史家講究“生不列傳”,但由于張騫兩次出使西域,出生入死,敢為人先,打擊匈奴,交好西域,當(dāng)時(shí)也為驚天地、泣鬼神之壯舉,故司馬遷在《史記·大宛列傳》中,開篇即以數(shù)百字介紹張騫生平業(yè)績及貢獻(xiàn)。東漢班固作《漢書》時(shí),則把張騫、大將軍李廣利并列建立專節(jié)作傳,使得張騫“鑿空”,開拓絲綢之路的歷史功勛,名標(biāo)青史,永垂后世。2000年間,非但沒有被歲月淹沒,倒因?yàn)橹形鞣秸?、?jīng)濟(jì)、科技、文化交流,絲綢之路至今仍是中西交往的重要通道,被譽(yù)為“歐亞大陸橋”,在我國對外經(jīng)濟(jì)交流上發(fā)揮著重大作用。追思先賢,當(dāng)年張騫不畏艱險(xiǎn),“鑿空”絲路的精神也益發(fā)應(yīng)該彰顯、發(fā)揚(yáng)光大,張騫當(dāng)之無愧地被列為世界級的文化名人。
時(shí)勢造英雄,張騫“鑿空”西域的壯舉并非偶然,是漢代那種敢于標(biāo)新立異、氣吞八荒時(shí)代精神的集中凸顯,也是當(dāng)時(shí)的國情時(shí)勢所造就。秦漢之際,當(dāng)中原經(jīng)過春秋戰(zhàn)亂,合縱連橫,此消彼立,最終中國西部黃河流域的秦國崛起,戰(zhàn)敗諸國“六王畢,四海一”統(tǒng)一中原的當(dāng)口,占據(jù)北方草原的匈奴,以游牧狩獵為生,從小精于騎馬射箭,且無任何禮儀束縛,一切以利益為轉(zhuǎn)移,只講目的,不擇手段。每當(dāng)秋高馬肥之時(shí),便南下劫掠,中原地域廣闊,農(nóng)戶居住分散,匈奴系馬背民族,每攻一地,大肆搶劫財(cái)物、牛羊和婦女,得手后迅速撤離,無法集中防御,更無法有效抗擊。所以,臨近北方的燕、趙、韓等國都曾大修長城。秦統(tǒng)一后,把各國長城連接起來,還派大將蒙恬率兵30萬迎擊匈奴。匈奴大敗,退回漠北,秦軍占領(lǐng)河套,并修筑了秦直道,解除了匈奴對長安的威脅。豈料,匈奴趁秦末漢初中原動亂,卷土重來,匈奴騎兵甚至突襲太原,逼近長安,嚴(yán)重威脅立國未久的西漢王朝。漢高祖劉邦也曾進(jìn)行反擊,豈料,匈奴“控弦之士已達(dá)三十萬”,正值兵強(qiáng)馬壯之時(shí),漢軍在山西平城一帶反為匈奴所敗。此戰(zhàn)使?jié)h王朝上下均認(rèn)識到暫時(shí)還沒有實(shí)力與匈奴對抗,只能采取“和親納貢”綏靖匈奴,平息“邊患”。這種狀況一直持續(xù)到漢武帝時(shí)代,此時(shí)的漢王朝已不同于開國之初,經(jīng)歷過半個(gè)世紀(jì)的“文景之治”,文帝、景帝均奉行“黃老無為”的哲學(xué)思想,不爭邊功,盡量創(chuàng)造寬松環(huán)境,便于百姓休養(yǎng)生息。倡導(dǎo)冶鐵煮鹽,興修水利,政府輕徭薄賦,百姓安居樂業(yè),公私倉庫豐盈,“京師之錢,累百萬巨”,國家綜合實(shí)力增強(qiáng),有了進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭所必需的雄厚物力財(cái)力。漢武帝17歲登基,年紀(jì)雖輕,卻性格剛毅,胸懷大志,不甘心向匈奴示弱,召集大臣商議,決心對匈奴改綏靖為反擊,這一重大政策的改變,史稱“元光決策”。
恰在這時(shí),漢武帝從受降的匈奴人口中得知,匈奴攻占了原由大月氏人放牧的河西走廊一帶,殺死月氏國王,還把其腦骨做成酒器。月氏人被迫西遷至伊犁一帶,但難忘故土,非常想與其他部落聯(lián)合,共擊匈奴,以報(bào)前仇。得知這些情況,漢武帝喜出望外,他敏銳地把握住了這個(gè)歷史機(jī)遇,因?yàn)樾倥藭r(shí)已發(fā)展壯大到“精兵四十萬騎”,決不可小視,若能夠與月氏人結(jié)成同盟,聯(lián)合夾擊,才能有取勝的把握。
絲綢之路2014年11期