劉 妮, 楊建勇, 黃勇慧, 陳 斌, 陳 偉, 李家平
(中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院放射介入科,廣東廣州 510080)
VEGF在SD大鼠Walker-256肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤模型建立中的應(yīng)用*
劉 妮, 楊建勇, 黃勇慧△, 陳 斌, 陳 偉, 李家平
(中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院放射介入科,廣東廣州 510080)
目的:探討采用血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)縮短SD大鼠Walker-256肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤成模時(shí)間的安全性與可行性,為抗VEGF靶向藥物的研究提供更實(shí)用的模型。方法:將SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為3組,每組各15只。生理鹽水(NS)模型組:于建模前1周開(kāi)始尾靜脈注射生理鹽水0.1 mL/d;20 mg/L VEGF模型組:于建模前1周開(kāi)始尾靜脈注射20 mg/L VEGF(0.1 mL/d);40 mg/L VEGF模型組于建模前1周開(kāi)始尾靜脈注射40 mg/L VEGF(0.1 mL/d)。各組均注射至建模當(dāng)天。建模方法:暴露大鼠肝臟,將瘤塊種植于肝包膜下。分別于建模后3 d、1周和2周用磁共振成像(MRI)觀察腫瘤生長(zhǎng)情況,并記存活時(shí)間。結(jié)果:建模成功,肝內(nèi)腫塊HE染色符合惡性腫瘤特點(diǎn)。大鼠肝臟MRI表現(xiàn):腫塊呈結(jié)節(jié)狀,T2WI呈稍高信號(hào),顯示更為清楚,腹水于T2WI呈高信號(hào)。NS模型組和20 mg/L VEGF模型組各有1只動(dòng)物于建模后1 d死亡,40 mg/L VEGF模型組有3只于建模1周后死亡。建模后3 d各組可觀察到腫塊的大鼠數(shù)分別為:NS模型組0只,20 mg/L VEGF模型組7只,40 mg/L VEGF模型組10只;建模后1周各組可觀察到腫塊的大鼠數(shù)分別為:NS模型組3只,20 mg/L VEGF模型組14只,40 mg/L VEGF模型組13只;建模后2周各組可觀察到腫塊的大鼠數(shù)分別為:NS模型組12只,20 mg/L VEGF模型組14只,40 mg/L VEGF模型組10只。20 mg/L VEGF模型組和40 mg/L VEGF模型組分別與NS模型組相比,3 d可觀察到成瘤的老鼠數(shù)目差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。NS模型組與20 mg/L VEGF模型組大鼠存活時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),40 mg/L VEGF模型組存活時(shí)間短于NS模型組(P<0.01)。結(jié)論:20 mg/L VEGF能縮短SD大鼠肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤成模時(shí)間,對(duì)其存活時(shí)間無(wú)顯著影響,且相較于傳統(tǒng)模型,更適合應(yīng)用于抗VEGF靶向藥物的研究。
肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤;模型,動(dòng)物;血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子
目前有大量動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究為肝癌的臨床治療提供基礎(chǔ)依據(jù)[1]。在這些研究中,肝癌動(dòng)物模型一直是肝癌相關(guān)臨床與基礎(chǔ)研究工作的重要工具。理想的動(dòng)物模型建立是研究腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移及療效的重要手段。SD大鼠Walker-256肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤模型是常用的一種,目前此模型的建立已有較成熟的方法[2],但是如何在此基礎(chǔ)上縮短成瘤時(shí)間,提高實(shí)驗(yàn)效率,近10年來(lái)并無(wú)較大進(jìn)展。且隨著血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子 (vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)靶向藥物的研究問(wèn)世,VEGF在腫瘤發(fā)展中的作用越來(lái)越受到重視,如何使模型更適合抗VEGF藥物的相關(guān)研究也并無(wú)報(bào)道。本文旨在探討VEGF在SD大鼠Walker-256肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤模型中應(yīng)用的安全性與可行性,以期縮短成瘤時(shí)間,并使其更接近地模擬腫瘤發(fā)展過(guò)程中VEGF的變化,為相關(guān)抗VEGF靶向藥物的基礎(chǔ)研究提供更實(shí)用的動(dòng)物模型。
1 動(dòng)物與瘤株
2周齡雄性Wistar大鼠2只,供腹腔傳代用,80~100 g雄性Wistar大鼠2只,供大腿內(nèi)側(cè)接種癌性腹水用,200~250 g雄性SD大鼠45只,供接種肝內(nèi)腫瘤用。以上大鼠均為SPF級(jí),購(gòu)自中山大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心。Walker-256瘤細(xì)胞株購(gòu)自中山大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心細(xì)胞庫(kù)。Recombinant Rat VEGF165試劑,規(guī)格為每支20 μg,購(gòu)自Peprotech。醫(yī)用明膠海綿購(gòu)自南京金陵制藥廠。磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)使用Siemens Magnetom Avanto 3.0T超導(dǎo)磁共振掃描儀。
2 Walker-256瘤細(xì)胞的獲取
Walker-256瘤細(xì)胞株復(fù)蘇后,接種于出生2周齡雄性Wistar大鼠腹腔內(nèi)。待7~14 d,大鼠有血性腹水后,用注射器抽取5 mL癌性腹水,離心5 min (離心半徑5 cm,1 200 r/min)。將離心后試管內(nèi)下層糊狀濃縮的瘤細(xì)胞懸液接種于2只80~100 g雄性Wistar大鼠的大腿內(nèi)側(cè)皮下,每只注射一側(cè)大腿量約1 mL(內(nèi)約含2×107個(gè)瘤細(xì)胞)。待7~10 d,可見(jiàn)注射處皮下長(zhǎng)出直徑約1 cm左右腫瘤。
3 SD大鼠肝癌模型制作
取傳代鼠大腿皮下腫瘤魚(yú)肉樣部分0.5~1.0 mm小塊備用,模型鼠用200~250 g雄性SD大鼠,暴露肝臟,擠出1個(gè)肝葉,用眼科剪刺入肝葉表面約1/3,然后用眼科鑷夾取上述小方塊腫瘤組織插入肝內(nèi),剪5 mm×5 mm明膠海綿覆蓋創(chuàng)面,把肝葉還納,檢查無(wú)滲血后即可關(guān)腹。將45只SD大鼠放回籠中繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng),4只Wistar大鼠脫頸椎處死。使用VEGF前將其離心30 s(離心半徑 5 cm,10 000 r/min);使用去離子水100 μL溶解;最后使用PBS溶液稀釋VEGF溶液至所需濃度,根據(jù)預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)初步探討VEGF劑量。實(shí)驗(yàn)分組:生理鹽水(normal saline,NS)模型組:于建模前1周開(kāi)始尾靜脈注射生理鹽水0.1 mL/d;20 mg/L VEGF模型組:于建模前1周開(kāi)始尾靜脈注射20 mg/L VEGF(0.1 mL/d);40 mg/L VEGF模型組:于建模前1周開(kāi)始尾靜脈注射40 mg/L VEGF(0.1 mL/d)。各組均注射至建模當(dāng)日。
4 影像學(xué)檢查及病理學(xué)檢查
根據(jù)預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn),VEGF組1周后磁共振掃描發(fā)現(xiàn)部分大鼠成瘤較大,故本次實(shí)驗(yàn)的Siemens Magnetom Avanto 3.0T超導(dǎo)磁共振掃描儀用小線圈,分別于建模后3 d、1周和2周對(duì)43只雄性SD大鼠進(jìn)行掃描。掃描序列為T(mén)1WI和T2WI。實(shí)驗(yàn)后期從建模成功的大鼠中隨機(jī)抽取3只大鼠,取出肝臟作病理學(xué)檢查,采用HE染色,觀察肝癌組織的病理特點(diǎn),以驗(yàn)證肝內(nèi)腫瘤種植是否成功。
5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件分析,對(duì)3組中3 d后可觀察到腫塊的大鼠數(shù)目使用Χ2檢驗(yàn)分析其統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,大鼠存活時(shí)間采用Kaplan-Meier法繪制生存曲線,log-rank檢驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)存活時(shí)間差異有無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 建模成功與影像學(xué)檢查
MRI檢查可觀察到各組大鼠建模成功率高。建模后第1天,NS模型組和20 mg/L VEGF模型組各有1只死亡。40 mg/L VEGF模型組有3只于建模后1周死亡。建模后2周各組分別有3只、5只和7只出現(xiàn)腹水。MRI表現(xiàn):腫塊呈結(jié)節(jié)狀,T2WI呈稍高信號(hào),顯示更為清楚,腹水于T2WI呈高信號(hào),見(jiàn)圖1。腫塊HE染色符合惡性腫瘤特點(diǎn),見(jiàn)圖2。
Figure 1.The magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)of the rat liver 2 weeks after modeling.A:NS group;B:20 mg/L VEGF group; C:40 mg/L VEGF group.The tumor(arrows)showed slightly hyperintense signals in T2WI.No significant difference among the 3 groups in tumor size and morphology was observed.C showed a hyperintense signal(T2WI)in the abdomen,suggesting there was some ascites.圖1 肝臟MRI顯示腫瘤形成
Figure 2.Morphological changes of liver tissue in the rat with liver metastatic tumor(HE staining,×200).圖2 肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤模型大鼠肝臟光鏡下形態(tài)
2 存活時(shí)間
43只大鼠繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng)至死亡,觀察大鼠的生存狀態(tài)及終末生存時(shí)間,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠肝內(nèi)種植初期形態(tài)、精神如常,NS模型組和20 mg/L VEGF模型組大鼠分別于建模后20 d和18 d出現(xiàn)體重下降,食量減小,行動(dòng)減少,精神不佳,毛色無(wú)光澤,后期大部分出現(xiàn)腹部膨隆。40 mg/L VEGF模型組建模后1周3只大鼠因腫瘤進(jìn)展死亡,剩余大鼠也有不同程度消瘦、腹部膨隆。3組大鼠存活時(shí)間見(jiàn)表1,中位存活時(shí)間分別是27 d(95%置信區(qū)間:25.18~28.82 d)、25 d(95%置信區(qū)間:22.25~27.75 d)和15 d(95%置信區(qū)間:13.11~16.89 d)。Log-rank檢驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)NS模型組與20 mg/L VEGF模型組生存時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),NS模型組與40 mg/L VEGF模型組生存時(shí)間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),且40 mg/L VEGF模型組生存時(shí)間小于NS模型組,見(jiàn)圖3。
表1 45只大鼠終末生存期Table 1.The overall survival of the rats with different treatments (d)
3 VEGF建模的時(shí)間-效應(yīng)關(guān)系
建模后3 d各組可觀察到腫塊的大鼠數(shù)分別為: NS模型組0只,20 mg/L VEGF模型組7只,40 mg/L VEGF模型組10只;建模后1周各組可觀察到腫塊的大鼠數(shù)分別為:NS模型組3只,20 mg/L VEGF模型組14只,40 mg/L VEGF模型組13只;建模后2周各組可觀察到腫塊的大鼠數(shù)分別為:NS模型組12只,20 mg/L VEGF模型組14只,40 mg/L VEGF模型組10只,見(jiàn)圖4??ǚ綑z驗(yàn)顯示20 mg/L VEGF模型組與NS模型組、40 mg/L VEGF模型組與NS模型組3 d可觀察到成瘤的大鼠數(shù)目差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。
Figure 3.Survival curves of the rats in the 3 groups.The median survival time of the rats in the 3 groups was 27 d,25 d and 15 d,respectively.No significance in survival time was observed between NS group and 20 mg/L VEGF group by log-rank test(P>0.05),while the survival time in 40 mg/L VEGF group was less than that in NS group(P<0.01).圖3 3組大鼠生存曲線
Figure 4.The relationship between the time of survival and the efficacy of tumor transplantation.圖4 各組模型的時(shí)間-效應(yīng)關(guān)系圖
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[3-4]肝臟是惡性腫瘤血源性轉(zhuǎn)移最好發(fā)的部位,其中有25%~50%的原發(fā)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移至肝臟,消化系統(tǒng)約60%~80%最終發(fā)生肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移。肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移是胃腸道惡性腫瘤治療失敗的最主要原因,不經(jīng)治療的肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者,中位生存期僅6個(gè)月[4-5]。探索肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的發(fā)生規(guī)律,尋求有效的預(yù)防和治療措施一直是實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的熱點(diǎn)。Walker-256腫瘤是大鼠自發(fā)的乳腺癌品系,由其構(gòu)建的肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤動(dòng)物模型具有取材方便、可控性強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn),是研究肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的常用模型[6]。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)成模方法,成功建立肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤模型需1個(gè)月左右時(shí)間,若能縮短成瘤時(shí)間,可節(jié)省實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間,從而加快實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)度。VEGF作為血管生成的主要調(diào)控因子,特異性的作用于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)血管生成,從而使腫瘤生長(zhǎng)[7-8],在腫瘤進(jìn)展、復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用日益受到重視。根據(jù)此藥理機(jī)制,若提高血液中VEGF濃度可促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng),但濃度過(guò)低,可能觀察不到效果,濃度過(guò)高,容易使腫瘤進(jìn)展過(guò)快,適合的VEGF濃度是縮短成瘤時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在傳統(tǒng)SD大鼠Walker-256肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤模型的方法上加用20 mg/L VEGF可以縮短成瘤時(shí)間。此舉可提高實(shí)驗(yàn)效率,而且使用此濃度的VEGF并未造成老鼠生存期縮短,這也避免了后期對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)一步研究時(shí)因?yàn)樯鏁r(shí)間縮短而造成腫瘤治療時(shí)間縮短、療效觀察不佳等弊端。
VEGF與腫瘤,特別是胃腸道腫瘤本身的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[9],而肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的介入治療在使腫瘤壞死的同時(shí),可以誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生大量VEGF,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)[10]。目前臨床上已有部分抗VEGF藥物上市,如治療肝細(xì)胞與腎癌的索拉非尼、治療轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌的安維汀等。抗VEGF靶向藥物的研究將是未來(lái)腫瘤治療的一大方向。本實(shí)驗(yàn)在原有動(dòng)物模型的基礎(chǔ)上人為注射VEGF,增加大鼠血液VEGF濃度,相較于傳統(tǒng)模型,更接近腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)VEGF升高的特點(diǎn),更適合作為抗VEGF藥物基礎(chǔ)研究的動(dòng)物模型。
關(guān)于VEGF在大鼠模型中的應(yīng)用,如治療重癥胰腺炎、血管栓塞,國(guó)內(nèi)外有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,但多數(shù)采取一次性較高濃度注射以達(dá)到促進(jìn)病變部位新生血管形成的目的[11-12]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)未套用上述研究的注射方法,依據(jù)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)VEGF濃度變化規(guī)律,改用低劑量連續(xù)靜脈注射方法,以模擬腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中VEGF的變化,并在實(shí)驗(yàn)中觀察到陽(yáng)性結(jié)果,既往尚無(wú)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。實(shí)驗(yàn)采用的 Recombinant Rat VEGF165試劑易于購(gòu)得,保存方法簡(jiǎn)單,保存時(shí)間長(zhǎng),價(jià)格適中。實(shí)驗(yàn)根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[10]選擇MRI檢查作為評(píng)價(jià)腫瘤形態(tài)、大小的影像學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且后期病理學(xué)檢查顯示細(xì)胞可見(jiàn)明顯異型性,其形態(tài)、大小與MRI檢查結(jié)果相符。
綜上所述,在傳統(tǒng)肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤模型的基礎(chǔ)上加用適當(dāng)濃度的VEGF是安全可行的,提高了實(shí)驗(yàn)效率,且這一方法模擬了腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)VEGF升高的特點(diǎn),更適合用于抗VEGF藥物基礎(chǔ)研究。本實(shí)驗(yàn)僅使用20 mg/L和40 mg/L VEGF進(jìn)行研究,觀察到濃度為20 mg/L VEGF是安全可行的,但最佳濃度需要更進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)探討。
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Role of VEGF in establishment of Walker-256 transplanted liver cancer model in SD rats
LIU Ni,YANG Jian-yong,HUANG Yong-hui,CHEN Bin,CHEN Wei,LI Jia-ping
(Department of Interventional Radiology,The First Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510080,China.E-mail:13710397492@163.com)
AIM:To evaluate the safety and feasibility of using vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the establishment of Walker-256 transplanted liver cancer model.METHODS:SD rats(n=45)were divided into 3 groups:via the caudal vein,the rats in normal saline(NS)group were injected with 0.9%sodium chloride(0.1 mL/d),the rats in 20 mg/L VEGF group were injected with 20 mg/L VEGF(0.1 mL/d),and the rats in 40 mg/L VEGF group were injected with 40 mg/L VEGF(0.1 mL/d).All the injection began 1 week before transplantation of liver cancer,and stopped on the day the cancer model was established.Prepared tumor tissue was transplanted into the subcapsular space of the liver.Three days,1 week and 2 weeks after the transplantation,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)was performed for analyzing the tumor growth and the characteristics.The overall survival of the rats was also recorded.RESULTS:Successful establishment of Walker-256 transplanted liver cancer model was achieved.Among 45 rats,1 rat died 1 d after implanting the tumor both in NS group and 20 mg/L VEGF group,while 3 rats died in 40 mg/L VEGF group 1 week after building the model,mainly because of the progression of tumors.Three days after modeling,the numbers of the rats in which the tumor was positively detected by MRI in 3 groups were 0,7 and 10,respectively;1 week after modeling,those were 3,13 and 13,respectively;2 weeks after modeling,those were 12,13 and 10,respectively.Between NS group and 20 mg/L VEGF group,the statistical significance existed in the number of the rats in which the tumor was positively detected by MRIafter 3 d of implanting,so did the NS group and 40 mg/L VEGF group.No statistical significance in the overall survival time between NS group and 20 mg/L VEGF group(P>0.05)was observed,but the significance existed between 40 mg/ L VEGF group and NS group(P<0.01).CfONCLUSION:The application of VEGF at dose of 20 mg/L and 0.1 mL/ d shortens the time to establish the transplanted liver cancer model without influence on the overall survival,which is a safe,feasible and efficient way,and is more suitable for anti-VEGF drug investigation.
Liver metastasis neoplasms;Models,animal;Vascular endothelial growth factor
R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2014.03.033
1000-4718(2014)03-0567-05
2013-11-18
2014-01-13
廣東省科技計(jì)劃(No.2012B031800076)
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