曾飛華
連詞的分類
1.并列連詞
并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句、句子。如:and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,both...and,not only...but also,either...or,neither...nor,(and)then等。
2. 從屬連詞
從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句。如引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞有:when,while,as,after,before,since,until (till) ,as soon as,once等。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有:if,unless,in case,as(so)long as,on condition(that)等。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有:although/though,even if/though等。引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有:than,as(so)...as等。引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有:lest,so that,in order that等。引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有:so...that,such...that等。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞有:that,whether,if等。
二、易混的連詞
1. but與while
but表示轉(zhuǎn)折,while表示對(duì)比。如:
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
2. but與however
however表示讓步,譯為“無論如何”。如:
However we adopt healthcare reform,it isnt going to save major amounts of money.
注意:however可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折,譯為“然而,不過,仍然”,但是這時(shí)為副詞,而并非連詞。如:
This was not an easy decision. It is,however,a decision that we feel is dictated by our duty.
3. for與because
一般情況下,同學(xué)們最好用because引導(dǎo)從句,因?yàn)橥?because引導(dǎo)的從句相比,for引導(dǎo)的從句的用法要受到某些限制:(1)for引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于它所解釋的動(dòng)詞之前;(2)for引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于not,but或任何連詞之后;(3)for引導(dǎo)的從句不能用于回答問題;(4)for是并列連詞,不能置于含兩個(gè)并列分句的句子的句首,只能將其放在兩個(gè)分句中間。
4.“no matter+what/who...”與whatever/whoever...
前者只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,而后者既可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
[誤] I will make friends with no matter who shares my interest.
[正] I will make friends with whoever shares my interest.
[析]引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)只能用whoever。
[誤] You must hand in no matter what youve found.
[正] You must hand in whatever youve found.
[析] 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)只能用whatever。
5. whether與if
兩者引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)都是從屬連詞,意為“是否”,本身不作成分,此時(shí)句子中往往出現(xiàn)表示“不肯定”意義的一些短語,如not sure/certain,not known/decided等。
whether 和if 引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句時(shí)可互換,但下列情況一般只能用whether:(1)引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句;(2)引導(dǎo)主語從句; (3) 引導(dǎo)表語從句;(4)引導(dǎo)同位語從句;(5)后面出現(xiàn)or not。
[誤] If you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
[正] Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
[析]引導(dǎo)主語從句只能用whether。
6. while,when,as 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
while只能表示“在一段時(shí)間或過程中”,即只能表示時(shí)間的“一段”,后面一般用進(jìn)行時(shí)或表示狀態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
when常與一般時(shí)態(tài)連用,用于表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作與另一個(gè)動(dòng)作在同一時(shí)間發(fā)生,或一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一動(dòng)作所延續(xù)的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生,可以表示一段時(shí)間,也可表示時(shí)間的“一點(diǎn)”。
as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí),表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行,意為“一邊……一邊……”,還可表示第二個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在第一個(gè)動(dòng)作結(jié)束之前。
[誤] I picked up some French words as I was having a holiday in Paris.
[正] I picked up some French words while I was having a holiday in Paris.
[析]while強(qiáng)調(diào)“在……過程中”,as說明兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
[誤] We were having classes while someone knocked at the door.
[正] We were having classes when someone knocked at the door.
[析]when可表示時(shí)間的“一點(diǎn)”,而while不能。
三、解題技巧
1.理清內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,把握邏輯關(guān)系
完形填空二主要考查對(duì)語境的把握。所以,同學(xué)們做題時(shí)應(yīng)在把握主題的基礎(chǔ)上,在上下文語境上多下工夫,要特別注意一些能體現(xiàn)語境變化和邏輯關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。通過抓住關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,理清空格處前后的邏輯關(guān)系后,首先界定空格處所起的語法作用,確定空格處的詞性,然后根據(jù)上下文確定它的意義,最后落實(shí)到具體的一個(gè)單詞上。
完形填空二要求考生判斷前后兩句的邏輯關(guān)系,填上一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。這時(shí)就要認(rèn)真閱讀這兩個(gè)句子,細(xì)心領(lǐng)會(huì)兩句的真正含義,從而準(zhǔn)確把握兩者的邏輯關(guān)系。
例1 I dont mind picking up your things from the store. _____ the walk will do me good.
答案及解析:答案為“Besides”。前后存在遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,填“Besides”。
例2 Gone with the Wind was a great movie,_____ it was a little long.
答案及解析:答案為“but”。前后存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,此處要求填能連接句子的連詞。
例3 They sometimes put the note on the kitchen table,the refrigerator, _____ another place where their children are sure to find it.
答案及解析:答案為“or”。前后名詞同為并列賓語,且為選擇關(guān)系,用or連接。
例4 ...while the other was humorous _____ too shallow ...
答案及解析:答案為“but”。前后意義發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)折,用連詞but。
2.熟記習(xí)語句式,以求觸類旁通
完形填空二有一部分題考查考生對(duì)習(xí)語、短語、慣用法和常見句式的熟練程度,所以同學(xué)們平時(shí)要注意積累,反復(fù)練習(xí)。通常此類題考查短語中的介詞和副詞較多。有時(shí)也考查一些常見的句型搭配,如so/such...that,it is...(for sb.) to do sth.,there is no doubt that,there is no sense/point in doing sth.,sb. has no difficulty/trouble in doing sth.,be about to do sth. when等。
例5 I was about to go out for a walk _____ it began to rain.
答案及解析:答案為“when”。be about to do sth. when...是個(gè)常見句型,意為“剛要做某事,這時(shí)……”。
(作者單位:湖南祁東縣育賢中學(xué))
(責(zé)任編校 筑彭益)