徐瓊
摘要:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法多而雜,并隨語(yǔ)境和說(shuō)話人立場(chǎng)態(tài)度的變化而變化,是語(yǔ)言交際中的重點(diǎn),也是應(yīng)試中的難點(diǎn)。本文以情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)為切入點(diǎn),詳細(xì)闡述了作推測(cè)性用法的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句法特征和句型結(jié)構(gòu),并通過(guò)例句的講解,旨在幫助學(xué)生理解情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)的用法。
關(guān)鍵詞:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞;推測(cè);句式
中圖分類號(hào):G632.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1992-7711(2014)03-0126
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示猜測(cè)是湖北省高考完成句子中的小眾考點(diǎn),但由于牽涉到對(duì)不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推測(cè),學(xué)生在答題時(shí)往往會(huì)因此而出錯(cuò)。為了更好地幫助復(fù)習(xí)備考,筆者現(xiàn)將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示猜測(cè)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done的用法總結(jié)如下:
一、對(duì)現(xiàn)在(某狀態(tài)或某種判斷)的推測(cè)
1. 主語(yǔ)+must ...:表示肯定的推測(cè),只用于肯定句。常被翻譯為“一定/準(zhǔn)/肯定...”。
例:Its the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
2. 主語(yǔ)+can not ...:表示否定的推測(cè),用于否定句。完成句子考題中常譯為“一定不/肯定不/不可能……”。
例:He cant be in the classroom now. I met him on the playground just now.
3. 主語(yǔ)+Can 主語(yǔ)……?:表示疑問(wèn)的推測(cè),用于疑問(wèn)句。常被譯為“可能……嗎?”
例:Mr Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
4. 主語(yǔ)+may/might ...:表示不太肯定的推測(cè),用于肯定句。常見(jiàn)漢語(yǔ)翻譯是“可能/或許……”。
例:The traffic is so heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
5. 主語(yǔ)+may/might not ...:表示不太肯定的推測(cè),用于否定句。常見(jiàn)漢語(yǔ)翻譯是“可能不/或許不”。
例:- Is John coming by train? -He should, but he may not. He likes driving his car.
may/might在表示推測(cè)時(shí)may 和might 沒(méi)有太大區(qū)別,只是may的可能性更大。
二、對(duì)現(xiàn)在(或?qū)?lái))正在發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行的推測(cè)
1. 句式“主語(yǔ)+must be doing...”:用于肯定句。常譯為“一定是在/準(zhǔn)是在/肯定是在做某事”。
例:I must be going now.(對(duì)即將發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行的猜測(cè))
句式“主語(yǔ)+can not be doing ...”:用于否定句。常翻譯成““一定不是在/不可能在做某事”。
例:He cant be working now.
3. 句式“Can 主語(yǔ) be doing ...”:用于疑問(wèn)句。常見(jiàn)意思是“可能正在做某事嗎?”
例:Can he be sleeping?
4. 句式“主語(yǔ)+may/might be doing ...”:用于肯定句。常譯為“可能/或許在做某事”。
“may/might not be doing ...”:用于否定句。常譯為“可能/或許不在做某事”。
例:We may be playing tennis at nine tomorrow. (對(duì)將來(lái)正在發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行的猜測(cè))
He may/might not be sleeping.
三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done的總結(jié)
1. 對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行推測(cè)
(1)句式“主語(yǔ)+must have done ...”:表示肯定,用于肯定句。常譯作“準(zhǔn)是/一定/肯定做了某事”。
例:Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
(2) “主語(yǔ)+cant/couldnt have done ...”:表示否定,用于否定句。常譯為“不可能做過(guò)某事/肯定沒(méi)做過(guò)”。(cant和couldnt在此時(shí)沒(méi)有區(qū)別)
句式“Can/could+主語(yǔ)+ have done...”:表示否定、疑問(wèn),用于疑問(wèn)句。常見(jiàn)漢語(yǔ)翻譯是“可能/或許做了某事嗎?”(can和could在此時(shí)沒(méi)有區(qū)別)
例:Why are your eyes so red? You cant/couldnt have slept well last night.
There is no light in the room. Can/Could they have gone out?
(3)句式“主語(yǔ)+may / might/could have done...”:表示懷疑、不太肯定,用于肯定句。常譯為“也許/或許/可能已經(jīng)做了某事”。(may, might, could在此時(shí)沒(méi)有區(qū)別)
例:It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he may have had a hand in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones.
(4)句式“主語(yǔ)+may / might not have done...”:表示懷疑、不太肯定,用于否定句。常譯為“也許/或許/可能沒(méi)有做過(guò)某事”。(may和might在此時(shí)沒(méi)有區(qū)別,但could不能用于此結(jié)構(gòu))
例:We should keep our test scores a secret, because it shows more respect for students who might not have done so well.
2. 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的應(yīng)用
(1)would have done ...:表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。常譯為“就會(huì)……”。
例:-Do you think George has passed the driving test?
-No. If so, he would have driven his car to our college yesterday.
(2)could (not) have done ...:表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。常譯為“本來(lái)能夠/可以(不可能)做某事”。(在此can不能替換could)
例:We could have caught the flight, but we were caught in the traffic jam.
Had he been more careful, he couldnt have fallen in the exam.
(3)might have done...:表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。常譯為“本來(lái)可以做某事(含有輕微的責(zé)備語(yǔ)氣)”。
例:You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
3. 其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done
(1)should (not) have done ...:本來(lái)(不)應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際沒(méi)有做/做了某事。(ought to也有此用法)
例:I shouldnt/ought not to have watched that movie-it will give me horrible dreams.
(2)neednt have done...:本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上卻做了。(多見(jiàn)否定句)
例:The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I neednt take the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. (06江西)
(3)had better (not) have done ...:用于事后的建議,含輕微責(zé)備的口吻??隙ň涑Wg為“當(dāng)時(shí)最好做了某事”,否定句常譯為“最好沒(méi)做過(guò)某事”。
例:You had better have started earlier.
You had better not have scolded her.
(4)would rather (not) have done ...:表示對(duì)做過(guò)的事情的反悔。肯定句常譯為“寧愿當(dāng)時(shí)做了某事”,否定句常譯為“寧愿當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)做過(guò)某事”。
例:I would rather have taken his advice.
I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示的情感意義雖然比較復(fù)雜,但只要抓住“多體會(huì),悟語(yǔ)境,背例句”這個(gè)宗旨,再?gòu)?fù)雜的題目也可以迎刃而解。
(作者單位:湖北省武漢市新洲區(qū)第一中學(xué) 431400)